Introduction
Conceptual Model of Post-Disaster Trauma Reactions
Post-Disaster Distress Among Latino/as
Current Study
Methods
Participants
Demographics | Sample at T1 | Sample at T2 | 2000 Census | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n
| Weighted% |
n
| Weighted% |
n
| % | ||
Sex | Male | 982 | 51.1 | 920 | 50.8 | 438,540 | 51.1 |
Female | 915 | 48.9 | 868 | 49.2 | 419,202 | 48.9 | |
Age | 4–10 | 986 | 50.2 | 794 | 42.9 | 431,004 | 50.2 |
11–17 | 911 | 49.8 | 994 | 57.1 | 426,738 | 49.8 | |
Poverty level | Live well | 1,033 | 51.4 | 1,015 | 56.5 | – | – |
Chk to chk | 618 | 33.7 | 546 | 30.55 | – | – | |
Live poorly | 266 | 15.0 | 227 | 12.95 | – | – |
Measures
Exposure events | n (%) |
---|---|
Child separation from family due to the hurricane | 53 (3.0%) |
Staying overnight out of home | 329 (21.3%) |
Still living out of home at time of T1 interview | 19 (1.1%) |
Severe physical injury to the child | 5 (0.7%) |
Severe physical injury to a significant other | 32 (1.9%) |
Death of a person close to the child | 23 (1.3%) |
Death of a pet | 92 (6.9%) |
Child’s loss of objects (toys, books or other important belongings) | 409 (25.5%) |
Parent feeling afraid of dying or being hurt | 407 (21.9%) |
Parent becoming ill or injured | 107 (6.8%) |
Heavy loss due to the hurricane | 812 (47.7%) |
Trees falling on family home | 182 (8.8%) |
Flooding of home | 492 (29.6%) |
Roof falling | 318 (20.8%) |
Walls falling | 101 (8.4%) |
Breakage of windows or door | 366 (23.0%) |
Total loss of the house | 142 (10.3%) |
Procedures
Analytic Strategy
Results
Disaster Exposure
Demographics | Unexposed | Exposeda
|
---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | |
Total | 768 (39.8%) | 1,082 (60.2%) |
Sex | ||
Male | 401 (50.1%) | 558 (52.1%) |
Female | 367 (49.9%) | 524 (47.9%) |
Age | ||
4–10 | 403 (51.4%) | 551 (48.8%) |
11–17 | 365 (48.6%) | 531(51.2%) |
Poverty*** | ||
Live well | 465 (60.0%) | 521 (45.9%) |
Check to check | 245 (32.0%) | 360 (34.7%) |
Live poorly | 58 (8.1%) | 200 (19.4%) |
Any psychiatric disorder** | 97 (13.0%) | 202 (18.5%) |
Any externalizing disorder* | 64 (8.7%) | 144 (12.9%) |
Any internalizing disorder** | 44 (5.8%) | 106 (11.0%) |
The Influence of Disaster Exposure on Psychopathology
Predictors | Any psychiatric disorder | Any externalizing disorder | Any internalizing disorder | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time 1 | Time 2 | Time 1 | Time 2 | Time 1 | Time 2 | |
OR (CI) | OR (CI) | OR (CI) | OR (CI) | OR (CI) | OR (CI) | |
4–17 years total sample | ||||||
Gender | 0.89 | 0.70+
| 0.64*
| 0.56** | 1.62* | 0.92 |
Female | (0.63–1.25) | (0.48–1.01) | (0.42–0.99) | (0.37–0.84) | (1.03–2.54) | (0.52–1.61) |
Age | 1.03 | 1.01 | 0.99 | 0.96 | 1.08*** | 1.08** |
(0.99–1.08) | (0.97–1.05) | (0.95–1.03) | (0.92–1.01) | (1.03–1.14) | (1.02–1.14) | |
Poverty | 1.27 | 2.08*** | 1.52+
| 2.49*** | 1.23 | 1.69 |
Chk to Chk | (0.88–1.83) | (1.37–3.14) | (1.00–2.30) | (1.55–4.01) | (0.79–1.92) | (0.89–3.21) |
