Top

Journal of Child and Family Studies

Tip

Swipe om te navigeren naar een ander artikel

Gepubliceerd in:

27-05-2019 | Original Paper

Parental Socialization Beliefs and Long-term Goals for Young Children Among Three Generations of Mexican American Mothers

Auteurs: Marie-Anne Suizzo, Louise E. Tedford, Molly McManus

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies | Uitgave 10/2019

Abstract

Objectives

Parents’ beliefs, practices, and goals for children vary across cultures in the extent to which they promote dimensions of independence and interdependence. Parental preferences also vary within cultures according to nativity, generation status, and education level. Yet, within-culture studies of parenting among Mexican Americans are extremely scarce, especially among parents of young children.

Methods

In this study, 103 Mexican American mothers of one- to six-year-old children (M = 4.6 years) completed two questionnaires measuring (1) beliefs about the importance of socialization practices with young children, and (2) long-term goals and values for children as adults. We investigated differences in seven scales across three dimensions of independence and interdependence: agency, conformity, and relatedness.

Results

Practice beliefs and long-term goals varied according to mother’s generation status, controlling for maternal education. Later generation mothers were more concerned with promoting autonomy (agency) (F2,97 = 6.85, partial eta squared = .12), and less with teaching obedience and manners (conformity) (F2,97 = 7.33, partial eta squared = .13), than earlier generation mothers. While they continued to value close relationships (relatedness), third generation mothers attached somewhat less importance to this long-term goal than earlier generation mothers (F2,97 = 4.89, partial eta squared = .09). Finally, generation status moderated relations between maternal education and teaching obedience and manners: maternal education level was more strongly negatively associated with the belief in teaching obedience and manners in third generation than in second-generation mothers (b = −.123, F3,99 = 16.911, R² = .346, p < .001).

Conclusions

Despite these intergenerational trends, across all generations, Mexican-origin mothers highly valued aspects of both agency and conformity as well as relatedness, providing further support for the emotional interdependence cultural model of parenting. This study increases our knowledge of Mexican American mothers’ beliefs and goals, and may inform the design of evidence-based, culturally-sensitive interventions.

vorige artikel African American Fathers’ Race-Related Discussions with Their Children: Associations with Racial Identity Beliefs and Sociodemographic Factors

volgende artikel A Model of Parenting Risk and Resilience, Social-Emotional Readiness, and Reading Achievement in Kindergarten Children from Low-Income Families Model

Aldoney, D., & Cabrera, N. J. (2016). Raising American citizens: socialization goals of low-income immigrant Latino mothers and fathers of young children. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(12), 3607–3618. CrossRef

Arcia, E., & Johnson, A. (1998). When respect means to obey: immigrant Mexican mothers’ values for their children. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 7(1), 79–95. CrossRef

Bartlett, M. S. (1950). Tests of significance in factor analysis. British Journal of Psychology, Statistical Section, 3(2), 77–85. CrossRef

Berry, J. W. (2003). Conceptual approaches to acculturation. In K. M. Chun, P. Balls Organista & G. Marin (Eds), Acculturation: Advances in theory, measurement, and applied research. Washington, D. C.: American Psychological Association.

Bornstein, M. H. (1995). Handbook of parenting, Vol 1: Children and parenting. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

Bornstein, M. H., & Cote, L. R. (2006). Introduction to acculturation and parent-child relationships. In M. H. Bornstein & L. R. Cote (Eds) , Acculturation and parent-child relationships: Measurement and development (pp. 3–12). Mahwah: Erlbaum.

Buriel, R. (1993). Childrearing orientations in Mexican American families: the influence of generation and sociocultural factors. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 55, 987–1000. CrossRef

Calzada, E. J., Fernandez, Y., & Cortes, D. E. (2010). Incorporating the cultural value of respeto into a framework of Latino parenting. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 16(1), 77–86. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016071. CrossRefPubMed

Calzada, E. J., Huang, K., Anicama, C., Fernandez, Y., & Brotman, L. M. (2012). Test of a cultural framework of parenting with Latino families of young children. Cultural Diversity And Ethnic Minority Psychology, 18(3), 285–296. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028694. CrossRefPubMed

Ceballo, R., Kennedy, T. M., Bregman, A., & Epstein-Ngo, Q. (2012). Always aware (Siempre pendiente): Latina mothers’ parenting in high-risk neighborhoods. Journal Of Family Psychology, 26(5), 805–815. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029584. CrossRefPubMed

Chávez-Reyes, C. (2010). Racial and ethnic socialization in later generations of a Mexican American family. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 32(4), 495–518. CrossRef

Chiang-Hom, C. (2004). Transnational cultural practices of Chinese immigrant youth and parachute kids. In J. Lee & M. Zhou (Eds), Asian American youth: Culture, identity, and ethnicity (pp. 143–158). New York: Routledge.

