Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 3/2007

01-03-2007 | Original Paper

Orientation and Affective Expression Effects on Face Recognition in Williams Syndrome and Autism

Auteurs: Fredric E. Rose, Alan J. Lincoln, Zona Lai, Michaela Ene, Yvonne M. Searcy, Ursula Bellugi

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | Uitgave 3/2007

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

We sought to clarify the nature of the face processing strength commonly observed in individuals with Williams syndrome (WS) by comparing the face recognition ability of persons with WS to that of persons with autism and to healthy controls under three conditions: Upright faces with neutral expressions, upright faces with varying affective expressions, and inverted faces with neutral expressions. No differences were observed under the upright/neutral expression condition. However, the WS group was more accurate than the autism group when discriminating upright faces with varying affective expressions, whereas the opposite pattern emerged when discriminating inverted faces. We interpret these differences as a reflection of the contrasting social features of the two syndromes.
Literatuur
go back to reference Alvarez, T. D., & Neville, H. J. (1995). The development of face recognition continues into adulthood: An ERP study. Neuroscience Abstracts, 21, 2086. Alvarez, T. D., & Neville, H. J. (1995). The development of face recognition continues into adulthood: An ERP study. Neuroscience Abstracts, 21, 2086.
go back to reference American Academy of Pediatrics. (2001). Health care supervision for children with Williams syndrome. Pediatrics, 107, 1190–1204. American Academy of Pediatrics. (2001). Health care supervision for children with Williams syndrome. Pediatrics, 107, 1190–1204.
go back to reference American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
go back to reference Atkinson, J., Anker, S., Braddick, O., Nokes, L., Mason, A., Braddick, F., et al. (2001). Visual and visuospatial development in young children with Williams syndrome. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 43(5), 330–337.CrossRef Atkinson, J., Anker, S., Braddick, O., Nokes, L., Mason, A., Braddick, F., et al. (2001). Visual and visuospatial development in young children with Williams syndrome. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 43(5), 330–337.CrossRef
go back to reference Baird, C., Charman, T., Baron-Cohen, S., Cox, A., Swettenham, J., Wheelwright, S., & Drew, A. (2000). A screening instrument for autism at 18thmonths of age: A 6-year follow-up study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 694–702.PubMedCrossRef Baird, C., Charman, T., Baron-Cohen, S., Cox, A., Swettenham, J., Wheelwright, S., & Drew, A. (2000). A screening instrument for autism at 18thmonths of age: A 6-year follow-up study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 694–702.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Baron-Cohen, S., Cox, A., Baird, G., Swettenham, J., Nightingale, N., Morgan, K., Drew, A., & Charman, T., (1996). Psychological markers in the detection of autism in infancy in a large population. British Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 158–163.PubMed Baron-Cohen, S., Cox, A., Baird, G., Swettenham, J., Nightingale, N., Morgan, K., Drew, A., & Charman, T., (1996). Psychological markers in the detection of autism in infancy in a large population. British Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 158–163.PubMed
go back to reference Bartlett, J. C., & Searcy, J. (1993). Inversion and configuration of faces. Cognitive Psychology, 25, 281–316.PubMedCrossRef Bartlett, J. C., & Searcy, J. (1993). Inversion and configuration of faces. Cognitive Psychology, 25, 281–316.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Bellugi, U., Lichtenberger, L., Jones, W., Lai, Z., & St. George, M. (2000). The Neurocognitive profile of Williams syndrome: A complex pattern of strengths and weaknesses. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 12(supplement), 7–29. Bellugi, U., Lichtenberger, L., Jones, W., Lai, Z., & St. George, M. (2000). The Neurocognitive profile of Williams syndrome: A complex pattern of strengths and weaknesses. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 12(supplement), 7–29.
