Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in:

04-06-2016 | Original Paper

Observed Mother and Father Rejection and Control: Association With Child Social Anxiety, General Anxiety, and Depression

Auteurs: Tracy L. Morris, Benjamin Oosterhoff

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies | Uitgave 9/2016

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

The parent–child relationship has been recognized as an important micro-ecological context that is thought to influence child anxiety and depression. Much contemporary research has examined child-reports of broad parenting behaviors (e.g., rejection, overprotection) and has overwhelmingly focused on the mother–child relationship. Little research has examined specific parenting behaviors that may be associated with child anxiety and depression, and whether these processes are similar for mothers and fathers and boys and girls. Using a parent–child interaction task, we examined associations among specific mother and father behaviors and child-reported general anxiety, social anxiety, and depression, and explored whether these associations were moderated by child gender. Participants were 90 children (50 % female) aged 9–12 years (Mage = 10.28, SD = 1.22), 90 fathers (Mage = 43.78, SD = 6.31) and 90 mothers (Mage = 40.67, SD = 4.97). Children completed measures of social anxiety, general anxiety, and depression. Families participated in a video-recorded blindly rated interaction task that provided indices of verbal and nonverbal rejection and controlling behaviors. Mothers’ physical takeovers (unsolicited physical assistance) were associated with greater child social anxiety and mothers’ denial of requests for reassurance were associated with greater child general anxiety. Fathers’ critical statements were associated with child-reported depression. Several child gender differences were noted. Findings from our study suggest that mothers’ and fathers’ specific parenting behaviors are differentially associated with children’s social anxiety, general anxiety and depression—and these processes may vary by child gender.
Literatuur
go back to reference Abela, J. R., & Hankin, B. L. (Eds.). (2008). Handbook of depression in children and adolescents. New York: Guilford Press. Abela, J. R., & Hankin, B. L. (Eds.). (2008). Handbook of depression in children and adolescents. New York: Guilford Press.
go back to reference Barlow, D. H. (2002). Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press. Barlow, D. H. (2002). Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
go back to reference Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 893–897.CrossRefPubMed Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 893–897.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Beck depression inventory second edition (BDI-II) manual. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation. Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Beck depression inventory second edition (BDI-II) manual. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
go back to reference Beesdo, K., Knappe, S., & Pine, D. S. (2009). Anxiety and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: Developmental issues and implications for DSM-V. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 32, 483–524.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Beesdo, K., Knappe, S., & Pine, D. S. (2009). Anxiety and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: Developmental issues and implications for DSM-V. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 32, 483–524.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Beidel, D. C., Turner, S. M., Hamlin, K., & Morris, T. L. (2000). The Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory for children (SPAI-C): External and discriminative validity. Behavior Therapy, 31, 75–87.CrossRef Beidel, D. C., Turner, S. M., Hamlin, K., & Morris, T. L. (2000). The Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory for children (SPAI-C): External and discriminative validity. Behavior Therapy, 31, 75–87.CrossRef
go back to reference Beidel, D. C., Turner, S. M., & Morris, T. L. (1995). A new inventory to assess childhood social anxiety and phobia: The Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory for Children. Psychological Assessment, 7, 73–79.CrossRef Beidel, D. C., Turner, S. M., & Morris, T. L. (1995). A new inventory to assess childhood social anxiety and phobia: The Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory for Children. Psychological Assessment, 7, 73–79.CrossRef
