Top

Gepubliceerd in:

21-06-2022 | Original Article

Non-suicidal Self-injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Among Adolescent Inpatients

Auteurs: Emma M. Millon, Kira L. Alqueza, Rahil A. Kamath, Rachel Marsh, David Pagliaccio, Hilary P. Blumberg, Jeremy G. Stewart, Randy P. Auerbach

Gepubliceerd in: Child Psychiatry & Human Development | Uitgave 1/2024

Abstract

Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a serious public health concern that typically onsets during early adolescence. Adolescents (N = 980, ages 12–19 years) admitted for acute, residential psychiatric treatment completed baseline clinical interviews assessing mental disorders and questionnaires measuring demographics, early life adversity, and symptom severity. Prevalence rates of NSSI for lifetime (thoughts: 78%; behaviors: 72%), past year (thoughts: 74%; behaviors: 65%), and past month (thoughts: 68%; behaviors: 51%) were high. Although effect sizes were modest, the presence of a lifetime depressive disorder, sexual abuse, and comorbidity (i.e., three or more current disorders) were significant correlates of experiencing NSSI thoughts and behaviors. Furthermore, lifetime depressive disorder, current anxiety disorder, and comorbidity were associated with a greater odds of persistent NSSI thoughts and/or behaviors. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine whether targeting these factors reduces the persistence of NSSI thoughts and behaviors.

vorige artikel Examining the Biopsychosocial Factors Related to Lifetime History of Concussion in Children and Youth

volgende artikel Prevalence of Adverse Childhood Experiences and Their Relationship with Self-esteem Among School-Age Children in Jordan

Alleen toegankelijk voor geautoriseerde gebruikers

Stewart JG, Esposito EC, Glenn CR et al (2017) Adolescent self-injurers: comparing non-ideators, suicide ideators, and suicide attempters. J Psychiatr Res 84:105–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.09.031CrossRefPubMed

Brown RC, Plener PL (2017) Non-suicidal self-injury in adolescence. Curr Psychiatry Rep 19:20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-017-0767-9CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Cipriano A, Cella S, Cotrufo P (2017) Nonsuicidal self-injury: a systematic review. Front Psychol 8:1946. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01946CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Hawton K, Saunders KEA, O’Connor RC (2012) Self-harm and suicide in adolescents. Lancet Lond Engl 379:2373–2382. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60322-5CrossRef

Plener PL, Schumacher TS, Munz LM, Groschwitz RC (2015) The longitudinal course of non-suicidal self-injury and deliberate self-harm: a systematic review of the literature. Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregulation 2:2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40479-014-0024-3CrossRef

Klonsky ED (2011) Non-suicidal self-injury in United States adults: prevalence, sociodemographics, topography and functions. Psychol Med 41:1981–1986. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291710002497CrossRefPubMed

Moran P, Coffey C, Romaniuk H et al (2012) The natural history of self-harm from adolescence to young adulthood: a population-based cohort study. Lancet Lond Engl 379:236–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61141-0CrossRef

Giletta M, Scholte RHJ, Engels RCME et al (2012) Adolescent non-suicidal self-injury: a cross-national study of community samples from Italy, the Netherlands and the United States. Psychiatry Res 197:66–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2012.02.009CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Muehlenkamp JJ, Claes L, Havertape L, Plener PL (2012) International prevalence of adolescent non-suicidal self-injury and deliberate self-harm. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 6:10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1753-2000-6-10CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

10.

Gillies D, Christou MA, Dixon AC et al (2018) Prevalence and characteristics of self-harm in adolescents: meta-analyses of community-based studies 1990–2015. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 57:733–741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2018.06.018CrossRefPubMed

11.

Guvendeger Doksat N, Zahmacioglu O, Ciftci Demirci A et al (2017) Association of suicide attempts and non-suicidal self-injury behaviors with substance use and family characteristics among children and adolescents seeking treatment for substance use disorder. Subst Use Misuse 52:604–613. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2016.1245745CrossRefPubMed

12.