Church, A. T., Willmore, S. L., Anderson, A. T., Ochiai, M., Porter, N., Mateo, N. J., & Ortiz, F. A. (2012). Cultural differences in implicit theories and self-perceptions of traitedness: Replication and extension with alternative measurement formats and cultural dimensions. Journal Of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 43(8), 1268–1296. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022111428514. CrossRef

Cuellar, I., Arnold, B., & Gonzalez, G. (1995). Cognitive referents of acculturation: assessment of cultural constructs in Mexican Americans. Journal of Community Psychology, 23, 339–356. CrossRef

de Arellano M. A., & Danielson C. K. (2005). Culturally-modified trauma-focused therapy for treatment of Hispanic child trauma victims. Paper presented at the Annual San Diego Conference on Child and Family Maltreatment..

De Von Figueroa-Moseley, C., Ramey, C. T., Keltner, B., & Lanzi, R. G. (2006). Variations in Latino parenting practices and their effects on child cognitive developmental outcomes. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 28(1), 102–114. CrossRef

Delgado, B. M., & Ford, L. (1998). Parental perceptions of child development among low-income Mexican American families. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 7(4), 469–481. CrossRef

Delgado-Gaitan, C. (1993). Parenting in two generations of Mexican American families. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 16(3), 409–427. CrossRef

Domenech-Rodríguez, M. M., Donovick, M. R., & Crowley, S. L. (2009). Parenting styles in a cultural context: observations of ‘protective parenting’ in first-generation Latinos. Family Process, 48(2), 195–210. CrossRefPubMed

Durand, T. M., & Perez, N. A. (2013). Continuity and variability in the parental involvement and advocacy beliefs of Latino families of young children: finding the potential for a collective voice. The School Community Journal, 23(1), 59–79.

Durand, T. M. (2011). Latina mothers’ cultural beliefs about their children, parental roles, and education: implications for effective and empowering home-school partnerships. The Urban Review, 43, 255–278. CrossRef

Fox, M., Thayer, Z., & Wadhwa, P. D. (2017). Assessment of acculturation in minority health research. Social Science & Medicine, 176, 123–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.01.029

García Coll, C., & Pachter, L. M. (2002). Ethnic and minority parenting. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting, Vol. 4 . Social conditions and applied parenting (pp. 1–20). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

Gonzalez-Barrera, A., & Lopez, M. H. (2013). A demographic portrait of Mexican-origin Hispanics in the United States. Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center.

Greenfield, P. M., Keller, H., Fuligni, A., & Maynard, A. (2003). Cultural pathways through universal development. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 461–490. CrossRefPubMed

Griffith, J. D., Joe, G. W., Chatham, L. R., & Simpson, D. D. (1998). The development and validation of a simpatia scale for Hispanics entering drug treatment. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 20(4), 468–82. CrossRef

Harding, J. F. (2015). Increases in maternal education and low-income children’s cognitive and behavioral outcomes. Developmental Psychology, 51(5), 583–599. CrossRefPubMed

Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s consequences: International differences in work-related values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

Kagitçibasi, C. (1996). The autonomous-relational self: a new synthesis. European Psychologist, 1(3), 180–186. CrossRef

Kagitcibasi, C. (2005). Autonomy and relatedness in cultural context: implications for self and family. Journal Of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36(4), 403–422. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022105275959. CrossRef

Kagitçibasi, C. (2007). Family, self, and human development across cultures: Theory and applications. 2nd edn. Mahwah: Erlbaum.