go back to reference Bellugi, U., Wang, P. P., & Jernigan, T. L. (1994). Williams syndrome: An unusual neuropsychological profile. In: S. Broman, J. Grafman (Eds.), Atypical cognitive deficits in developmental disorders: Implications for brain function. Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Bellugi, U., Wang, P. P., & Jernigan, T. L. (1994). Williams syndrome: An unusual neuropsychological profile. In: S. Broman, J. Grafman (Eds.), Atypical cognitive deficits in developmental disorders: Implications for brain function. Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
go back to reference Benton, A. L., Hamsher, K. de S., Varney, N. R., & Spreen, O. (1983). Contributions to neuropsychological assessment. New York: Oxford University Press. Benton, A. L., Hamsher, K. de S., Varney, N. R., & Spreen, O. (1983). Contributions to neuropsychological assessment. New York: Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Boucher, J., & Lewis, V. (1992). Unfamiliar face recognition in relatively able autistic children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 33, 843–859.PubMedCrossRef Boucher, J., & Lewis, V. (1992). Unfamiliar face recognition in relatively able autistic children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 33, 843–859.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Bradshaw, J. L., & Wallace, G. (1971). Models for the processing and identification of faces. Perception and Psychophysics, 9, 443–448. Bradshaw, J. L., & Wallace, G. (1971). Models for the processing and identification of faces. Perception and Psychophysics, 9, 443–448.
go back to reference Cohen, D.J., & Volkmar, F. R. (1997). Handbook of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley. Cohen, D.J., & Volkmar, F. R. (1997). Handbook of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley.
go back to reference Corsello, C. M. (2000). Recognition of faces and the individual with autism: Saliency of facial features. Dissertation Abstracts International, 61, 4-B. Corsello, C. M. (2000). Recognition of faces and the individual with autism: Saliency of facial features. Dissertation Abstracts International, 61, 4-B.
go back to reference Crisco, J. J., Dobbs, J. M., & Mulhern, R. K. (1988). Cognitive processing of children with Williams syndrome. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 30, 650–656.CrossRef Crisco, J. J., Dobbs, J. M., & Mulhern, R. K. (1988). Cognitive processing of children with Williams syndrome. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 30, 650–656.CrossRef
go back to reference Critchley, H., Daly, E., Phillips, M., Brammer, M., Bullmore, E., et al. (2000). Explicit and implicit neural mechanisms for processing of social information from facial expressions: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Human Brain Mapping, 9, 93–105.PubMedCrossRef Critchley, H., Daly, E., Phillips, M., Brammer, M., Bullmore, E., et al. (2000). Explicit and implicit neural mechanisms for processing of social information from facial expressions: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Human Brain Mapping, 9, 93–105.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Davies, S., Bishop, D., Manstead, A. S. R., & Tantam, D. (1994). Face perception in children autism and Asperger’s syndrome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 35, 1033–1057.PubMedCrossRef Davies, S., Bishop, D., Manstead, A. S. R., & Tantam, D. (1994). Face perception in children autism and Asperger’s syndrome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 35, 1033–1057.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Deruelle, C., Mancini, J., Livet, M. O., Casse-Perrot, C., & de Schonen, S. (1999). Configural and local processing of faces in children with Williams syndrome. Brain and Cognition, 41, 276–298.PubMedCrossRef Deruelle, C., Mancini, J., Livet, M. O., Casse-Perrot, C., & de Schonen, S. (1999). Configural and local processing of faces in children with Williams syndrome. Brain and Cognition, 41, 276–298.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Diamond, R., & Carey, S. (1986). Why faces are and are not special: An effect of expertise. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 115, 107–117.CrossRef Diamond, R., & Carey, S. (1986). Why faces are and are not special: An effect of expertise. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 115, 107–117.CrossRef
go back to reference Elgar, K., & Campbell, R. (2001). Annotation: the cognitive neuroscience of face recognition: implications for developmental disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42(6), 705–717.PubMedCrossRef Elgar, K., & Campbell, R. (2001). Annotation: the cognitive neuroscience of face recognition: implications for developmental disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42(6), 705–717.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Ellis, H. D. (1990). Developmental trends in face recognition. The Psychologist, 3, 114–119. Ellis, H. D. (1990). Developmental trends in face recognition. The Psychologist, 3, 114–119.
