Top

Cognitive Therapy and Research

Tip

Swipe om te navigeren naar een ander artikel

Gepubliceerd in:

26-06-2021 | Original Article

Narcissistic Reflections After Social Rejection: Grandiose and Vulnerable Narcissism in Terms of Explicit and Implicit Interpretation Bias

Auteurs: Michal Weiss, Jonathan D. Huppert

Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research | Uitgave 1/2022

Abstract

Background

Grandiose and vulnerable narcissism (GN/VN) are theorized to form two opposite coping strategies aimed at regulating self-esteem in face of a threat, especially negative feedback in social context. To test this, we examined the relationships of GN and VN with self-appraisals in social context, and hypothesized that GN would predict positive explicit self-appraisals, and less positive implicit self-appraisals, whereas VN would predict negative explicit self-appraisals, and less negative implicit self-appraisals. We also hypothesized that social rejection would increase the negativity of all predictions except for a more positive GN-explicit self-appraisals relationship.

Methods

Israeli undergraduates (N = 117) were randomly allocated to social rejection (n = 58) or control (n = 59) conditions. Social rejection was induced via the Cyberball.

Results

Under control and rejection conditions, Higher VN predicted negative explicit self-appraisals, whereas higher GN predicted positive explicit self-appraisals. However, only following rejection, higher VN predicted negative implicit self-appraisals and higher GN predicted positive implicit self-appraisals, though to a lesser extent than they predicted explicit self-appraisals.

Conclusions

We concluded that narcissistic explicit strategies are stable and unaffected by social situations. However, rejection may affect automatic processes congruent with the narcissistic strategy.

vorige artikel Higher Order Repetitive Negative Thinking Is More Robustly Related to Depression, Anxiety, and Mania Than Measures of Rumination or Worry

volgende artikel Group Intervention ‘Drop it!’ Decreases Repetitive Negative Thinking in Major Depressive Disorder and/or Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Randomised Controlled Study

SDS was used as one of the screening variables in order to make sure data are reliable. Removing this screening criterion had no effect on the results.

Akhtar, S. (2003). New clinical realms: Pushing the envelope of theory and technique. Jason Aronson.

Besser, A., & Priel, B. (2010). Grandiose narcissism versus vulnerable narcissism in threatening situations: Emotional reactions to achievement failure and interpersonal rejection. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 29, 874–902. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2010.29.8.874 CrossRef

Besser, A., & Zeigler-Hill, V. (2010). The influence of pathological narcissism on emotional and motivational responses to negative events: The roles of visibility and concern about humiliation. Journal of Research in Personality, 44, 520–534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2010.06.006 CrossRef

Beevers, C. G. (2005). Cognitive vulnerability to depression: A dual process model. Clinical Psychology Review, 25, 975–1002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2005.03.003 CrossRefPubMed

Bosson, J. K., Lakey, C. E., Campbell, W. K., Zeigler-Hill, V., Jordan, C. H., & Kernis, M. H. (2008). Untangling the links between narcissism and self-esteem: A theoretical and empirical review. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2, 1415–1439. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00089.x CrossRef

Brown, A. A., & Brunell, A. B. (2017). The “modest mask”? An investigation of vulnerable narcissists’ implicit self-esteem. Personality and Individual Differences, 119, 160–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.07.020 CrossRef

Cain, N. M., Pincus, A. L., & Ansell, E. B. (2008). Narcissism at the crossroads: Phenotypic description of pathological narcissism across clinical theory, social/personality psychology, and psychiatric diagnosis. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 638–656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2007.09.006 CrossRefPubMed

Campbell, W. K., Bosson, J. K., Goheen, T. W., Lakey, C. E., & Kernis, M. H. (2007). Do narcissists dislike themselves “deep down inside”? Psychological Science, 18, 227–229. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01880.x CrossRefPubMed

Cascio, C. N., Konrath, S. H., & Falk, E. B. (2015). Narcissists’ social pain seen only in the brain. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 10, 335–341. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsu072 CrossRefPubMed

Chester, D. S., & DeWall, C. N. (2016). Sound the alarm: The effect of narcissism on retaliatory aggression is moderated by dACC reactivity to rejection. Journal of Personality, 84, 361–368. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12164 CrossRefPubMed

Edershile, E. A., Simms, L. J., & Wright, A. G. C. (2018). A Multivariate Analysis of the Pathological Narcissism Inventory’s Nomological Network. Assessment. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191118766412 CrossRefPubMed

Fischer, D. G., & Fick, C. (1993). Measuring social desirability: Short forms of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 53, 417–424. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164493053002011 CrossRef

Fossati, A., Borroni, S., Grazioly, F., Dornetti, L., Marcassoli, I., Maffeti, C., & Cheek, J. (2009). Tracking the hypersensitive dimension in narcissism: Reliability and validity of the Hypersensitive Narcissism Scale. Personality and Mental Health, 3, 235–247. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmh.92 CrossRef