Live poorly | 1.72* | 1.73* | 2.41***
| 2.52** | 0.98 | 1.02 |
(1.11–2.67) | (1.04–2.88) | (1.51–3.84) | 1.39–4.60 | (0.53–1.80) | (0.53–1.96) | |
Exposurea
| 1.05 | 1.01 | 1.02 | 0.97 | 1.14*** | 1.07+
|
(0.99–1.11) | (0.96–1.07) | (0.96–1.08) | (0.87–1.08) | (1.06–1.22) | (0.99–1.16) | |
4–10 years subsample | ||||||
Sex: | 0.57*
| 0.44** | 0.58 | 0.47* | 0.74 | 0.33* |
Female | (0.34–0.94) | (0.26–0.75) | (0.33–1.04) | (0.27–0.84) | (0.36–1.54) | (0.12–0.91) |
Age | 1.03 | 0.92 | 1.01 | 0.90 | 1.13 | 1.04 |
(0.92–1.14) | (0.80–1.06) | (0.90–1.14) | (0.77–1.06) | (0.93–1.38) | (0.85–1.29) | |
Poverty | 1.52 | 1.80+
| 1.69*
| 2.33** | 1.43 | 0.77 |
Chk to Chk | (0.95–2.42) | (0.96–3.38) | (1.01–2.85) | (1.26–4.32) | (0.71–2.88) | (0.25–2.36) |
Live poorly | 2.84*** (1.58–5.11) | 2.17+ (0.92–5.10) | 3.23*** (1.75–5.97) | 3.26** (1.40–7.62) | 1.22 (0.49–3.07) | 0.79 (0.17–3.60) |
Exposurea
| 1.01 | 0.98 | 1.01 | 0.93 | 1.11* | 1.06 |
(0.95–1.07) | (0.84–1.14) | (0.94–1.08) | (0.79–1.10) | (1.02–1.21) | (0.89–1.25) | |
11–17 years subsample | ||||||
Sex | 1.30 | 0.90 | 0.71 | 0.62 | 2.75*** | 1.27 |
Female | (0.83–2.03) | (0.56–1.46) | (0.40–1.27) | (0.35–1.10) | (1.53–4.93) | (0.64–2.49) |
Age | 1.08 | 0.91 | 1.03 | 0.86 | 1.04 | 0.95 |
(0.96–1.22) | (0.81–1.02) | (0.89–1.20) | (0.75–0.98) | (0.91–1.20) | (0.79–1.12) | |
Poverty | 1.04 | 2.17** | 1.33 | 2.50 | 1.06 | 2.10+
|
Chk to Chk | (0.63–1.73) | (1.28–3.68) | (0.71–2.48) | (1.31–4.78) | (0.59–1.92) | (0.97–4.57) |
Live poorly | 1.16 | 1.52 | 1.76 | 2.03 | 0.81 | 1.12 |
(0.58–2.34) | (0.79–2.95) | (0.79–3.95) | (0.84–4.91) | (0.34–1.94) | (0.54–2.33) | |
Exposure | 1.08+
| 1.03 | 1.02 | 1.00 | 1.17** | 1.08 |
(0.99–1.18) | (0.95–1.13) | (0.92–1.13) | (0.90–1.11) | (1.05–1.29) | (0.95–1.24) | |
Exposure | 0.97* | 0.94** | – | – | 0.97+ | – |
X Age | (0.94–1.00) | 0.90–0.97 | (0.93–1.00) |
Assessment of Age Influences on the Exposure-Disorder Relationship
Moderators of Exposure
Rates of Specific Internalizing Disorders
Disorders | Time 1 | Time 2 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Unexposed | Exposed | Unexposed | Exposed | |
n (w%) CI | n w% (CI) | n w% (CI) | n w% (CI) | |
PTSD | 3 (0.8%) | 8 (0.8%) | 2 (0.2%) | 6 (0.5%) |
0.2–2.8% | 0.3–2.0% | 0.1–0.8% | 0.2–1.2% | |
Major depression | 9 (1.3%)* | 30 (4.0%)* | 14 (1.7%) | 22 (2.2%) |
06.–2.7% | 2.5–6.3% | 0.9–3.1% | 1.4–3.5% | |
Dysthimia | 4 (0.5%) | 7 (0.5%) | 0 | 1 |
0.2–1.4% | 0.2–1.4% | – | – | |
Generalized anxiety | 12 (1.4%) | 22 (2.8%) | 5 (0.4%) | 10 (1.0%) |
0.7–2.7% | 1.7–4.8% | 0.2–0.9% | 0.5–1.9% | |
Social phobia | 10 (1.4%)* | 32 (3.3%)* | 7 (0.7%)a
| 18 (1.9%) a
|
0.7–2.8% | 2.2–4.9% | 0.3–1.4% | 1.0–3.4% | |
Separation anxiety | 19 (1.9%)* | 46 (3.9%)* | 12 (1.7%) | 28 (2.7%) |
1.1–3.2% | 2.7–5.6% | 0.9–3.4% | 1.7–4.4% | |
Panic | 2 (0.2%) | 6 (0.7%) | 3 (0.4%) | 3 (0.3%) |
0.0–0.8% | 0.3–1.9% | 0.1–1.4% | 0.1–1.3% |