Thomassin K, Shaffer A, Madden A, Londino DL (2016) Specificity of childhood maltreatment and emotion deficit in nonsuicidal self-injury in an inpatient sample of youth. Psychiatry Res 244:103–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.07.050CrossRefPubMed

13.

Hauber K, Boon A, Vermeiren R (2019) Non-suicidal self-injury in clinical practice. Front Psychol. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00502CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

14.

Nock MK, Prinstein MJ (2004) A functional approach to the assessment of self-mutilative behavior. J Consult Clin Psychol 72:885–890. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.72.5.885CrossRefPubMed

15.

Yen S, Kuehn K, Melvin C et al (2016) Predicting persistence of non-suicidal self-injury in suicidal adolescents. Suicide Life Threat Behav 46:13–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12167CrossRefPubMed

16.

Adrian M, Zeman J, Erdley C et al (2019) Trajectories of non-suicidal self-injury in adolescent girls following inpatient hospitalization. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 24:831–846. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359104519839732CrossRefPubMed

17.

Pollak OH, D’Angelo EJ, Cha CB (2020) Does function predict persistence? Nonsuicidal self-injury among adolescents during and after hospitalization. Psychiatry Res 286:112839. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112839CrossRefPubMed

18.

Berona J, Horwitz AG, Czyz EK, King CA (2017) Psychopathology profiles of acutely suicidal adolescents: Associations with post-discharge suicide attempts and rehospitalization. J Affect Disord 209:97–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.10.036CrossRefPubMed

19.

van Alphen NR, Stewart JG, Esposito EC et al (2017) Predictors of rehospitalization for depressed adolescents admitted to acute psychiatric treatment. J Clin Psychiatry 78:592–598. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.15m10326CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

20.

Nock MK, Joiner TE, Gordon KH et al (2006) Non-suicidal self-injury among adolescents: diagnostic correlates and relation to suicide attempts. Psychiatry Res 144:65–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2006.05.010CrossRefPubMed

21.

Preyde M, Vanderkooy J, Chevalier P et al (2014) The psychosocial characteristics associated with NSSI and suicide attempt of youth admitted to an in-patient psychiatric unit. J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 23:100–110PubMedPubMedCentral

22.

Isohookana R, Riala K, Hakko H, Räsänen P (2013) Adverse childhood experiences and suicidal behavior of adolescent psychiatric inpatients. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 22:13–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-012-0311-8CrossRefPubMed

23.

Olfson M, Wall M, Wang S et al (2018) Suicide after deliberate self-harm in adolescents and young adults. Pediatrics. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-3517CrossRefPubMed

24.

Weismoore JT, Esposito-Smythers C (2010) The role of cognitive distortion in the relationship between abuse, assault, and non-suicidal self-injury. J Youth Adolesc 39:281–290. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-009-9452-6CrossRefPubMed

25.

Schwartz-Lifshitz M, Ben-Dor DH, Bustan Y et al (2021) Phenotypic characterization of youth admitted to acute psychiatric inpatient unit following self-harm behavior. Arch Suicide Res. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2020.1865223CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

26.

Glenn CR, Lanzillo EC, Esposito EC et al (2017) Examining the course of suicidal and nonsuicidal self-injurious thoughts and behaviors in outpatient and inpatient adolescents. J Abnorm Child Psychol 45:971–983. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-016-0214-0CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

27.

Auerbach RP, Kim JC, Chango JM et al (2014) Adolescent nonsuicidal self-injury: examining the role of child abuse, comorbidity, and disinhibition. Psychiatry Res 220:579–584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.07.027CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

28.

Alasaarela L, Hakko H, Riala K, Riipinen P (2017) Association of self-reported impulsivity to nonsuicidal self-injury, suicidality, and mortality in adolescent psychiatric inpatients. J Nerv Ment Dis 205:340–345. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000655CrossRefPubMed

29.

Bresin K, Schoenleber M (2015) Gender differences in the prevalence of nonsuicidal self-injury: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 38:55–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2015.02.009CrossRefPubMed

30.

Victor SE, Muehlenkamp JJ, Hayes NA et al (2018) Characterizing gender differences in nonsuicidal self-injury: evidence from a large clinical sample of adolescents and adults. Compr Psychiatry 82:53–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.01.009CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

31.