go back to reference Bittner, A., Egger, H. L., Erkanli, A., Costello, E. J., Foley, D. L., & Angold, A. (2007). What do childhood anxiety disorders predict? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48, 1174–1183.CrossRefPubMed Bittner, A., Egger, H. L., Erkanli, A., Costello, E. J., Foley, D. L., & Angold, A. (2007). What do childhood anxiety disorders predict? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48, 1174–1183.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Bögels, S., & Phares, V. (2008). Fathers’ role in the etiology, prevention and treatment of child anxiety: A review and new model. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 539–558.CrossRefPubMed Bögels, S., & Phares, V. (2008). Fathers’ role in the etiology, prevention and treatment of child anxiety: A review and new model. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 539–558.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Cartwright-Hatton, S., McNicol, K., & Doubleday, E. (2006). Anxiety in a neglected population: Prevalence of anxiety disorders in pre-adolescent children. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 817–833.CrossRefPubMed Cartwright-Hatton, S., McNicol, K., & Doubleday, E. (2006). Anxiety in a neglected population: Prevalence of anxiety disorders in pre-adolescent children. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 817–833.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Chang, L., Schwartz, D., Dodge, K. A., & McBride-Chang, C. (2003). Harsh parenting in relation to child emotion regulation and aggression. Journal of Family Psychology, 17, 598–606.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Chang, L., Schwartz, D., Dodge, K. A., & McBride-Chang, C. (2003). Harsh parenting in relation to child emotion regulation and aggression. Journal of Family Psychology, 17, 598–606.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Chaplin, T. M., Cole, P. M., & Zahn-Waxler, C. (2005). Parental socialization of emotion expression: Gender differences and relations to child adjustment. Emotion, 5, 80–88.CrossRefPubMed Chaplin, T. M., Cole, P. M., & Zahn-Waxler, C. (2005). Parental socialization of emotion expression: Gender differences and relations to child adjustment. Emotion, 5, 80–88.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Clark, K. E., & Ladd, G. W. (2000). Connectedness and autonomy support in parent–child relationships: Links to children’s socioemotional orientation and peer relationships. Developmental Psychology, 36, 485–498.CrossRefPubMed Clark, K. E., & Ladd, G. W. (2000). Connectedness and autonomy support in parent–child relationships: Links to children’s socioemotional orientation and peer relationships. Developmental Psychology, 36, 485–498.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Conrade, G., & Ho, R. (2001). Differential parenting styles for fathers and mothers. Australian Journal of Psychology, 53, 29–35.CrossRef Conrade, G., & Ho, R. (2001). Differential parenting styles for fathers and mothers. Australian Journal of Psychology, 53, 29–35.CrossRef
go back to reference Deater-Deckard, K., Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E., & Pettit, G. S. (1996). Physical discipline among African American and European American mothers: Links to children’s externalizing behaviors. Developmental Psychology, 32, 1065–1072.CrossRef Deater-Deckard, K., Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E., & Pettit, G. S. (1996). Physical discipline among African American and European American mothers: Links to children’s externalizing behaviors. Developmental Psychology, 32, 1065–1072.CrossRef
go back to reference Drake, K. L., & Ginsburg, G. S. (2012). Family factors in the development, treatment, and prevention of childhood anxiety disorders. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 15, 144–162.CrossRefPubMed Drake, K. L., & Ginsburg, G. S. (2012). Family factors in the development, treatment, and prevention of childhood anxiety disorders. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 15, 144–162.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Epkins, C. C., & Heckler, D. R. (2011). Integrating etiological models of social anxiety and depression in youth: Evidence for a cumulative interpersonal risk model. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 14, 329–376.CrossRefPubMed Epkins, C. C., & Heckler, D. R. (2011). Integrating etiological models of social anxiety and depression in youth: Evidence for a cumulative interpersonal risk model. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 14, 329–376.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Ferdinand, R., & Verhulst, F. (1995). Psychopathology from adolescence into young adulthood. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 586–594. Ferdinand, R., & Verhulst, F. (1995). Psychopathology from adolescence into young adulthood. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 586–594.
