Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: Quality of Life Research 4/2010

Open Access 01-05-2010 | Brief Communication

No negative effects of a multi-factorial, intensified treatment on self-reported health status, treatment satisfaction, and diabetes-related distress in screen-detected type 2 diabetes patients. The ADDITION-Netherlands study

Auteurs: Maureen van den Donk, Kees J. Gorter, Guy E. Rutten

Gepubliceerd in: Quality of Life Research | Uitgave 4/2010

share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail
insite
ZOEKEN

Abstract

Purpose

To examine the effects of a multi-factorial, intensified treatment on self-reported health status, treatment satisfaction, and diabetes-related distress in screen-detected type 2 diabetes patients.

Methods

Cluster-randomised controlled trial; A total of 498 screen-detected type 2 diabetes patients from 79 general practices were assigned to intensified (n = 255) or routine treatment according to Dutch guidelines (n = 243). At baseline and after 3 years, patients completed the Short Form-36 and the European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions questionnaires. After 4.5 years, patients completed the Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire and the Problem Areas In Diabetes scale. We analysed the effects of intensified treatment on self-rated health status, treatment satisfaction, and diabetes-related distress, using random effects models to account for clustering at practice level.

Results

Three to 5 years after type 2 diabetes was detected by screening, there were no differences between intensified and routine treatment in self-reported health status, treatment satisfaction, and diabetes-related distress.

Conclusions

Multi-factorial, intensified treatment did not influence self-rated health status, treatment satisfaction, and distress in screen-detected type 2 diabetes patients. Therefore, health care professionals do not have to fear negative effects of an intensified treatment on these psychological outcomes.
Afkortingen
T2DM
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
UKPDS
UK prospective diabetes study
ADDITION study
Anglo-Danish-Dutch study of intensive treatment in people with screen-detected diabetes in primary care
IT
Intensified multi-factorial treatment
RC
Routine care
SF-36
Medical outcomes study 36-item short form health survey
EQ5D
European quality of life-5 dimensions
DTSQ
Diabetes treatment satisfaction questionnaire
PAID
Problem areas in diabetes scale

Introduction

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is related to worsened psychological outcomes, especially in case of complications [1, 2], but the effects of intensive treatment are not known. Intensive treatment of hyperglycaemia, hypertension, and dyslipidaemia can reduce cardiovascular disease in T2DM patients on the long run [3] and thus may improve psychological outcomes. However, T2DM patients may experience the need to take large quantities of medication as a burden, which can lead to psychosocial stress [4] and presumably less satisfaction with treatment. This may especially be so in screen-detected patients, who do not have complaints, but still have to take medication. Examination of psychological outcomes showed that in screen-detected patients, intensified treatment led to more anxiety and less self-efficacy in the first year after diagnosis [5]. The UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) found no impact of intensified treatment on perceived health in screen-detected patients, although health status was affected by complications of the disease [6].
In the ADDITION study (Anglo-Danish-Dutch Study of Intensive Treatment in People with Screen-Detected Diabetes in Primary Care), an intensified, multi-factorial treatment of screen-detected T2DM patients is compared with usual care according to national guidelines [7]. In the current study, we investigated the effects of 3–4 years of intensified pharmacological treatment combined with lifestyle advices on self-reported health status, treatment satisfaction, and diabetes-related distress in screen-detected T2DM patients in the ADDITION-Netherlands study. The follow-up period might be too short to detect differences in complications. Treatment targets are stricter than in the UKPDS, which may lead to more hypoglycaemic events and a larger burden of treatment and thus might influence psychological outcomes negatively.