Zambrowicz R, Stewart JG, Cosby E et al (2019) Inpatient psychiatric care outcomes for adolescents: a test of clinical and psychosocial moderators. Evid-Based Pract Child Adolesc Ment Health 4:357–368. https://doi.org/10.1080/23794925.2019.1685419CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

32.

Sheehan DV, Sheehan KH, Shytle RD et al (2010) Reliability and validity of the mini international neuropsychiatric interview for children and adolescents (MINI-KID). J Clin Psychiatry 71:313–326. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.09m05305whiCrossRefPubMed

33.

Nock MK, Holmberg EB, Photos VI, Michel BD (2007) Self-Injurious thoughts and behaviors interview: development, reliability, and validity in an adolescent sample. Psychol Assess 19:309–317. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.19.3.309CrossRefPubMed

34.

Venta A, Sharp C (2014) Attachment organization in suicide prevention research: preliminary findings and future directions in a sample of inpatient adolescents. Crisis 35:60–66. https://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000231CrossRefPubMed

35.

Bernstein DP, Fink L (1998) Childhood trauma questionnaire: a retrospective self-report manual. The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX

36.

Bernstein DP, Stein JA, Newcomb MD et al (2003) Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Child Abuse Negl 27:169–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0145-2134(02)00541-0CrossRefPubMed

37.

R Core Team (2020) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https://www.R-project.org/

38.

Devleesschauwer B, Togerson P, Charlier J et al. (2014) Prevalence: tools for prevalence assessment studies. R Package Version 0.40

39.

Brown RC, Heines S, Witt A et al (2018) The impact of child maltreatment on non-suicidal self-injury: data from a representative sample of the general population. BMC Psychiatry 18:181. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1754-3CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

40.

Grandclerc S, De Labrouhe D, Spodenkiewicz M et al (2016) Relations between nonsuicidal self-injury and suicidal behavior in adolescence: a systematic review. PLoS ONE 11:e0153760. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153760CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

41.

Jacobson CM, Muehlenkamp JJ, Miller AL, Turner JB (2008) Psychiatric impairment among adolescents engaging in different types of deliberate self-harm. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 37:363–375. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374410801955771CrossRefPubMed

42.

Sellers CM, Díaz-Valdés A, Porter AC et al (2021) Nonsuicidal self-injury, suicide planning, and suicide attempts among high-risk adolescents prior to psychiatric hospitalization. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-021-00830-zCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

43.

Groschwitz RC, Plener PL, Kaess M et al (2015) The situation of former adolescent self-injurers as young adults: a follow-up study. BMC Psychiatry 15:160. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-015-0555-1CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

44.

Nock MK (2009) Why do people hurt themselves? New insights into the nature and functions of self-injury. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 18:78–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01613.xCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

45.

Klonsky ED (2007) The functions of deliberate self-injury: a review of the evidence. Clin Psychol Rev 27:226–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2006.08.002CrossRefPubMed

46.

Taylor PJ, Jomar K, Dhingra K et al (2018) A meta-analysis of the prevalence of different functions of non-suicidal self-injury. J Affect Disord 227:759–769. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.11.073CrossRefPubMed

47.

Hooley JM, Franklin JC (2018) Why do people hurt themselves? A new conceptual model of nonsuicidal self-injury. Clin Psychol Sci 6:428–451. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702617745641CrossRef

48.

Kim KL, Galione J, Schettini E et al (2020) Do styles of emotion dysregulation differentiate adolescents engaging in non-suicidal self-injury from those attempting suicide? Psychiatry Res 291:113240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113240CrossRefPubMed

49.

Gordon KH, Selby EA, Anestis MD et al (2010) The reinforcing properties of repeated deliberate self-harm. Arch Suicide Res Off J Int Acad Suicide Res 14:329–341. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2010.524059CrossRef

50.

Kiekens G, Hasking P, Bruffaerts R et al (2017) What predicts ongoing nonsuicidal self-injury?: A comparison between persistent and ceased self-injury in emerging adults. J Nerv Ment Dis 205:762–770. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000726CrossRefPubMed

51.

