Top

Mindfulness

Gepubliceerd in:

30-06-2022 | ORIGINAL PAPER

Over-Identifying with Social Roles: Selfing Scale Development and Validation

Auteurs: Danielle L. Oyler, Steven D. Pratscher, Pisey Leng, Oleg N. Medvedev, B. Ann Bettencourt

Gepubliceerd in: Mindfulness | Uitgave 8/2022

Abstract

Objectives

People conceptualize their identities, in part, by their social roles. We defined the construct of “selfing” as excessive identification with a social role. This over-identification may influence feelings of psychological stress; research to understand this theorized association requires reliable and valid measurement of the selfing construct.

Method

The Selfing Scale was developed and validated using both classical and Rasch methodology with a large sample (N = 1882) including undergraduate students and MTurk workers. Two randomized samples (n = 400 each) were extracted and subjected to Rasch analysis to ensure replicability of the results. Additional independent samples were used to establish test–retest reliability and validity by examining relationships with other measures relevant to the self.

Results

An exploratory factor analysis on the initial 27 items yielded a 25-item solution with acceptable psychometric properties that supported a single overarching selfing factor. To achieve the best Rasch model fit, we uniformly rescored disordered thresholds, removed 7 misfitting items, and used testlet models to address local dependency resulting in a more robust 18-item scale. Conversion algorithms were also developed to transform ordinal scores into the interval-level metric to enhance accuracy of the scale. Selfing was negatively related to trait and interpersonal mindfulness and frequency of meditation among mindfulness practitioners, and positively related to psychological stress among non-practitioners.

Conclusions

This study developed a reliable and valid Selfing Scale to measure over-identification with the self that is useful to investigate the impact of selfing on an individual’s health and well-being.

vorige artikel Secular and Spiritual “Myths” of Mindfulness-Based Programs: the Effects of Role Inductions on a Brief Mindfulness-Based Intervention

volgende artikel Adolescents’ Experiences of Distress and Well-being During Intensive Mindfulness Practice: A Mixed-Methods Study

Alleen toegankelijk voor geautoriseerde gebruikers

Andrich, D., Humphry, S. M., & Marais, I. (2012). Quantifying local, response dependence between two polytomous items using the Rasch model. Applied Psychological Measurement, 36(4), 309–324. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146621612441858CrossRef

Azizan, N. H., Mahmud, Z., & Rambli, A. (2020). Rasch rating scale item estimates using maximum likelihood approach: Effects of sample size on the accuracy and bias of the estimates. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 24(4), 2526–2531.

Baer, R. A. (2003). Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: A conceptual and empirical review. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10(2), 125–143. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bpg015CrossRef

Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13(1), 27–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191105283504CrossRefPubMed

Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Lykins, E., Button, D., Krietemeyer, J., Sauer, S., Walsh, E., Duggan, D., & Williams, J. M. G. (2008). Construct validity of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire in meditating and nonmeditating samples. Assessment, 15, 329–342. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191107313003CrossRefPubMed

Bazzano, M. (2019). Meditation and the post-secular condition. Psychotherapy and Politics International, 17(2), e1490. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppi.1490CrossRef

Bernstein, A., Hadash, Y., Lichtash, Y., Tanay, G., Shepherd, K., & y Fresco, D. M. (2015). Decentering and related constructs: A critical review and metacognitive processes model. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(5), 599–617. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691615594577CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Bernstein, A., Hadash, Y., & Fresco, D. M. (2019). Metacognitive processes model of decentering: Emerging methods and insights. Current Opinion in Psychology, 28, 245–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.01.019CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Brown, K. W., Ryan, R. M., Creswell, J. D., & Niemiec, C. P. (2008). Beyond me: Mindful responses to social threat. In H. A. Wayment & J. J. Bauer (Eds.), Transcending self-interest: Psychological explorations of the quiet ego (pp. 75–84). https://doi.org/10.1037/11771-007

Brown, K. W., Berry, D. R., & Quaglia, J. T. (2016). The hypo-egoic expression of mindfulness in social life. In The Oxford handbook of hypo-egoic phenomena (p. 147). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328079.001.0001

Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS). APA PsycTests. https://doi.org/10.1037/t04259-000CrossRef

Campbell, J. D., Trapnell, P. D., Heine, S. J., Katz, I. M., Lavallee, L. F., & Lehman, D. R. (1996). Self-concept clarity: Measurement, personality correlates, and cultural boundaries. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(1), 141–156. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.1.141CrossRef

Chambers, R., Gullone, E., & Allen, N. B. (2009). Mindful emotion regulation: An integrative review. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(6), 560–572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.06.005CrossRefPubMed