Methods

The current study is part of the ongoing international ADDITION study in 3,057 screen-detected T2DM patients, classified according to the 1999 WHO diagnostic criteria [8]. ADDITION consists of a screening study and a subsequent intervention study with a mean follow-up of 5 years, with a composite endpoint comprised of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity, revascularisations, and amputations as the primary outcome measure [7, 9]. The ADDITION-Netherlands study was approved by the medical-ethical committee of the University Medical Center Utrecht. In a stepwise population-based screening programme (2002–2004) in 56,978 non-diabetic patients, aged 50–70 years, from 79 general practices in the south-western region of the Netherlands, we detected 586 new T2DM patients [10]. Of them, 498 were included in a single-blind trial with practice level randomisation to intensified multi-factorial treatment (IT; n = 255) or routine care (RC; n = 243). The other 88 patients declined participation (n = 69) or did not meet the eligibility criteria (n = 19). Patients were blinded to which treatment arm their general practitioner had been randomised. Participants gave written informed consent [11].
The IT protocol was target-driven. The treatment targets are HbA1c <7.0%, but alterations to glucose-lowering therapy when HbA1c >6.5%; blood pressure ≤135/85 mmHg, but prescription of an ACE-inhibitor when blood pressure >120/80 mmHg; prescription of acetylsalicylic acid 80 mg per day for patients treated with an antihypertensive agent; total cholesterol ≤3.5 mmol/l [7, 11]. Treatment goals in the RC group, originally according to the 1999 guidelines of the Dutch College of General Practitioners, were revised in 2006, but still less strict than the IT protocol: HbA1c ≤7%, systolic blood pressure ≤140 mmHg, total cholesterol ≤4.5 mmol/l, and LDL-cholesterol ≤2.5 mmol/l; no acetylsalicylic acid had to be prescribed [12].
Prior to entry into the study and after 3 years, participants completed the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) [13] and the European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions (EQ5D) [14] questionnaires. The SF-36 is a 36-item questionnaire that measures perceived health, encompassing eight dimensions: general health, vitality, mental health, physical functioning, limitations due to physical difficulties (role physical), bodily pain, social functioning, and limitations due to emotional difficulties (role emotional) [13]. For each dimension, item scores are transformed to a scale ranging from 0 (worst health) to 100 (best health). The Dutch version has been shown to be valid and reliable [15]. The EQ5D is a measure of perceived health including five dimensions: mobility, self care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression [14]. Each dimension has three levels: no, some, and severe limitations. So, there are 243 (i.e., 35) possible sets of values for the EQ5D. All of these possible health states have been valued by the general public, ranging from −0.549 for severe problems with all dimensions to 1 for full health. Values found in the UK have been validated for the Netherlands.
After 4.5 years, participants completed the Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire (DTSQ) [16] and the Problem Areas In Diabetes scale (PAID) [17]. The DTSQ contains a six-item scale assessing treatment satisfaction. Each item is scored on a scale of 0–6; thus the total score of the DTSQ ranges between 0 and 36, with higher scores indicating greater satisfaction with treatment [16]. The PAID is a self-report measure of diabetes-related distress, consisting of 20 statements that were identified as common negative emotions related to living with diabetes [17]. Each item can be rated on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (“not a problem”) to 4 (“a serious problem”). The total score is transformed to a 0–100 scale, with higher scores indicating higher emotional distress. The Dutch version of the PAID has good internal consistency and factorial validity [18].
We analysed differences (IT–RC) in changes from baseline to the 3-year measurement in the SF-36 and EQ5D scores. For effects on treatment satisfaction and diabetes-related emotional distress, we analysed differences (IT–RC) in the scores of the DTSQ and PAID scales after 4.5 years. We used random effects models to account for clustering at the level of the general practitioner. We calculated 95% confidence intervals for the differences between treatment arms and used a two-sided alpha of 0.05 to test significance. A formal power calculation was not carried out as these patient-reported outcome measures were not the primary outcome measures for the intervention study.