go back to reference Farah, M. J. (1996). Is face recognition “special”? Evidence from neuropsychology. Behavioural Brain Research, 76, 181–189.PubMedCrossRef Farah, M. J. (1996). Is face recognition “special”? Evidence from neuropsychology. Behavioural Brain Research, 76, 181–189.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Farah, M. J., Tanaka, J. N., & Drain, M. (1995). What causes the face inversion effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 21, 628–634.PubMedCrossRef Farah, M. J., Tanaka, J. N., & Drain, M. (1995). What causes the face inversion effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 21, 628–634.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Farah, M. J., Wilson, K. D., Drain, M., & Tanaka, J. N. (1998). What is “Special” about face perception? Psychological Review, 105, 482–498.PubMedCrossRef Farah, M. J., Wilson, K. D., Drain, M., & Tanaka, J. N. (1998). What is “Special” about face perception? Psychological Review, 105, 482–498.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Galaburda, A. M., Bellugi, U. (2000). V. Multi-level analysis of cortical neuroanatomy in Williams syndrome. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 12(supplement), 74–88.PubMedCrossRef Galaburda, A. M., Bellugi, U. (2000). V. Multi-level analysis of cortical neuroanatomy in Williams syndrome. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 12(supplement), 74–88.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Galaburda, A. M., Holinger, D. P., Bellugi, U., & Sherman, G. F. (2002). Williams syndrome: Neuronal size and neuronal packing density in primary visual cortex. Archives of Neurology, 59, 1461–1467.PubMedCrossRef Galaburda, A. M., Holinger, D. P., Bellugi, U., & Sherman, G. F. (2002). Williams syndrome: Neuronal size and neuronal packing density in primary visual cortex. Archives of Neurology, 59, 1461–1467.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Gauthier, I., Williams, P., Tarr, M. J., & Tanaka, J. (1998). Training ‘greeble’ experts: A framework for studying expert object recognition processes. Vision Research, 38, 2401–2428.PubMedCrossRef Gauthier, I., Williams, P., Tarr, M. J., & Tanaka, J. (1998). Training ‘greeble’ experts: A framework for studying expert object recognition processes. Vision Research, 38, 2401–2428.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Gilliam, J. E. (1995). Gilliam Autism Rating Scale, examiner’s manual. Austin, TX: ProEd. Gilliam, J. E. (1995). Gilliam Autism Rating Scale, examiner’s manual. Austin, TX: ProEd.
go back to reference Grelotti, D. J., Gauthier, I., & Schultz, R. T. (2002). Social interest and the development of cortical face specialization: What autism teaches us about face processing. Developmental Psychobiology, 40, 213–225.PubMedCrossRef Grelotti, D. J., Gauthier, I., & Schultz, R. T. (2002). Social interest and the development of cortical face specialization: What autism teaches us about face processing. Developmental Psychobiology, 40, 213–225.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Grice, S. J., Spratling, M. W., Karmiloff-Smith, A., Halit, H., Csibra, G., de Haan, M., Johnson, M. H. (2001). Disordered visual processing and oscillatory brain activity in autism and Williams syndrome. Neuroreport, 12(12), 2697–2700.PubMedCrossRef Grice, S. J., Spratling, M. W., Karmiloff-Smith, A., Halit, H., Csibra, G., de Haan, M., Johnson, M. H. (2001). Disordered visual processing and oscillatory brain activity in autism and Williams syndrome. Neuroreport, 12(12), 2697–2700.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Happe, F. (1999). Understanding assets and deficits in autism: Why success is more interesting than failure. Psychologist, 12, 540–546. Happe, F. (1999). Understanding assets and deficits in autism: Why success is more interesting than failure. Psychologist, 12, 540–546.
go back to reference Hauck, M., Fein, D., Maltby, N., Waterhouse, L., & Feinstein, C. (1998). Memory for faces in children with autism. Child Neuropsychology, 4(3), 187–198. Hauck, M., Fein, D., Maltby, N., Waterhouse, L., & Feinstein, C. (1998). Memory for faces in children with autism. Child Neuropsychology, 4(3), 187–198.
go back to reference Haxby, J. V., Hoffman, E. A., & Gobbini, M. I. (2002). Human neural systems for face recognition and social communication. Biological Psychiatry, 51, 59–67.PubMedCrossRef Haxby, J. V., Hoffman, E. A., & Gobbini, M. I. (2002). Human neural systems for face recognition and social communication. Biological Psychiatry, 51, 59–67.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Hobson, R. P., Ouston, J., & Lee, A. (1988). Emotion recognition in autism: Coordinating faces and voices. Psychological Medicine, 18, 911–923.PubMedCrossRef Hobson, R. P., Ouston, J., & Lee, A. (1988). Emotion recognition in autism: Coordinating faces and voices. Psychological Medicine, 18, 911–923.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Jarrold, C., Baddeley, A. D., & Hewes, A. K. (1999). Genetically dissociated components of working memory: Evidence from Down’s and Williams syndrome. Neuropsychologia, 37, 637–651.PubMedCrossRef Jarrold, C., Baddeley, A. D., & Hewes, A. K. (1999). Genetically dissociated components of working memory: Evidence from Down’s and Williams syndrome. Neuropsychologia, 37, 637–651.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Jones, W., & Lai, Z. C. (1997). The relationship between intact face processing and impaired spatial cognition in Williams syndrome. International Behavioral Neuroscience Society Abstracts, 6, #P2–51, p. 59. Jones, W., & Lai, Z. C. (1997). The relationship between intact face processing and impaired spatial cognition in Williams syndrome. International Behavioral Neuroscience Society Abstracts, 6, #P2–51, p. 59.