Keller, H., & Greenfield, P. M. (2000). History and future of development in cross-cultural psychology. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 31(1), 52–62. CrossRef

Keller, H., Lamm, B., Abels, M., Yovsi, R., Borke, J., Jensen, H., & Chaudhary, N. (2006). Cultural models, socialization goals, and parenting ethnotheories: a multicultural analysis. Journal Of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 37(2), 155–172. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022105284494. CrossRef

Keller, H., Hentschel, E., Yovsi, R. D., Lamm, B., Abels, M., & Hass, V. (2004). The psycho-linguistic embodiment of parental ethnotheories: a new avenue to understanding cultural processes in parental reasoning. Culture & Psychology, 10(3), 293–330. CrossRef

Kim, S. Y., Schwartz, S. J., Perreira, K. M., & Juang, L. P. (2018). Culture’s influence on stressors, parental socialization, and developmental processes in the mental health of children of immigrants. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 14, 343–370. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Kim, R. E., Lau, A. S., & Chorpita, B. F. (2016). The impact of Latino caregiver acculturation on treatment engagement in children’s community mental health services. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(3), 891–901. CrossRef

Koepke, S., & Denissen, J. J. (2012). Dynamics of identity development and separation – individuation in parent–child relationships during adolescence and emerging adulthood—a conceptual integration. Developmental Review, 32(1), 67–88. CrossRef

LaFromboise, T., Coleman, H. L. K., & Gerton, J. (1993). Psychological impact of biculturalism: evidence and theory. Psychological Bulletin, 114(3), 395–412. CrossRefPubMed

LeVine, R. A., Dixon, S., LeVine, S., Richman, A., Leiderman, P. H., Keefer, C. H., & Brazelton, T. B. (1994). Child care and culture: Lessons from Africa. New York: Cambridge University Press.

LeVine, R. A., LeVine, S. E., Richman, A., Medardo, F., Uribe, T., Correa, C. S., & Miller, P. M. (1991). Women’s schooling and child care in the demographic transition: a Mexican case study. Population and Development Review, 17, 459–496. CrossRef

LeVine, R. A., LeVine, S. E., & Schnell, B. (2001). “Improve the women”: mass schooling, female literacy, and worldwide social change. Harvard Educational Review, 71(1), 1–50. CrossRef

Livas-Dlott, A., Fuller, B., Stein, G. L., Bridges, M., Figueroa, A. M., & Mireles, L. (2010). Commands, competence, and cariño: Maternal socialization practices in Mexican American Families. Developmental Psychology, 46(3), 566–578. CrossRefPubMed

Lopez, O., Haigh, C., & Burney, S. (2004). Relationship between hardiness and perceived stress in two generations of Latin American migrants. Australian Psychologist, 39(3), 238–243. CrossRef

Lopez-Class, M., Castro, F. G., & Ramirez, A. G. (2011). Conceptions of acculturation: a review and statement of critical issues. Social Science & Medicine, 72(9), 1555–1562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.03.011. CrossRef

Lui, P. P. (2015). Intergenerational cultural conflict, mental health, and educational outcomes among Asian and Latino/a Americans: Qualitative and meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 141(2), 404–446. CrossRefPubMed

Luna, I., de Ardon, E. T., Lim, Y. M., Cromwell, S. L., Phillips, L. R., & Russell, C. K. (1996). The relevance of familism in cross-cultural studies of family caregiving. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 18(3), 267–283. CrossRefPubMed

Marín, G., & Gamba, R. J. (2003). Acculturation and change in cultural values. In K. M. Chun, P. Balls Organista & G. Marin (Eds), Acculturation: Advances in theory, measurement, and applied research (pp. 83–93). Washington, DC: APA.

Marín, G., & Marín, B. V. (1991). Research with Hispanic populations. Thousand Oaks: Sage.

Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224–253. CrossRef

McCabe, K. M., Mechammil, M., Yeh, M., & Zerr, A. (2016). Self-reported parenting of clinic-referred and non-referred Mexican American mothers of young children. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(2), 442–451. CrossRefPubMed

McCabe, K. M., Yeh, M., Garland, A. F., Lau, A. S., & Chavez, G. (2005). The GANA program: a tailoring approach to adapting parent child interaction therapy for Mexican Americans. Education and Treatment of Children, 28(2), 111–129.