Results

Response rates for the different scores varied between 60 and 72% and did not differ for the IT and RC groups. The IT and RC groups are well comparable with respect to clinical, biochemical, and behavioural characteristics at baseline [11]. This did not change when only people who completed the questionnaires were taken into account, except for systolic blood pressure (mean IT: 167.6 mmHg; RC: 162.3 mmHg; P = 0.03) and mental health (P = 0.03; Table 1).
Table 1
SF-36 and EQ5D scores: changes within groups 3 years after screen-detection of diabetes and differences in changes between groups (IT-RC). DTSQ and PAID scores at 4.5 years after screen-detection of diabetes: differences between groups (IT-RC)
 
Intensified treatment (IT)
Routine care (RC)
Difference
N
Baseline
Follow-up
Change
N
Baseline
Follow-up
Change
SF-36 PF
171
77.6 ± 1.7
77.3 ± 1.8
−0.3 (−3.4;2.8)
156
78.4 ± 1.8
79.1 ± 1.7
0.7 (−2.5;3.8)
−1.2 (−6.1;3.7)
SF-36 RP
171
83.8 ± 2.3
76.6 ± 2.7
−7.3 (−12.4;−2.1)
156
85.4 ± 2.4
83.4 ± 2.4
−2.0 (−7.0;3.0)
−5.3 (−12.5;1.9)
SF-36 BP
178
80.5 ± 1.7
78.0 ± 1.8
−2.5 (−5.7;0.7)
163
84.7 ± 1.7
81.1 ± 1.6
−3.6 (−6.8;−0.4)
1.1 (−3.4;5.6)
SF-36 GH
161
59.5 ± 0.9
64.2 ± 1.5
4.7 (2.3−7.2)§
145
59.6 ± 1.0
65.8 ± 1.5
6.2 (3.7−8.7)||
−1.5 (−5.0;2.0)
SF-36 VT
163
49.2 ± 1.1
65.6 ± 1.6
16.4 (13.0;19.7)||
155
51.4 ± 1.1
67.7 ± 1.6
16.3 (13.4;19.2)||
0.03 (-4.6;4.7)
SF-36 SF
160
89.3 ± 1.4
83.2 ± 1.7
−6.1 (−9.4;−2.8)§
150
90.0 ± 1.3
86.2 ± 1.6
−3.8 (−6.8;−0.9)
−2.3 (−7.0;2.3)
SF-36 RE
172
89.3 ± 2.1
84.8 ± 2.4
−4.6 (−10.3;1.1)
157
87.9 ± 2.4
87.0 ± 2.4
−0.8 (−5.6;3.9)
−3.7 (−11.2;3.7)
SF-36 MH
172
68.1 ± 1.0
75.9 ± 1.4
7.8 (5.1;10.5)||
160
71.1 ± 0.9*
79.7 ± 1.2
8.6 (6.1;11.1)||
−0.8 (−4.5;2.8)
EQ5D
171
0.81 ± 0.02
0.81 ± 0.02
0.0002 (−0.03;0.03)
157
0.81 ± 0.02
0.82 ± 0.02
0.001 (−0.03;0.03)
−0.002 (−0.04;0.04)
DTSQ
184
n.a.
32.7 ± 0.3
n.a.
162
n.a.
32.7 ± 0.3
n.a.
−0.05 (−0.9;0.8)
PAID
177
n.a.
9.8 ± 1.0
n.a.
164
n.a.
8.4 ± 0.9
n.a.
1.4 (−1.2;4.0)
Data are mean ± SEM or mean (95% CI)
IT intensified multi-factorial treatment, RC routine care, SF-36 medical outcomes study 36-item short form health survey, PF physical functioning, RP role physical, limitations due to physical difficulties, BP bodily pain, GH general health, VT vitality, SF social functioning, RE role emotional, limitations due to emotional difficulties, MH mental health, EQ5D European quality of life-5 dimensions, DTSQ diabetes treatment satisfaction questionnaire, PAID problem areas in diabetes scale, n.a. not applicable
* Statistically significant difference at baseline between IT and RC groups, P < 0.05
† Statistically significant difference between baseline and follow-up, P < 0.05
‡ Statistically significant difference between baseline and follow-up, P < 0.01
§ Statistically significant difference between baseline and follow-up, P < 0.001
|| Statistically significant difference between baseline and follow-up, P < 0.0001
After 3 years (mean 2.97; SD 0.26), scores increased on the SF-36 scales general health, vitality, and mental health and decreased on the SF-36 scales role physical (statistically significant in IT), bodily pain (statistically significantly in RC), and social functioning. None of the changes in SF-36 or EQ5D differed significantly between IT and RC (Table 1).
Table 1 also displays the DTSQ and PAID scores at 4.5 years (mean 4.69; SD 0.62) in both treatment groups, showing no differences between IT and RC.