Fossati, A., Somma, A., & Borroni, S. (2017). The multidimensionality of pathological narcissism from the perspective of social ostracism: A study in a sample of Italian University students. Personality and Individual Differences, 116, 309–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.05.009 CrossRef

Gabbard, G. O. (1989). Two subtypes of narcissistic personality disorder. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 53, 527–532. PubMed

Grijalva, E., Newman, D. A., Tay, L., Donnellan, M. B., Harms, P. D., Robins, R. W., & Yan, T. (2015). Gender differences in narcissism: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 141, 261–310. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038231 CrossRefPubMed

Huppert, J. D., Pasupuleti, R. V., Foa, E. B., & Mathews, A. (2007). Interpretation biases in social anxiety: Response generation, response selection, and self-appraisals. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 1505–1515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2007.01.006 CrossRefPubMed

Huppert, J.D., Kivity, Y., Weiss, M., Cohen, L., & Elizur, Y. (in progress) Interpretation bias in social anxiety disorder: measurement and treatment effects.

Jackson, D. N. (1984). Personality research form manual (3rd ed.). Research psychologists Press.

Jordan, C. H., Spencer, S. J., Zanna, M. P., Hoshino-Browne, E., & Corell, J. (2003). Secure and defensive high self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 969–978. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.5.969 CrossRefPubMed

Kernberg, O. F. (1992). Aggression in personality disorders and its perversions. Yale University Press.

Kernberg, O. F. (2009). Narcissistic personality disorders: Part 1. Psychiatric Annals, 39, 67–105. https://doi.org/10.3928/00485713-20090301-04

Levy, K. N. (2012). Subtypes, dimensions, levels, and mental states in narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 68, 886–897. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.21893 CrossRefPubMed

Levy, K. N., Chauhan, P., Clarkin, J. F., Wasserman, R. H., & Reynoso, J. S. (2009). Narcissistic pathology: Empirical approaches. Psychiatric Annals, 39, 203–213. https://doi.org/10.3928/00485713-20090401-03 CrossRef

Maxwell, K., Donnellan, M. B., Hopwood, C. J., & Ackerman, R. A. (2011). The two faces of narcissus? An empirical comparison of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and the Pathological Narcissism Inventory. Personality and Individual Differences, 50, 577–582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.11.031 CrossRef

McCullough, M. E., Emmons, R. A., Kilpatrick, S. D., & Mooney, C. N. (2003). Narcissists as “victims”: The role of narcissism in the perception of transgression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 885–893. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167203029007007 CrossRefPubMed

Miller, J. D., & Campbell, W. K. (2008). Comparing clinical and social personality conceptualizations of narcissism. Journal of Personality, 76, 449–476. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00492.x CrossRefPubMed

Miller, J. D., Lynam, D. R., & Campbell, W. K. (2016). Rejoinder: A construct validity approach to the assessment of narcissism. Assessment, 23, 18–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191115608943 CrossRefPubMed

Miller, J. D., Lynam, D. R., Hyatt, C. S., & Campbell, W. K. (2017). Controversies in narcissism. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 13, 294–315. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045244 CrossRef

Miller, J. D., McCain, J., Lynam, D. R., Few, L. R., Gentile, B., MacKillop, J., & Campbell, W. K. (2014). A comparison of the criterion validity of popular measures of narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder via the use of expert ratings. Psychological Assessment, 26, 958–969. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036613 CrossRefPubMed

Morf, C. C. (2006). Personality reflected in a coherent idiosyncratic interplay of intra- and interpersonal self-regulatory processes. Journal of Personality, 76, 1527–1556. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2006.00419.x CrossRef

Morf, C., & Rhodewalt, F. (2001). Unraveling the paradoxes of narcissism: A dynamic self- regulatory processing model. Psychological Inquiry, 12, 177–196. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1204_1 CrossRef

Morf, C. C., Schürch, E., Küfner, A., Siegrist, P., Vater, A., Back, M., Mestel, R., & Schrode-Abe, M. (2017). Expanding the nomological net of the Pathological Narcissism Inventory: German validation and extension in a clinical inpatient sample. Assessment, 24, 419–443. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191115627010 CrossRefPubMed

Moser, J. S., Hajcak, G., Huppert, J. D., Foa, E. B., & Simons, R. F. (2008). Interpretation bias in social anxiety as detected by event-related brain potentials. Emotion, 8, 693–700. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013173 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Moser, J. S., Huppert, J. D., Foa, E. B., & Simons, R. F. (2012). Interpretation of ambiguous social scenarios in social phobia and depression: Evidence from event-related brain potentials. Biological Psychology, 89, 387–397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.12.001 CrossRefPubMed

Pimentel, C. A. (2008). The impact of interpersonal rejection on self-esteem and mood in vulnerable narcissistic personalities, grandiose narcissistic personalities, and avoidant personalities: Experimental validation of vulnerable narcissism and the Vulnerable Narcissism Scale. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. The Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania.