Chiesa, A., & Serretti, A. (2009). Mindfulness-based stress reduction for stress management in healthy people: A review and meta-analysis. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 15(5), 593–600. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2008.0495CrossRefPubMed

Christensen, K. B., Makransky, G., & Horton, M. (2017). Critical values for Yen’s Q 3: SsIdentification of local dependence in the Rasch model using residual correlations. Applied Psychological Measurement, 41(3), 178–194. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146621616677520CrossRefPubMed

Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983).A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 385–396.https://doi.org/10.2307/2136404

Cooley, C. H. (1902). Looking-glass self. The production of reality: Essays and readings on social interaction, 6, 126–128. https://doi.org/10.32376/3f8575cb.73d69f51

Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Normal personality assessment in clinical practice: The NEO Personality Inventory. Psychological Assessment, 4(1), 5–13. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.4.1.5CrossRef

Cowley, A. S., & Derezotes, D. (1994). Transpersonal psychology and social work education. Journal of Social Work Education, 30(1), 32–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/10437797.1994.10672211CrossRef

Crocker, J., Luhtanen, R. K., Cooper, M. L., & Bouvrette, A. (2003). Contingencies of self-worth in college students: Theory and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(5), 894–908. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.5.894CrossRefPubMed

Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Self-determination theory: A macrotheory of human motivation, development, and health. Canadian Psychology/psychologie Canadienne, 49(3), 182–185. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012801CrossRef

Deci, E. L., Vallerand, R. J., Pelletier, L. G., & Ryan, R. M. (1991). Motivation and education: The self-determination perspective. Educational Psychologist, 26(3–4), 325–346. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520.1991.9653137CrossRef

Dhar, P. L. (2011). No I, no problems: The quintessence of Buddhist psychology of awakening. Psychological Studies, 56(4), 398–404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12646-011-0111-0CrossRef

Emmons, R. A. (1992). Abstract versus concrete goals: Personal striving level, physical illness, and psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62(2), 292–300. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.62.2.292CrossRefPubMed

Epstein, M. (2018). On the seashore of endless worlds: Buddha and Winnicott. In A. Hoffer, (Ed.), Freud and the Buddha: The couch and the cushion. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429474965-5

Feldman, G., Hayes, A., Kumar, S., Greeson, J., & Laurenceau, J. P. (2007). Mindfulness and emotion regulation: The development and initial validation of the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (CAMS-R). Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 29(3), 177–190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-006-9035-8CrossRef

Gesell, N., Niklas, F., Schmiedeler, S., & Segerer, R. (2020). Mindfulness and romantic relationship outcomes: The mediating role of conflict resolution styles and closeness. Mindfulness, 11(10), 2314–2324. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01449-9CrossRef

Giles, J. (2019). Relevance of the no-self theory in contemporary mindfulness. Current Opinion in Psychology, 28, 298–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.03.016CrossRefPubMed

Grossman, P., Niemann, L., Schmidt, S., & Walach, H. (2004). Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits: A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 57(1), 35–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3999(03)00573-7CrossRefPubMed

Gu, J., Strauss, C., Bond, R., & Cavanagh, K. (2015). How do mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and mindfulness-based stress reduction improve mental health and wellbeing? A systematic review and meta-analysis of mediation studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 37, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2015.01.006CrossRefPubMed

Gu, J., Strauss, C., Crane, C., Barnhofer, T., Karl, A., Cavanagh, K., & Kuyken, W. (2016). Examining the factor structure of the 39-item and 15-item versions of the Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire before and after Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for people with recurrent depression. Psychological Assessment, 28(7), 791–802. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000263CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Hagell, P., & Westergren, A. (2016). Sample size and statistical conclusions from tests of fit to the Rasch model according to the Rasch Unidimensional measurement model (Rumm) program in health outcome measurement. Journal of Applied Measurement, 17(4), 416–431.PubMed

Hanley, A. W., & Garland, E. L. (2017). Clarity of mind: Structural equation modeling of associations between dispositional mindfulness, self-concept clarity and psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 106, 334–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.10.028CrossRefPubMed

Hanson, R. (2009). Buddha’s brain: The practical neuroscience of happiness, love, and wisdom. New Harbinger Publications.

Harter, S. (2012). The construction of the self: Developmental and socio-cultural foundations. Guilford Press.

Hasenkamp, W. (2019). Fruits of the Buddhism-science dialogue in contemplative research. Current Opinion in Psychology, 28, 126–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.12.003CrossRefPubMed

Hobart, J., & Cano, S. (2009). Improving the evaluation of therapeutic interventions in multiple sclerosis: The role of new psychometric methods. Health Technology Assessment, 13(12), 1–200. https://doi.org/10.3310/hta13120CrossRef

Jung, C. G. (1960). Psychology and religion. Yale University Press.