Discussion

This study showed no effects of intensified treatment on self-reported health status, satisfaction with diabetes treatment, and diabetes-related emotional distress. We examined a large group of screen-detected T2DM patients, who were followed until 3–5 years after diagnosis. The results address both diabetes-specific and generic outcomes [19] and are highly relevant for patients.
To our knowledge, the ADDITION study is the first randomised trial on the effects of an intensified, multi-factorial intervention in T2DM patients identified by screening. Until now, only few randomised controlled trials compared a multi-factorial treatment with a standard treatment of T2DM, [6, 20]. The UKPDS showed no effects of intensive treatment on perceived health [6]. Ménard et al. reported effects on quality of life in poorly controlled patients with a longer duration of diabetes using an adapted version of the Diabetes Quality of Life Measure [21], indicating an improvement after 1 year in general quality of life and life satisfaction, but not in diabetes-related worry [20]. However, due to the shorter follow-up period and different study population, these results are hard to compare with ours.
A limitation might be the response rates. However, these are in accordance with or even higher than in other studies in the Netherlands [22]. Response rates were comparable for IT and RC groups, and responders did not differ from non-responders (results not shown). With the included numbers of patients, we were able to detect differences up to 7%, which was reported as a moderate effect [15], on all of the reported scales except for SF-36 role physical and role emotional (each 10%).
Another limitation might be that it was not possible to include the DTSQ and PAID at baseline, as the patients were screen-detected and did not know that they had T2DM at that time. We cannot be sure whether patients in both groups are similar with respect to what they would have thought about treatment satisfaction or diabetes-related distress. However, as patients in the IT and RC groups were well comparable with respect to clinical, biochemical, and behavioural characteristics at baseline [11], we have no indications that there would have been large differences in baseline DTSQ and PAID values.
The scores on SF-36, EQ5D, PAID, and DTSQ indicate an overall good psychological state of the participants, probably because all patients are screen-detected. As a consequence, patients have diabetes for only a few years, with a few complications accordingly.
The finding that nor self-reported health status nor treatment satisfaction or diabetes-related distress was influenced by a multi-factorial intensification of treatment does imply that health care professionals do not have to fear negative effects of an intensive treatment starting immediately after diagnosing T2DM. Assuming that an intensified treatment may decrease the risk of complications compared to routine care, one could expect a difference between both groups on the long run in favour of the people who were treated intensively after their screen-detected diagnosis. Patients should be followed up for a longer period to assess the full impact on psychological outcomes of screening for T2DM immediately followed by intensified, multi-factorial treatment.

Acknowledgments

The ADDITION-Netherlands study is made possible by unrestricted grants from Novo Nordisk and Glaxo Smith Kline. For the current analyses, we received a grant from the Dutch Diabetes Research Foundation (grant number 2007.13.001).

Open Access

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
Open AccessThis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License (https://​creativecommons.​org/​licenses/​by-nc/​2.​0), which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Onze productaanbevelingen

BSL Podotherapeut Totaal

Binnen de bundel kunt u gebruik maken van boeken, tijdschriften, e-learnings, web-tv's en uitlegvideo's. BSL Podotherapeut Totaal is overal toegankelijk; via uw PC, tablet of smartphone.