go back to reference Jones, W., Anderson, D., Reilly, J., & Bellugi, U. (1998). Emotional expression in infants and children with Williams syndrome: A relationship between temperament and genetics? Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 4, 56. Jones, W., Anderson, D., Reilly, J., & Bellugi, U. (1998). Emotional expression in infants and children with Williams syndrome: A relationship between temperament and genetics? Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 4, 56.
go back to reference Jones, W., Bellugi, U., Lai, Z., Chiles, M., Reilly, J., Lincoln, A., & Adolphs, R. (2000). Hypersociability in Williams syndrome. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 10(supplement), 30–46.CrossRef Jones, W., Bellugi, U., Lai, Z., Chiles, M., Reilly, J., Lincoln, A., & Adolphs, R. (2000). Hypersociability in Williams syndrome. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 10(supplement), 30–46.CrossRef
go back to reference Jones, W., Hickok, G., & Lai, Z. (1998). Does face processing rely on intact visual-spatial abilities? Evidence from Williams syndrome. Abstract, Cognitive neuroscience society 1998 annual meeting abstract program, 80, #67. Jones, W., Hickok, G., & Lai, Z. (1998). Does face processing rely on intact visual-spatial abilities? Evidence from Williams syndrome. Abstract, Cognitive neuroscience society 1998 annual meeting abstract program, 80, #67.
go back to reference Karmiloff-Smith, A. (1997). Crucial differences between developmental cognitive neuroscience and adult neuropsychology. Developmental Neuropsychology, 13, 513–524.CrossRef Karmiloff-Smith, A. (1997). Crucial differences between developmental cognitive neuroscience and adult neuropsychology. Developmental Neuropsychology, 13, 513–524.CrossRef
go back to reference Klin, A., Sparrow, S. S., de Bildt, A., Cicchetti, D. V., Cohen, D. J., & Volkmar, F. R. (1999). A normed study of face recognition in autism and related disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29, 499–508.PubMedCrossRef Klin, A., Sparrow, S. S., de Bildt, A., Cicchetti, D. V., Cohen, D. J., & Volkmar, F. R. (1999). A normed study of face recognition in autism and related disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29, 499–508.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Korenberg, J. R., Chen, X.-N., Hirota, H., Lai, Z., Bellugi, U., Burian, D., Roe, B., & Matsuoka, R. (2000). Geneome structure and cognitive map of Williams syndrome. Journal of the Cognitive Neuroscience Society, 12(Suppl), 89–107. Korenberg, J. R., Chen, X.-N., Hirota, H., Lai, Z., Bellugi, U., Burian, D., Roe, B., & Matsuoka, R. (2000). Geneome structure and cognitive map of Williams syndrome. Journal of the Cognitive Neuroscience Society, 12(Suppl), 89–107.
go back to reference Lai (1992). A neuropsychological test of cortical circuitry subserving affective processing in the developing human brain. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Lai (1992). A neuropsychological test of cortical circuitry subserving affective processing in the developing human brain. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
go back to reference Le Couteur, A., Rutter, M., Lord, C., Rios, Robertson, Holdgrafer, & McLennan (1989). Autism diagnostic Interview: A standardized investigator-based instrument. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 19, 363–387. Le Couteur, A., Rutter, M., Lord, C., Rios, Robertson, Holdgrafer, & McLennan (1989). Autism diagnostic Interview: A standardized investigator-based instrument. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 19, 363–387.