go back to reference Garber, J., & Flynn, C. (2001). Predictors of depressive cognitions in young adolescents. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 25, 353–376.CrossRef Garber, J., & Flynn, C. (2001). Predictors of depressive cognitions in young adolescents. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 25, 353–376.CrossRef
go back to reference Garber, J., Robinson, N. S., & Valentiner, D. (1997). The relation between parenting and adolescent depression self-worth as a mediator. Journal of Adolescent Research, 12, 12–33.CrossRef Garber, J., Robinson, N. S., & Valentiner, D. (1997). The relation between parenting and adolescent depression self-worth as a mediator. Journal of Adolescent Research, 12, 12–33.CrossRef
go back to reference Gilligan, C., & Attanucci, J. (1996). The moral principle of care. In P. Banyard & A. Grayson (Eds.), Introducing psychological research (pp. 240–245). London, UK: Macmillan Education.CrossRef Gilligan, C., & Attanucci, J. (1996). The moral principle of care. In P. Banyard & A. Grayson (Eds.), Introducing psychological research (pp. 240–245). London, UK: Macmillan Education.CrossRef
go back to reference Ginsburg, G. S., Siqueland, L., Masia-Warner, C., & Hedtke, K. A. (2004). Anxiety disorders in children: Family matters. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 11, 28–43.CrossRef Ginsburg, G. S., Siqueland, L., Masia-Warner, C., & Hedtke, K. A. (2004). Anxiety disorders in children: Family matters. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 11, 28–43.CrossRef
go back to reference Greco, L. A., & Morris, T. L. (2002). Paternal child-rearing style and child social anxiety: Investigation of child perceptions and actual father behavior. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 24, 259–267.CrossRef Greco, L. A., & Morris, T. L. (2002). Paternal child-rearing style and child social anxiety: Investigation of child perceptions and actual father behavior. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 24, 259–267.CrossRef
go back to reference Hosley, C. A., & Montemayor, R. (1997). Fathers and adolescents. In M. E. Lamb (Ed.), The role of the father in child development (3rd ed., pp. 162–178). New York: Wiley. Hosley, C. A., & Montemayor, R. (1997). Fathers and adolescents. In M. E. Lamb (Ed.), The role of the father in child development (3rd ed., pp. 162–178). New York: Wiley.
go back to reference Hudson, J. L., & Rapee, R. M. (2001). Parent–child interactions and anxiety disorders: An observational study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39, 1411–1427.CrossRefPubMed Hudson, J. L., & Rapee, R. M. (2001). Parent–child interactions and anxiety disorders: An observational study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39, 1411–1427.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Hummel, R. M., & Gross, A. M. (2001). Socially anxious children: An observational study of parent-child interaction. Child & Family Behavior Therapy, 23, 19–40.CrossRef Hummel, R. M., & Gross, A. M. (2001). Socially anxious children: An observational study of parent-child interaction. Child & Family Behavior Therapy, 23, 19–40.CrossRef
go back to reference Kessler, R. C., & Wang, P. S. (2008). The descriptive epidemiology of commonly occurring mental disorders in the United States. Annual Review of Public Health, 29, 115–129.CrossRefPubMed Kessler, R. C., & Wang, P. S. (2008). The descriptive epidemiology of commonly occurring mental disorders in the United States. Annual Review of Public Health, 29, 115–129.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Kovacs, M. (1992). The children’s depression inventory (CDI). New York: Multi-Health Systems. Kovacs, M. (1992). The children’s depression inventory (CDI). New York: Multi-Health Systems.
go back to reference Krohne, H. W., & Hock, M. (1991). Relationships between restrictive mother–child interactions and anxiety of the child. Anxiety Research, 4, 109–124.CrossRef Krohne, H. W., & Hock, M. (1991). Relationships between restrictive mother–child interactions and anxiety of the child. Anxiety Research, 4, 109–124.CrossRef
go back to reference Lewinsohn, P. M., Holm-Denoma, J. M., Small, J. W., Seeley, J. R., & Joiner, T. E. (2008). Separation anxiety disorder in childhood as a risk factor for future mental illness. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47, 548–555.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Lewinsohn, P. M., Holm-Denoma, J. M., Small, J. W., Seeley, J. R., & Joiner, T. E. (2008). Separation anxiety disorder in childhood as a risk factor for future mental illness. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47, 548–555.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference March, J. S., Parker, J. D., Sullivan, K., Stallings, P., & Conners, C. K. (1997). The multidimensional anxiety scale for children (MASC): Factor structure, reliability, and validity. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 554–565.CrossRefPubMed March, J. S., Parker, J. D., Sullivan, K., Stallings, P., & Conners, C. K. (1997). The multidimensional anxiety scale for children (MASC): Factor structure, reliability, and validity. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 554–565.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Masia, C. L., & Morris, T. L. (1998). Parental factors associated with social anxiety: Methodological limitations and suggestions for integrated behavioral research. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 5, 211–228. Masia, C. L., & Morris, T. L. (1998). Parental factors associated with social anxiety: Methodological limitations and suggestions for integrated behavioral research. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 5, 211–228.