Ng, F. F., Tamis‐LeMonda, C. S., Godfrey, E. B., Hunter, C. J., & Yoshikawa, H. (2012). Dynamics of mothers’ goals for children in ethnically diverse populations across the first three years of life. Social Development, 21(4), 821–848. CrossRef

Okagaki, L., & Sternberg, R. J. (1993). Parental beliefs and children’s school performance. Child Development, 64, 36–56. CrossRef

Organista, K. C. (2007). Solving Latino Psychosocial and Health Problems: Theory, Practice, and Populations (pp. 5–6). Hoboken: John Wiley and Sons.

Oyserman, D., Coon, H. M., & Kemmelmeier, M. (2002). Rethinking individualism and collectivism: evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 128(1), 3–72. CrossRefPubMed

Padilla, A. M., & Gonzalez, R. (2001). Academic performance of immigrant and US-born Mexican heritage students: effects of schooling in Mexico and bilingual/English language instruction. American Educational Research Journal, 38(3), 727–742. CrossRef

Pagan Rivera, M. S. (2015). Risk and protective factors for depression in Mexican-American youth: the impact of generational status, family, and parental influences. Social Work In Mental Health, 13(3), 252–271. CrossRef

Perez, W., & Padilla, A. M. (2000). Cultural orientations across three generations of Hispanic adolescents. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 22(3), 390–398. CrossRef

Plunket, S. W., & Bámaca-Gómez, M. Y. (2003). The relationship between parenting, acculturation, and adolescent academics in Mexican-origin immigrant families in Los Angeles. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 25(2), 222–239. CrossRef

Portes, A., Fernandez-Kelly, P., & Haller, W. (2005). Segmented assimilation on the ground: the new second-generation in early adulthood. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 28(6), 1000–1040. CrossRef

Portes, A., & Hao, L. X. (2004). The schooling of children of immigrants: Contextual effects on the educational attainment of the second generation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S. of America, 101(33), 11920–11927.

Portes, A., & Rumbaut, R. G. (2001). Legacies. The story of the immigrant second generation. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Portes, P. R., & Zady, M. F. (2002). Self-esteem in the adaptation of Spanish-speaking adolescents: the role of immigration, family conflict, and depression. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 24(3), 296–318. CrossRef

Richman, S. B., & Mandara, J. (2013). Do socialization goals explain differences in parental control between Black and White parents? Family Relations: An Interdisciplinary Journal Of Applied Family Studies, 62(4), 625–636. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12022. CrossRef

Richman, A., Miller, P., & Levine, R. A. (1992). Cultural and educational variations in maternal responsiveness. Developmental Psychology, 28(4), 614–621. CrossRef

Rodriguez, B. L., & Olswang, L. B. (2003). Mexican-American and Anglo-American mothers’ beliefs and values about childrearing, education and language impairment. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 12(4), 452–462. CrossRefPubMed

Rovine, M. J., & Delaney, M. (1990). Missing data estimation in developmental research. In A. von Eye (Ed.), Statistical methods in longitudinal research: Principles and structuring change (pp. 35–79). San Diego: Academic Press.

Sabogal, F., Marín, G., Otero-Sabogal, R., & Marin, B. V. (1987). Hispanic familism and acculturation: what changes and what doesn’t? Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 9(4), 397–412. CrossRef

Santiago-Rivera, A. L., Arredondo, P., & Gallardo-Cooper, M. (2002). Counseling Latinos and la familia: A practical guide. Thousand Oaks: Sage.

Savage, S. L., & Gauvain, M. (1998). Parental beliefs and children’s everyday planning in European-American and Latino families. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 19(3), 319–340. CrossRef

Schwartz, S. J., Pantin, H., Sullivan, S., Prado, G., & Szapocznik, J. (2006). Nativity and years in the receiving culture as markers of acculturation in ethnic enclaves. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 37(3), 345–353. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Shavitt, S., Cho, Y. I., Johnson, T. P., Jiang, D., Holbrook, A., & Stavrakantonaki, M. (2016). Culture moderates the relation between perceived stress, social support, and mental and physical health. Journal Of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 47(7), 956–980. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022116656132. CrossRef

Spear, L. P. (2000). The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations. Neuroscience And Biobehavioral Reviews, 24(4), 417–463. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-7634(00)00014-2. CrossRefPubMed