go back to reference Maurer, D., LeGrand, R., & Mondloch, C. J. (2002). The many faces of configural processing. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6, 255–260.PubMedCrossRef Maurer, D., LeGrand, R., & Mondloch, C. J. (2002). The many faces of configural processing. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6, 255–260.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Mills, D. L., Alvarez, T. D., St. George, M., Appelbaum, L. G., Bellugi, U., & Neville, H. (2000). Electrophysiological studies of face processing in Williams syndrome. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 10(supplement), 47–64. Mills, D. L., Alvarez, T. D., St. George, M., Appelbaum, L. G., Bellugi, U., & Neville, H. (2000). Electrophysiological studies of face processing in Williams syndrome. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 10(supplement), 47–64.
go back to reference Mobbs, D., Garrett, A. S., Menon, V., Rose, F. E., Bellugi, U., & Reiss, A. L. (2004). Anomalous brain activation during face and gaze processing in Williams syndrome. Neurology, 62(11), 2070–2076.PubMed Mobbs, D., Garrett, A. S., Menon, V., Rose, F. E., Bellugi, U., & Reiss, A. L. (2004). Anomalous brain activation during face and gaze processing in Williams syndrome. Neurology, 62(11), 2070–2076.PubMed
go back to reference Mondloch, C. J., Le Grand, R., & Maurer, D. (2002). Configural Face Processing develops more slowly than featural face processing. Perception, 31, 553–566.PubMedCrossRef Mondloch, C. J., Le Grand, R., & Maurer, D. (2002). Configural Face Processing develops more slowly than featural face processing. Perception, 31, 553–566.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Ozonoff, S., Pennington, B.F., & Rogers, S.J. (1990). Are there emotion perception deficits in young autistic children? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 31(3), 343–361.PubMedCrossRef Ozonoff, S., Pennington, B.F., & Rogers, S.J. (1990). Are there emotion perception deficits in young autistic children? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 31(3), 343–361.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Pelphrey, K. A., Sasson, N. J., Reznick, J. S., Paul, G., Goldman, B. D., & Piven, J. (2002). Visual scanning of faces in autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 32, 249–261.PubMedCrossRef Pelphrey, K. A., Sasson, N. J., Reznick, J. S., Paul, G., Goldman, B. D., & Piven, J. (2002). Visual scanning of faces in autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 32, 249–261.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Phillips, W., Baron-Cohen, S., & Rutter, M. (1992). The role of eye contact in goal detection: evidence from normal infants and children with autism or mental handicap. Developmental Psychopathology, 4, 375–383.CrossRef Phillips, W., Baron-Cohen, S., & Rutter, M. (1992). The role of eye contact in goal detection: evidence from normal infants and children with autism or mental handicap. Developmental Psychopathology, 4, 375–383.CrossRef
go back to reference Pierce, K., Muller, R.-A., Ambrose, J., Allen, G., & Courchesne, E. (2001). Face processing occurs outside the fusiform ‘face area’ in autism: evidence from functional MRI. Brain, 124, 2059–2073.PubMedCrossRef Pierce, K., Muller, R.-A., Ambrose, J., Allen, G., & Courchesne, E. (2001). Face processing occurs outside the fusiform ‘face area’ in autism: evidence from functional MRI. Brain, 124, 2059–2073.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Pober, B. R., Dykens, E. M. (1996). Williams syndrome: An overview of medical, cognitive, and behavioral features. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 5, 929–943. Pober, B. R., Dykens, E. M. (1996). Williams syndrome: An overview of medical, cognitive, and behavioral features. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 5, 929–943.
go back to reference Reiss, A. L., Eliez, S., Schmitt, J. E., Straus, E., Lai, Z., Jones, W., et al. (2000). IV. Neuroanatomy of Williams syndrome: a high-resolution MRI study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 12(supplement), 65–73.PubMedCrossRef Reiss, A. L., Eliez, S., Schmitt, J. E., Straus, E., Lai, Z., Jones, W., et al. (2000). IV. Neuroanatomy of Williams syndrome: a high-resolution MRI study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 12(supplement), 65–73.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Rhodes, G. (1988). Looking at faces: First-order and second-order features as determinantas of facial appearance. Perception, 17, 43–63.PubMedCrossRef Rhodes, G. (1988). Looking at faces: First-order and second-order features as determinantas of facial appearance. Perception, 17, 43–63.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Rhodes, G., Brake, S., & Atkinson, A. P. (1993). What’s lost in inverted faces? Cognition, 47, 25–57.PubMedCrossRef Rhodes, G., Brake, S., & Atkinson, A. P. (1993). What’s lost in inverted faces? Cognition, 47, 25–57.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Rossen, M. L., Jones, W., Wang, P. P., & Klima, E. S. (1995). Face processing: Remarkable sparing in Williams syndrome. Special Issue, Genetic Counseling, 6, 138–140. Rossen, M. L., Jones, W., Wang, P. P., & Klima, E. S. (1995). Face processing: Remarkable sparing in Williams syndrome. Special Issue, Genetic Counseling, 6, 138–140.