Kornfield, J. (2008). The wise heart: Buddhist psychology for the West. Random House.

Kostner, D. (2018). It’s not about the mindfulness: Foundations of Buddhist thought and why it matters for psychology. In A. Hoffer, (Ed.), Freud and the Buddha: The couch and the cushion. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429474965-2

Kristeller, J. (2003). Finding the Buddha/finding the self seeing with the third eye. In S. R. Segall (Ed.), Encountering Buddhism: Western psychology and Buddhist teachings. ProQuest Ebook Central.

Lama, D. (2001). Ethics for the new millennium. Penguin.

Lama, D., Jinpa, G. T., & Gere, R. (2005). The world of Tibetan Buddhism: An overview of its philosophy and practice. Wisdom Publications.

Lau, M. A., Bishop, S. R., Segal, Z. V., Buis, T., Anderson, N. D., Carlson, L., Shapiro, S., Carmody, J., Abbey, S., & Devins, G. (2006). The Toronto mindfulness scale: Development and validation. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(12), 1445–1467. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20326CrossRefPubMed

Lenger, K. A., Gordon, C. L., & Nguyen, S. P. (2017). Intra-individual and cross-partner associations between the five facets of mindfulness and relationship satisfaction. Mindfulness, 8(1), 171–180. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-016-0590-0CrossRef

Lindahl, J. R., & Britton, W. B. (2019). ‘I have this feeling of not really being here’: Buddhist meditation and changes in sense of self. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 26(7–8), 157–183.

Lorenzo-Seva, U. (2021). SOLOMON: a method for splitting a sample into equivalent subsamples in factor analysis. Behavior Research Methods, 1–13.https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-021-01750-y

Luhtanen, R., & Crocker, J. (1992). A collective self-esteem scale: Self-evaluation of one’s social identity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18(3), 302–318. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167292183006CrossRef

Lundgren-Nilsson, A., & Tennant, A. (2011). Past and present issues in Rasch analysis: The functional independence measure (FIM™) revisited. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 43(10), 884–891. https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-0871CrossRefPubMed

Masters, G. N. (1982). A Rasch model for partial credit scoring. Psychometrika, 47(2), 149–174. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02296272CrossRef

McAdams, D. P. (2013). The psychological self as actor, agent, and author. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8(3), 272–295. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691612464657CrossRefPubMed

Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self and society (Vol. 111). University of Chicago Press.

Medvedev, O. N., Siegert, R. J., Feng, X. J., Billington, D. R., Jang, J. Y., & Krägeloh, C. U. (2016). Measuring trait mindfulness: How to improve the precision of the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale using a Rasch model. Mindfulness, 7(2), 384–395. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-015-0454-zCrossRef

Medvedev, O. N., Pratscher, S. D., & Bettencourt, A. (2020). Psychometric evaluation of the interpersonal mindfulness scale using Rasch analysis. Mindfulness, 11(8), 2007–2015. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01415-5CrossRef

Oyler, D. L., Price-Blackshear, M. A., Pratscher, S. D., & Bettencourt, B. A. (2021). Mindfulness and intergroup bias: A systematic review. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 25, 1107–1138. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430220978694CrossRef

Pratscher, S. D., Wood, P. K., King, L. A., & Bettencourt, B. A. (2019). Interpersonal mindfulness: Scale development and initial construct validation. Mindfulness, 10(6), 1044–1061. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-1057-2CrossRef

Puhakka, K. (2003). Buddhist psychology. In S. R. Segall, (Ed.), Encountering Buddhism: Western psychology and Buddhist teachings. ProQuest Ebook Central.

Rasch, G. (1960). Probabilistic models for some intelligence and attainment test. Danish Institute for Educational Research.

Rolffs, J. L., Rogge, R. D., & Wilson, K. G. (2018). Disentangling components of flexibility via the hexaflex model: Development and validation of the Multidimensional Psychological Flexibility Inventory (MPFI). Assessment, 25(4), 458–482. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191116645905CrossRefPubMed

Rosenberg, M. (1965). Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSE). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. Measures Package, 61(52), 18. https://doi.org/10.1037/t01038-000CrossRef

Rubin, J. (2003). Buddhist psychology. In S. R. Segall, (Ed.), Encountering Buddhism: Western psychology and Buddhist teachings. ProQuest Ebook Central.

Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2011). A self-determination theory perspective on social, institutional, cultural, and economic supports for autonomy and their importance for well-being. In Human autonomy in cross-cultural context (pp. 45–64). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9667-8_3

Ryan, R. M., & Rigby, C. S. (2015). Did the Buddha have a self. In K. W. Brown, D. Creswell, & R. M. Ryan (Eds.), Handbook of mindfulness: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 245–259). Guilford.