Chesin MS, Galfavy H, Sonmez CC et al (2017) Nonsuicidal self-injury Is predictive of suicide attempts among individuals with mood disorders. Suicide Life Threat Behav 47:567–579. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12331CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

52.

Liu RT, Cheek SM, Nestor BA (2016) Non-suicidal self-injury and life stress: a systematic meta-analysis and theoretical elaboration. Clin Psychol Rev 47:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2016.05.005CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

53.

Blakemore S-J, Mills KL (2014) Is adolescence a sensitive period for sociocultural processing? Annu Rev Psychol 65:187–207. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115202CrossRefPubMed

54.

Albert D, Chein J, Steinberg L (2013) Peer influences on adolescent decision making. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 22:114–120. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721412471347CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

55.

Knoll LJ, Magis-Weinberg L, Speekenbrink M, Blakemore S-J (2015) Social influence on risk perception during adolescence. Psychol Sci 26:583–592. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797615569578CrossRefPubMed

56.

Mills KL, Lalonde F, Clasen LS et al (2014) Developmental changes in the structure of the social brain in late childhood and adolescence. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 9:123–131. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nss113CrossRefPubMed

57.

Beeson CML, Brittain H, Vaillancourt T (2020) The temporal precedence of peer rejection, rejection sensitivity, depression, and aggression across adolescence. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 51:781–791. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-020-01008-2CrossRefPubMed

58.

Miller AB, Linthicum KP, Helms SW et al (2018) Reciprocal associations between adolescent girls’ chronic interpersonal stress and nonsuicidal self-injury: a multi-wave prospective investigation. J Adolesc Health 63:694–700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.06.033CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

59.

Guerry JD, Prinstein MJ (2010) Longitudinal prediction of adolescent nonsuicidal self-injury: examination of a cognitive vulnerability-stress model. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 53 39:77–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374410903401195CrossRef

60.

Esposito C, Bacchini D, Affuso G (2019) Adolescent non-suicidal self-injury and its relationships with school bullying and peer rejection. Psychiatry Res 274:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2019.02.018CrossRefPubMed

61.

Santini ZI, Pisinger VSC, Nielsen L et al (2021) Social disconnectedness, loneliness, and mental health among adolescents in Danish high schools: a nationwide cross-sectional study. Front Behav Neurosci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2021.632906CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

62.

Kim KL, Cushman GK, Weissman AB et al (2015) Behavioral and emotional responses to interpersonal stress: a comparison of adolescents engaged in non-suicidal self-injury to adolescent suicide attempters. Psychiatry Res 228:899–906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2015.05.001CrossRefPubMed

63.

Preyde M, Parekh S, Heintzman J (2018) Youths’ experiences of school re-integration following psychiatric hospitalization. J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 27:22–32PubMedPubMedCentral

64.

Ferrara M, Terrinoni A, Williams R (2012) Non-suicidal self-injury (Nssi) in adolescent inpatients: assessing personality features and attitude toward death. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 6:12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1753-2000-6-12CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

65.

Kiekens G, Hasking P, Bruffaerts R et al (2021) Non-suicidal self-injury among first-year college students and its association with mental disorders: results from the world mental health international college student (WMH-ICS) initiative. Psychol Med. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291721002245CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

66.

Prinstein MJ, Nock MK, Simon V et al (2008) Longitudinal trajectories and predictors of adolescent suicidal ideation and attempts following inpatient hospitalization. J Consult Clin Psychol 76:92–103. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.76.1.92CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

67.

Beauchaine TP, Neuhaus E, Zalewski M et al (2011) The effects of allostatic load on neural systems subserving motivation, mood regulation, and social affiliation. Dev Psychopathol 23:975–999. http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.cul.columbia.edu/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579411000459CrossRefPubMed

68.

Maniglio R (2011) The role of child sexual abuse in the etiology of suicide and non-suicidal self-injury. Acta Psychiatr Scand 124:30–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2010.01612.xCrossRefPubMed

69.