go back to reference Schmitt, J. E., Watts, K., Eliez, S., Bellugi, U., Galaburda, A. M., & Reiss, A. L. (2002). Increased gyrification in Williams syndrome: Evidence using 3D MRI methods. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 44, 292–295.CrossRef Schmitt, J. E., Watts, K., Eliez, S., Bellugi, U., Galaburda, A. M., & Reiss, A. L. (2002). Increased gyrification in Williams syndrome: Evidence using 3D MRI methods. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 44, 292–295.CrossRef
go back to reference Senior, C., Barnes, J., Jenkins, R., Landau, S., Phillips, M. L., & David, A. S. (1999). Attribution of social dominance and maleness to schematic faces. Social Behavior and Personality, 27, 331–338.CrossRef Senior, C., Barnes, J., Jenkins, R., Landau, S., Phillips, M. L., & David, A. S. (1999). Attribution of social dominance and maleness to schematic faces. Social Behavior and Personality, 27, 331–338.CrossRef
go back to reference Tager-Flusberg, H., Plesa-Skwerer, D., Faja, S., & Joseph, R. M. (2003). People with Williams syndrome process faces holistically. Cognition, 89, 11–24.PubMedCrossRef Tager-Flusberg, H., Plesa-Skwerer, D., Faja, S., & Joseph, R. M. (2003). People with Williams syndrome process faces holistically. Cognition, 89, 11–24.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Tanaka, J. W., & Farah, M. (1993). Parts and wholes in face recognition. Quarterly Journal Of Experimental Psychology, 46(A), 225–245. Tanaka, J. W., & Farah, M. (1993). Parts and wholes in face recognition. Quarterly Journal Of Experimental Psychology, 46(A), 225–245.
go back to reference Tarr, M. J., Gauthier, I. (2000). FFA: A flexible fusiform area for subordinate-level visual processing automatized by expertise [Review]. Nature Neuroscience, 3, 764–769.PubMedCrossRef Tarr, M. J., Gauthier, I. (2000). FFA: A flexible fusiform area for subordinate-level visual processing automatized by expertise [Review]. Nature Neuroscience, 3, 764–769.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Udwin, O., & Yule, W. (1991). A cognitive and behavioral phenotype in Williams syndrome. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 12(2), 232–244. Udwin, O., & Yule, W. (1991). A cognitive and behavioral phenotype in Williams syndrome. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 12(2), 232–244.
go back to reference Voeller, K. K. S. (1986). Right-hemisphere deficit syndrome in children. American Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 1004–1009.PubMed Voeller, K. K. S. (1986). Right-hemisphere deficit syndrome in children. American Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 1004–1009.PubMed
go back to reference Wang, P. P., & Bellugi, U. (1994). Evidence from two genetic syndromes for a dissociation between verbal and visual-spatial short-term memory. Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology, 16, 317–322. Wang, P. P., & Bellugi, U. (1994). Evidence from two genetic syndromes for a dissociation between verbal and visual-spatial short-term memory. Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology, 16, 317–322.
go back to reference Weeks, S. J., & Hobson, R. P. (1987. The salience of facial expression for autistic children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 28, 137–151.PubMedCrossRef Weeks, S. J., & Hobson, R. P. (1987. The salience of facial expression for autistic children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 28, 137–151.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Yin, R. K. (1969). Looking at upside-down faces. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 81, 141–145.CrossRef Yin, R. K. (1969). Looking at upside-down faces. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 81, 141–145.CrossRef
Metagegevens
Titel
Orientation and Affective Expression Effects on Face Recognition in Williams Syndrome and Autism
Auteurs
Fredric E. Rose
Alan J. Lincoln
Zona Lai
Michaela Ene
Yvonne M. Searcy
Ursula Bellugi
Publicatiedatum
01-03-2007
Gepubliceerd in
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders / Uitgave 3/2007
Print ISSN: 0162-3257
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3432
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0200-4

Andere artikelen Uitgave 3/2007

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 3/2007 Naar de uitgave