Pincus, A. L., Ansell, E. B., Pimentel, C. A., Cain, N. M., Wright, A. C. G., & Levy, K. N. (2009). Initial construction and validation of the Pathological Narcissism Inventory. Psychological Assessment, 21, 365–379. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016530 CrossRefPubMed

Raskin, R. N., & Hall, C. S. (1981). The narcissistic personality inventory: Alternate from reliability and further evidence of construct validity. Journal of Personality Assessment, 45, 159–162. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4502_10 CrossRefPubMed

Ronningstam, E. (2005a). Identifying and understanding narcissistic personality. Oxford University Press.

Ronningstam, E. (2005b). Narcissistic personality disorder: A review. Personality disordersIn M. Maj, H. S. Akiskal, J. E. Mezzich, & A. Okasha (Eds.), Evidence and experience in psychiatry (Vol. 8, pp. 277–327). John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Ronningstam, E. (2009). Narcissistic personality disorder: Facing DSM-V. Psychiatric Annals, 39, 111–121. https://doi.org/10.3928/00485713-20090301-09 CrossRef

Ronningstam, E. (2014). Beyond the diagnostic traits: A collaborative exploratory diagnostic process for dimensions and underpinnings of narcissistic personality disorder. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 5, 434–438. https://doi.org/10.1037/per0000034 CrossRef

Schoenleber, M., Roche, M. J., Wetzel, E., Pincus, A. L., & Roberts, B. W. (2015). Development of a brief version of the Pathological Narcissism Inventory. Psychological Assessment, 27, 1520–1526. CrossRef

Strahan, R., & Gerbasi, K. C. (1972). Short, homogeneous versions of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 28, 191–193. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(197204)28:2%3c191::AID-JCLP2270280220%3e3.0.CO;2-G CrossRef

Tracy, J. L., Cheng, J. T., Martens, J. P., & Robins, R. W. (2011). The emotional dynamics of narcissism. In W. K. Campbell & J. D. Miller (Eds.), The handbook of narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder (pp. 330–343). Wiley.

Weiss, M., Fradkin, I., & Huppert, J. D. (2020). Modelling pathological narcissism using the brief PNI in terms of structure and convergent and divergent validity: A new perspective. Assessment. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191120936354 CrossRefPubMed

Weiss, M. & Huppert, J.D. (submitted). Why are you shy? Vulnerable narcissism and avoidant personality in terms of explicit and implicit interpretation bias and social acceptance

Williams, K. D., Cheung, C. K. T., & Choi, W. (2000). CyberOstracism: Effects of being ignored over the Internet. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 748–762. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.79.5.748 CrossRefPubMed

Williams, K. D., & Jarvis, B. (2006). Cyberball: A program for use in research on ostracism and interpersonal acceptance. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers, 38, 174–180. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03192765 CrossRef

Williams, K. D., Yeager, D. S., Cheung, C. K. T., & Choi, W. (2012). Cyberball 4.0 [Software].

Wright, A. G. C., Lukowitsky, M. R., Pincus, A. L., & Conroy, D. E. (2010). The Higher order factor structure and gender invariance of the pathological narcissism inventory. Assessment, 17, 467–483. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191110373227 CrossRefPubMed

Zeigler-Hill, V. (2006). Discrepancies between implicit and explicit self-esteem: Implications for narcissism and self-esteem instability. Journal of Personality, 74, 119–144. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00371.x CrossRefPubMed

Titel: Narcissistic Reflections After Social Rejection: Grandiose and Vulnerable Narcissism in Terms of Explicit and Implicit Interpretation Bias
Auteurs: Michal Weiss
Jonathan D. Huppert
Publicatiedatum: 26-06-2021
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research / Uitgave 1/2022
Print ISSN: 0147-5916
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2819
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-021-10245-1

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Tip

Swipe om te navigeren naar een ander artikel

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 1/2022

Initial Maintenance of Attention to Threat in Children with Social Anxiety Disorder? Findings from an Eye-Tracking Experiment

A Comprehensive Model of Homework in Cognitive Behavior Therapy

Are Acute Increases and Variability in Emotion Regulation Strategies Related to Negative Affect and Paranoid Thoughts in Daily Life?

Rumination and Emotional Modulation of the Attentional Blink

Using Network Theory for Psychoeducation in Eating Disorders

Anxiety Sensitivity and Distress Tolerance Predict Changes in Internalizing Symptoms in Individuals Exposed to Interpersonal Trauma