go back to reference McKinney, C., & Renk, K. (2008). Differential parenting between mothers and fathers: Implications for late adolescents. Journal of Family Issues, 29, 806–827.CrossRef McKinney, C., & Renk, K. (2008). Differential parenting between mothers and fathers: Implications for late adolescents. Journal of Family Issues, 29, 806–827.CrossRef
go back to reference McLeod, B. D., Weisz, J. R., & Wood, J. J. (2007a). Examining the association between parenting and childhood depression: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 986–1003.CrossRefPubMed McLeod, B. D., Weisz, J. R., & Wood, J. J. (2007a). Examining the association between parenting and childhood depression: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 986–1003.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference McLeod, B. D., Wood, J. J., & Weisz, J. R. (2007b). Examining the association between parenting and childhood anxiety: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 155–172.CrossRefPubMed McLeod, B. D., Wood, J. J., & Weisz, J. R. (2007b). Examining the association between parenting and childhood anxiety: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 155–172.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., Ollendick, T., King, N., & Bogie, N. (2002). Three traditional and three new childhood anxiety questionnaires: Their reliability and validity in a normal adolescent sample. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 753–772.CrossRefPubMed Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., Ollendick, T., King, N., & Bogie, N. (2002). Three traditional and three new childhood anxiety questionnaires: Their reliability and validity in a normal adolescent sample. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 753–772.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Oosterhoff, B., Metzger, A., & Babskie, E. (2015). What do citizens have to do? Parents’ and adolescents’ messages about civic duty. Journal of Adolescent Research, 30, 365–389.CrossRef Oosterhoff, B., Metzger, A., & Babskie, E. (2015). What do citizens have to do? Parents’ and adolescents’ messages about civic duty. Journal of Adolescent Research, 30, 365–389.CrossRef
go back to reference Parker, G. (1990). The parental bonding instrument. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 25, 281–282.CrossRefPubMed Parker, G. (1990). The parental bonding instrument. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 25, 281–282.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Pettit, G. S., Laird, R. D., Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E., & Criss, M. M. (2001). Antecedents and behavior-problem outcomes of parental monitoring and psychological control in early adolescence. Child Development, 72, 583–598.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Pettit, G. S., Laird, R. D., Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E., & Criss, M. M. (2001). Antecedents and behavior-problem outcomes of parental monitoring and psychological control in early adolescence. Child Development, 72, 583–598.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Pine, D. S., Cohen, P., Gurley, D., Brook, J., & Ma, Y. (1998). The risk for early-adulthood anxiety and depressive disorders in adolescents with anxiety and depressive disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 56–64.CrossRefPubMed Pine, D. S., Cohen, P., Gurley, D., Brook, J., & Ma, Y. (1998). The risk for early-adulthood anxiety and depressive disorders in adolescents with anxiety and depressive disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 56–64.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Rapee, R. M. (1997). Potential role of childrearing practices in the development of anxiety and depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 17, 47–67.CrossRefPubMed Rapee, R. M. (1997). Potential role of childrearing practices in the development of anxiety and depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 17, 47–67.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Rapee, R. M. (2001). The development of generalized anxiety. In M. W. Vasey & M. R. Dadds (Eds.), The developmental psychopathology of anxiety (pp. 481–503). New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRef Rapee, R. M. (2001). The development of generalized anxiety. In M. W. Vasey & M. R. Dadds (Eds.), The developmental psychopathology of anxiety (pp. 481–503). New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRef
go back to reference Rohner, R. P., Khaleque, A., & Cournoyer, D. E. (2005). Parental acceptance-rejection: Theory, methods, cross-cultural evidence, and implications. Ethos, 33, 299–334.CrossRef Rohner, R. P., Khaleque, A., & Cournoyer, D. E. (2005). Parental acceptance-rejection: Theory, methods, cross-cultural evidence, and implications. Ethos, 33, 299–334.CrossRef
go back to reference Rork, K. E., & Morris, T. L. (2009). Influence of parenting factors on childhood social anxiety: Direct observation of parental warmth and control. Child & Family Behavior Therapy, 31, 220–235.CrossRef Rork, K. E., & Morris, T. L. (2009). Influence of parenting factors on childhood social anxiety: Direct observation of parental warmth and control. Child & Family Behavior Therapy, 31, 220–235.CrossRef
go back to reference Scanlon, N. M., & Epkins, C. C. (2015). Aspects of mothers’ parenting: Independent and specific relations to children’s depression, anxiety, and social anxiety symptoms. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24, 249–263.CrossRef Scanlon, N. M., & Epkins, C. C. (2015). Aspects of mothers’ parenting: Independent and specific relations to children’s depression, anxiety, and social anxiety symptoms. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24, 249–263.CrossRef
go back to reference Snow, M. E., Jacklin, C. N., & Maccoby, E. E. (1983). Sex-of-child differences in father-child interaction at one year of age. Child Development, 54, 227–232.CrossRef Snow, M. E., Jacklin, C. N., & Maccoby, E. E. (1983). Sex-of-child differences in father-child interaction at one year of age. Child Development, 54, 227–232.CrossRef
go back to reference Turner, S. M., Beidel, D. C., Dancu, C. V., & Stanley, M. A. (1989). An empirically derived inventory to measure social fears and anxiety: The Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1, 35–40.CrossRef Turner, S. M., Beidel, D. C., Dancu, C. V., & Stanley, M. A. (1989). An empirically derived inventory to measure social fears and anxiety: The Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1, 35–40.CrossRef
go back to reference van der Bruggen, C., Bögels, S. M., & van Zeilst, N. (2010). What influences parental controlling behaviour? The role of parent and child trait anxiety. Cognition and Emotion, 24, 141–149.CrossRef van der Bruggen, C., Bögels, S. M., & van Zeilst, N. (2010). What influences parental controlling behaviour? The role of parent and child trait anxiety. Cognition and Emotion, 24, 141–149.CrossRef
go back to reference van der Bruggen, C. O., Stams, G. J. J., & Bögels, S. M. (2008). Research review: The relation between child and parent anxiety and parental control: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 1257–1269.CrossRefPubMed van der Bruggen, C. O., Stams, G. J. J., & Bögels, S. M. (2008). Research review: The relation between child and parent anxiety and parental control: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 1257–1269.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference van Gastel, W., Legerstee, J. S., & Ferdinand, R. F. (2009). The role of perceived parenting in familial aggregation of anxiety disorders in children. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23, 46–53.CrossRefPubMed van Gastel, W., Legerstee, J. S., & Ferdinand, R. F. (2009). The role of perceived parenting in familial aggregation of anxiety disorders in children. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23, 46–53.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Wichstrøm, L. (1999). The emergence of gender difference in depressed mood during adolescence: The role of intensified gender socialization. Developmental Psychology, 35, 232–245.CrossRefPubMed Wichstrøm, L. (1999). The emergence of gender difference in depressed mood during adolescence: The role of intensified gender socialization. Developmental Psychology, 35, 232–245.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Yap, M. B. H., & Jorm, A. F. (2015). Parental factors associated with childhood anxiety, depression, and internalizing problems: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 175, 424–440.CrossRefPubMed Yap, M. B. H., & Jorm, A. F. (2015). Parental factors associated with childhood anxiety, depression, and internalizing problems: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 175, 424–440.CrossRefPubMed
Metagegevens
Titel
Observed Mother and Father Rejection and Control: Association With Child Social Anxiety, General Anxiety, and Depression
Auteurs
Tracy L. Morris
Benjamin Oosterhoff
Publicatiedatum
04-06-2016
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Journal of Child and Family Studies / Uitgave 9/2016
Print ISSN: 1062-1024
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2843
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-016-0448-z