Literatuur
1.
go back to reference Redekop, W. K., Koopmanschap, M. A., Stolk, R. P., Rutten, G. E., Wolffenbuttel, B. H., & Niessen, L. W. (2002). Health-related quality of life and treatment satisfaction in Dutch patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 25(3), 458–463.CrossRefPubMed Redekop, W. K., Koopmanschap, M. A., Stolk, R. P., Rutten, G. E., Wolffenbuttel, B. H., & Niessen, L. W. (2002). Health-related quality of life and treatment satisfaction in Dutch patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 25(3), 458–463.CrossRefPubMed
2.
go back to reference Rubin, R. R., & Peyrot, M. (1999). Quality of life and diabetes. Diabetes Metabolism Research Review, 15(3), 205–218.CrossRef Rubin, R. R., & Peyrot, M. (1999). Quality of life and diabetes. Diabetes Metabolism Research Review, 15(3), 205–218.CrossRef
3.
go back to reference Gaede, P., Vedel, P., Larsen, N., Jensen, G. V., Parving, H. H., & Pedersen, O. (2003). Multifactorial intervention and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine, 348(5), 383–393.CrossRefPubMed Gaede, P., Vedel, P., Larsen, N., Jensen, G. V., Parving, H. H., & Pedersen, O. (2003). Multifactorial intervention and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine, 348(5), 383–393.CrossRefPubMed
4.
go back to reference Peyrot, M., Rubin, R. R., Lauritzen, T., Snoek, F. J., Matthews, D. R., & Skovlund, S. E. (2005). Psychosocial problems and barriers to improved diabetes management: Results of the cross-national diabetes attitudes, wishes and needs (DAWN) study. Diabetic Medicine, 22(10), 1379–1385.CrossRefPubMed Peyrot, M., Rubin, R. R., Lauritzen, T., Snoek, F. J., Matthews, D. R., & Skovlund, S. E. (2005). Psychosocial problems and barriers to improved diabetes management: Results of the cross-national diabetes attitudes, wishes and needs (DAWN) study. Diabetic Medicine, 22(10), 1379–1385.CrossRefPubMed
5.
go back to reference Thoolen, B. J., de Ridder, D. T., Bensing, J. M., Gorter, K. J., & Rutten, G. E. (2006). Psychological outcomes of patients with screen-detected type 2 diabetes: The influence of time since diagnosis and treatment intensity. Diabetes Care, 29(10), 2257–2262.CrossRefPubMed Thoolen, B. J., de Ridder, D. T., Bensing, J. M., Gorter, K. J., & Rutten, G. E. (2006). Psychological outcomes of patients with screen-detected type 2 diabetes: The influence of time since diagnosis and treatment intensity. Diabetes Care, 29(10), 2257–2262.CrossRefPubMed
6.
go back to reference UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. (1999). Quality of life in type 2 diabetic patients is affected by complications but not by intensive policies to improve blood glucose or blood pressure control (UKPDS 37). U.K. prospective diabetes study group. Diabetes Care, 22(7), 1125–1136.CrossRef UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. (1999). Quality of life in type 2 diabetic patients is affected by complications but not by intensive policies to improve blood glucose or blood pressure control (UKPDS 37). U.K. prospective diabetes study group. Diabetes Care, 22(7), 1125–1136.CrossRef
7.
go back to reference Lauritzen, T., Griffin, S., Borch-Johnsen, K., Wareham, N. J., Wolffenbuttel, B. H., & Rutten, G. (2000). The ADDITION study: Proposed trial of the cost-effectiveness of an intensive multifactorial intervention on morbidity and mortality among people with Type 2 diabetes detected by screening. International Journal of Obesity Related Metabolic Disorder, 24(3), S6–S11.CrossRef Lauritzen, T., Griffin, S., Borch-Johnsen, K., Wareham, N. J., Wolffenbuttel, B. H., & Rutten, G. (2000). The ADDITION study: Proposed trial of the cost-effectiveness of an intensive multifactorial intervention on morbidity and mortality among people with Type 2 diabetes detected by screening. International Journal of Obesity Related Metabolic Disorder, 24(3), S6–S11.CrossRef