McEwen BS, Stellar E (1993) Stress and the individual. Mechanisms leading to disease. Arch Intern Med 153:2093–2101CrossRefPubMed

70.

Juster R-P, Russell JJ, Almeida D, Picard M (2016) Allostatic load and comorbidities: a mitochondrial, epigenetic, and evolutionary perspective. Dev Psychopathol 28:1117–1146. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579416000730CrossRefPubMed

71.

Bearman SK, Weisz JR (2015) Review: comprehensive treatments for youth comorbidity—evidence-guided approaches to a complicated problem. Child Adolesc Ment Health 20:131–141. https://doi.org/10.1111/camh.12092CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

72.

Burke TA, Hamilton JL, Abramson LY, Alloy LB (2015) Non-suicidal self-injury prospectively predicts interpersonal stressful life events and depressive symptoms among adolescent girls. Psychiatry Res 228:416–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2015.06.021CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

73.

Ammerman BA, Burke TA, Alloy LB, McCloskey MS (2016) Subjective pain during NSSI as an active agent in suicide risk. Psychiatry Res 236:80–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2015.12.028CrossRefPubMed

74.

Teicher MH, Samson JA (2013) Childhood maltreatment and psychopathology: a case for ecophenotypic variants as clinically and neurobiologically distinct subtypes. Am J Psychiatry 170:1114–1133. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12070957CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

75.

Serafini G, Canepa G, Adavastro G et al (2017) The relationship between childhood maltreatment and non-suicidal self-injury: a systematic review. Front Psychiatry 8:149. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00149CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

76.

Klonsky DE, Moyer A (2008) Childhood sexual abuse and non-suicidal self-injury: meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 192:166–170. http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.cul.columbia.edu/https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.106.030650CrossRefPubMed

77.

Glenn CR, Esposito EC, Porter AC, Robinson DJ (2019) Evidence base update of psychosocial treatments for self-injurious thoughts and behaviors in youth. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 53 48:357–392. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2019.1591281CrossRef

78.

Turniansky H, Ben-Dor D, Krivoy A et al (2019) A history of prolonged childhood sexual abuse is associated with more severe clinical presentation of borderline personality disorder in adolescent female inpatients—a naturalistic study. Child Abuse Negl 98:104222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104222CrossRefPubMed

79.

Slesinger NC, Hayes NA, Washburn JJ (2021) Understanding predictors of change in a day treatment setting for non-suicidal self-injury. Psychol Psychother 94(Suppl 2):517–535. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12295CrossRefPubMed

80.

Andover MS, Schatten HT, Holman CS, Miller IW (2020) Moderators of treatment response to an intervention for nonsuicidal self-injury in young adults. J Consult Clin Psychol 88:1032–1038. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000603CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

81.

Fox KR, Choukas-Bradley S, Salk RH et al (2020) Mental health among sexual and gender minority adolescents: examining interactions with race and ethnicity. J Consult Clin Psychol 88:402–415. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000486CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Titel: Non-suicidal Self-injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Among Adolescent Inpatients
Auteurs: Emma M. Millon
Kira L. Alqueza
Rahil A. Kamath
Rachel Marsh
David Pagliaccio
Hilary P. Blumberg
Jeremy G. Stewart
Randy P. Auerbach
Publicatiedatum: 21-06-2022
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Child Psychiatry & Human Development / Uitgave 1/2024
Print ISSN: 0009-398X
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3327
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-022-01380-1

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 1/2024

Maternal and Child Depressive Symptoms in a Sample of Low-income Families of Color: The Mediating Role of Child Adaptability

A Longitudinal Study of Maternal Postnatal Bonding and Psychosocial Factors that Contribute to Social-Emotional Development

Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Depression in Adolescents During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Mediating Roles of Feelings of Safety and Rumination

Changes in Internalizing Symptoms During the COVID-19 Pandemic in a Transdiagnostic Sample of Youth: Exploring Mediators and Predictors

Examining the Biopsychosocial Factors Related to Lifetime History of Concussion in Children and Youth

Early Behavioral Markers of Anxiety and Reduced Frontal Brain Alpha May Predict High Risk for Bullying Victimization