Steidel, A. G. L., & Contreras, J. M. (2003). A new familism scale for use with Latino populations. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 25(3), 312–330. CrossRef

Steinberg, L., & Morris, A. M. (2001). Adolescent development. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 83–110. CrossRefPubMed

Steinberg, L. (2005). Cognitive and affective development in adolescence. Trends In Cognitive Sciences, 9(2), 69–74. CrossRefPubMed

Suárez-Orozco, M., & Suárez-Orozco, C. (2015). Children of immigration. Phi Delta Kappan, 97(4), 8–14. CrossRef

Suarez-Orozco, C., & Suarez-Orozco, M. (2001). Children of immigration. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Suizzo, M.-A. (2007). Parents’ goals and values for children: dimensions of independence and interdependence across four U.S. ethnic groups. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 38(4), 506–530. CrossRef

Suizzo, M.-A., Chen, W.-C., Cheng, C.-C., Liang, A., Contreras, H., Zanger, D., & Robinson, C. R. (2008). Parental beliefs about young children’s socialization across U.S. ethnic groups: coexistence of independence and interdependence. Early Child Development and Care, 178(5), 467–486. CrossRef

Super, C. M., & Harkness, S. (1986). The developmental niche: a conceptualization at the interface of child and culture. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 9(4), 545–569. CrossRef

Tamis‐LeMonda, C. S., Way, N., Hughes, D., Yoshikawa, H., Kalman, R. K., & Niwa, E. Y. (2008). Parents’ goals for children: the dynamic coexistence of individualism and collectivism in cultures and individuals. Social Development, 17(1), 183–209.

Umaña-Taylor, A. J., & Yazedjian, A. (2006). Generational differences and similarities among Puerto Rican and Mexican mothers’ experiences with familial ethnic socialization. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 23(3), 445–464. CrossRef

U.S. Census Bureau. (2011). The Hispanic Population: 2010. https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2011/dec/c2010br-04.pdf.

Weisner, T. S. (2002). Ecological pathways, family values, and parenting. Parenting: Science and Practice, 2(3), 325–334. CrossRef

Yau, J., & Watkins, R. (2018). Mexican American mothers’ conceptualization of autonomy support and psychological control in the context of cultural values. Journal of Latinos & Education, 17(2), 136–145. CrossRef

Zambrana, S.-P., & Powell (1992). Parenting concerns, family support systems, and life problems of Mexican origin women: a comparison by nativity. Journal of Community Psychology, 20, 276–288. CrossRef

Zhou, M. (2004). Assimilation, the Asian Way. In T. Jacoby (Ed.), Reinventing the melting pot: The new immigrants and what it means to be American (pp. 139–153). New York: Basic Books.

Zhou, M., & Lee, J. (2017). Hyper-selectivity and the remaking of culture: understanding the Asian American achievement paradox. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 8(1), 7–15. CrossRef

Titel: Parental Socialization Beliefs and Long-term Goals for Young Children Among Three Generations of Mexican American Mothers
Auteurs: Marie-Anne Suizzo
Louise E. Tedford
Molly McManus
Publicatiedatum: 27-05-2019
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies / Uitgave 10/2019
Print ISSN: 1062-1024
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2843
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01461-1

Mijn bibliotheek

Shop

Tips voor Mijn BSL

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Tip

Swipe om te navigeren naar een ander artikel

Parental Socialization Beliefs and Long-term Goals for Young Children Among Three Generations of Mexican American Mothers

Abstract

Objectives

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Mijn bibliotheek

Shop

Tips voor Mijn BSL

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Tip

Swipe om te navigeren naar een ander artikel

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Objectives

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 10/2019

Health School-based Mindfulness Interventions for Improving Mental Health: A Systematic Review and Thematic Synthesis of Qualitative Studies

Family Functioning and Not Family Structure Predicts Adolescents’ Reasoning and Math Skills

“The Stress of the Situation has Changed us Both”: A Grounded Theory Analysis of the Romantic Relationship of Parents Raising Children with Autism

The Weight Status of Only Children in China: The Role of Marital Satisfaction and Maternal Warmth

Children’s and Parents’ Perceptions of Vulnerability as Weakness: Associations with Children’s Well-Being

Effects of Paternal Incarceration on Father Involvement on Child Behavior Outcomes at Middle Childhood