8.
go back to reference Alberti, K. G. M. M., & Zimmet, P. Z. (1999). Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Geneva: World Health Organization. Alberti, K. G. M. M., & Zimmet, P. Z. (1999). Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Geneva: World Health Organization.
9.
go back to reference Sandbaek, A., Griffin, S. J., Rutten, G., Davies, M., Stolk, R., Khunti, K., et al. (2008). Stepwise screening for diabetes identifies people with high but modifiable coronary heart disease risk. The ADDITION study. Diabetologia, 51(7), 1127–1134.CrossRefPubMed Sandbaek, A., Griffin, S. J., Rutten, G., Davies, M., Stolk, R., Khunti, K., et al. (2008). Stepwise screening for diabetes identifies people with high but modifiable coronary heart disease risk. The ADDITION study. Diabetologia, 51(7), 1127–1134.CrossRefPubMed
10.
go back to reference Janssen, P. G., Gorter, K. J., Stolk, R. P., & Rutten, G. E. (2007). Low yield of population-based screening for type 2 diabetes in the Netherlands: The ADDITION Netherlands study. Family Practice, 24(6), 555–561.CrossRefPubMed Janssen, P. G., Gorter, K. J., Stolk, R. P., & Rutten, G. E. (2007). Low yield of population-based screening for type 2 diabetes in the Netherlands: The ADDITION Netherlands study. Family Practice, 24(6), 555–561.CrossRefPubMed
11.
go back to reference Janssen, P. G., Gorter, K. J., Stolk, R. P., & Rutten, G. E. (2009). Randomised controlled trial of intensive multifactorial treatment for cardiovascular risk in patients with screen-detected type 2 diabetes: 1-year data from the ADDITION Netherlands study. British Journal of General Practice, 59(558), 43–48.CrossRefPubMed Janssen, P. G., Gorter, K. J., Stolk, R. P., & Rutten, G. E. (2009). Randomised controlled trial of intensive multifactorial treatment for cardiovascular risk in patients with screen-detected type 2 diabetes: 1-year data from the ADDITION Netherlands study. British Journal of General Practice, 59(558), 43–48.CrossRefPubMed
12.
go back to reference Rutten, G. E. H. M., de Grauw, W. J. C., Nijpels, G., Goudswaard, A. N., Uitewaal, P. J. M., van der Does, F. E. E., et al. (2006). NHG-Guidelines type 2 Diabetes mellitus (second revision). Huisarts en Wetenschap, 49, 137–152. Rutten, G. E. H. M., de Grauw, W. J. C., Nijpels, G., Goudswaard, A. N., Uitewaal, P. J. M., van der Does, F. E. E., et al. (2006). NHG-Guidelines type 2 Diabetes mellitus (second revision). Huisarts en Wetenschap, 49, 137–152.
13.
go back to reference Ware, J. E., Jr., & Sherbourne, C. D. (1992). The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Medical Care, 30(6), 473–483.CrossRefPubMed Ware, J. E., Jr., & Sherbourne, C. D. (1992). The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Medical Care, 30(6), 473–483.CrossRefPubMed
14.
go back to reference The EuroQol Group. (1990). EuroQol–a new facility for the measurement of health-related quality of life. Health Policy, 16(3), 199–208.CrossRef The EuroQol Group. (1990). EuroQol–a new facility for the measurement of health-related quality of life. Health Policy, 16(3), 199–208.CrossRef
15.
go back to reference Aaronson, N. K., Muller, M., Cohen, P. D., Essink-Bot, M. L., Fekkes, M., Sanderman, R., et al. (1998). Translation, validation, and norming of the Dutch language version of the SF-36 Health Survey in community and chronic disease populations. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 51(11), 1055–1068.CrossRefPubMed Aaronson, N. K., Muller, M., Cohen, P. D., Essink-Bot, M. L., Fekkes, M., Sanderman, R., et al. (1998). Translation, validation, and norming of the Dutch language version of the SF-36 Health Survey in community and chronic disease populations. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 51(11), 1055–1068.CrossRefPubMed
16.