Sahdra, B. K., Shaver, P. R., & Brown, K. W. (2010). A scale to measure nonattachment: A Buddhist complement to western research on attachment and adaptive functioning. Journal of Personality Assessment, 92(2), 116–127. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890903425960CrossRefPubMed

Sahdra, B., Ciarrochi, J., & Parker, P. (2016). Nonattachment and mindfulness: Related but distinct constructs. Psychological Assessment, 28(7), 819–829. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000264CrossRefPubMed

Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1985). The Self-Consciousness Scale: A revised version for use with general populations 1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 15(8), 687–699. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1985.tb02268.xCrossRef

Segal, S. R. (2003). Buddhist psychology. In S. R. Segall, (Ed.), Encountering Buddhism: Western psychology and Buddhist teachings. ProQuest Ebook Central.

Shonin, E., Van Gordon, W., & Griffiths, M. D. (2014). The emerging role of Buddhism in clinical psychology: Toward effective integration. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 6(2), 123–137. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035859CrossRef

Shonin, E., Van Gordon, W., & Griffiths, M. D. (2016). Ontological addiction: Classification, etiology, and treatment. Mindfulness, 7(3), 660–671. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-016-0501-4CrossRef

Tennant, A., & Conaghan, P. G. (2007). The Rasch measurement model in rheumatology: What is it and why use it? When should it be applied, and what should one look for in a Rasch paper? Arthritis Care & Research, 57(8), 1358–1362. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.23108CrossRef

Thubten, A. (2013). No self, no problem: Awakening to our true nature. Shambhala Publications

Van Gordon, W., Shonin, E., & Griffiths, M. D. (2016). Buddhist emptiness theory: Implications for psychology. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 9(4), 309–318. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000079CrossRef

Van Gordon, W., Shonin, E., Diouri, S., Garcia-Campayo, J., Kotera, Y., & Griffiths, M. D. (2018). Ontological addiction theory: Attachment to me, mine, and I. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(4), 892–896. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.7.2018.45CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Wainer, H., & Kiely, G. L. (1987). Item clusters and computerized adaptive testing: A case for testlets. Journal of Educational Measurement, 24(3), 185–201. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-3984.1987.tb00274.xCrossRef

Wang, W. C., & Wilson, M. (2005). The Rasch testlet model. Applied Psychological Measurement, 29(2), 126–149. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146621604271053CrossRef

Watts, A. (1983). The way of liberation: Essays and lectures on the transformation of the self. Weatherhill.

Wilson, C. (1999). Do we really believe in impermanence? Barre Center for Buddhist Studies. https://www.buddhistinquiry.org/article/do-we-really-believe-in-impermanence/

Wong, S. P. (1996). “Forming inferences about some intraclass correlations coefficients”: Correction. Psychological Methods, 1(4), 390–390. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.1.4.390CrossRef

Wuthrich, V. M., Johnco, C., & Knight, A. (2014). Comparison of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ) and abbreviated version (PSWQ-A) in a clinical and non-clinical population of older adults. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28(7), 657–663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.07.005CrossRefPubMed

Zelazo, P. D., & Lyons, K. E. (2012). The potential benefits of mindfulness training in early childhood: A developmental social cognitive neuroscience perspective. Child Development Perspectives, 6(2), 154–160. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2012.00241.xCrossRef

Titel: Over-Identifying with Social Roles: Selfing Scale Development and Validation
Auteurs: Danielle L. Oyler
Steven D. Pratscher
Pisey Leng
Oleg N. Medvedev
B. Ann Bettencourt
Publicatiedatum: 30-06-2022
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Mindfulness / Uitgave 8/2022
Print ISSN: 1868-8527
Elektronisch ISSN: 1868-8535
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-022-01931-6

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Objectives

Method

Results

Conclusions

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 8/2022

The Adverse Effects of Meditation-Interventions and Mind–Body Practices: a Systematic Review

Unraveling Heterogeneities in Mindfulness Profiles: a Review and Latent Profile Analysis of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire Short-Form (FFMQ-SF) in the Spanish Population

Preschool Teachers’ Mindfulness and Children’s Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Functioning

Exploring the Links Between Trait Mindfulness and Emotional and Behavioral Responses in the Ultimatum Game

Secular and Spiritual “Myths” of Mindfulness-Based Programs: the Effects of Role Inductions on a Brief Mindfulness-Based Intervention

What Next After MBSR/MBCT? An Open Trial of an 8-Week Follow-on Program Exploring Mindfulness of Feeling Tone (vedanā)