go back to reference Bradley, C. (1994). Diabetes treatment satisfaction questionnaire. In C. Bradley (Ed.), Handbook of psychology and diabetes: A guide to psychological measurement in diabetes research and practice (pp. 111–132). Chur, Switzerland: Harwood Academic. Bradley, C. (1994). Diabetes treatment satisfaction questionnaire. In C. Bradley (Ed.), Handbook of psychology and diabetes: A guide to psychological measurement in diabetes research and practice (pp. 111–132). Chur, Switzerland: Harwood Academic.
17.
go back to reference Polonsky, W. H., Anderson, B. J., Lohrer, P. A., Welch, G., Jacobson, A. M., Aponte, J. E., et al. (1995). Assessment of diabetes-related distress. Diabetes Care, 18(6), 754–760.CrossRefPubMed Polonsky, W. H., Anderson, B. J., Lohrer, P. A., Welch, G., Jacobson, A. M., Aponte, J. E., et al. (1995). Assessment of diabetes-related distress. Diabetes Care, 18(6), 754–760.CrossRefPubMed
18.
go back to reference Snoek, F. J., Pouwer, F., Welch, G. W., & Polonsky, W. H. (2000). Diabetes-related emotional distress in Dutch and U.S. diabetic patients: Cross-cultural validity of the problem areas in diabetes scale. Diabetes Care, 23(9), 1305–1309.CrossRefPubMed Snoek, F. J., Pouwer, F., Welch, G. W., & Polonsky, W. H. (2000). Diabetes-related emotional distress in Dutch and U.S. diabetic patients: Cross-cultural validity of the problem areas in diabetes scale. Diabetes Care, 23(9), 1305–1309.CrossRefPubMed
19.
go back to reference Brommels, M., & Sintonen, H. (2001). Be generic and specific: Quality of life measurement in clinical studies. Annals of Medicine, 33(5), 319–322.CrossRefPubMed Brommels, M., & Sintonen, H. (2001). Be generic and specific: Quality of life measurement in clinical studies. Annals of Medicine, 33(5), 319–322.CrossRefPubMed
20.
go back to reference Ménard, J., Payette, H., Dubuc, N., Baillargeon, J. P., Maheux, P., & Ardilouze, J. L. (2007). Quality of life in type 2 diabetes patients under intensive multitherapy. Diabetes Metabolism, 33(1), 54–60.CrossRefPubMed Ménard, J., Payette, H., Dubuc, N., Baillargeon, J. P., Maheux, P., & Ardilouze, J. L. (2007). Quality of life in type 2 diabetes patients under intensive multitherapy. Diabetes Metabolism, 33(1), 54–60.CrossRefPubMed
21.
go back to reference Jacobson, A. M., & The. D. C. C. T. Research Group. (1994). The diabetes quality of life measure. In C. Bradley (Ed.), Handbook of psychology and diabetes: A guide to psychological measurement in diabetes research and practice (pp. 65–87). Chur, Switzerland: Harwood Academic. Jacobson, A. M., & The. D. C. C. T. Research Group. (1994). The diabetes quality of life measure. In C. Bradley (Ed.), Handbook of psychology and diabetes: A guide to psychological measurement in diabetes research and practice (pp. 65–87). Chur, Switzerland: Harwood Academic.
22.
go back to reference Van den Brink, C. L., Viet, A. L., Boshuizen, H. C., Van Ameijden, E. J. C., & Droomers, M. (2005). Methodology of the public health monitor; comparability of data. RIVM report 260854009. Bilthoven: RIVM. Van den Brink, C. L., Viet, A. L., Boshuizen, H. C., Van Ameijden, E. J. C., & Droomers, M. (2005). Methodology of the public health monitor; comparability of data. RIVM report 260854009. Bilthoven: RIVM.
Metagegevens
Titel
No negative effects of a multi-factorial, intensified treatment on self-reported health status, treatment satisfaction, and diabetes-related distress in screen-detected type 2 diabetes patients. The ADDITION-Netherlands study
Auteurs
Maureen van den Donk
Kees J. Gorter
Guy E. Rutten
Publicatiedatum
01-05-2010
Uitgeverij
Springer Netherlands
Gepubliceerd in
Quality of Life Research / Uitgave 4/2010
Print ISSN: 0962-9343
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2649
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-010-9604-x

Andere artikelen Uitgave 4/2010

Quality of Life Research 4/2010 Naar de uitgave