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Psychological Research
Gepubliceerd in: Psychological Research 1/2021

17-10-2019 | Original Article

Multiple routes to word recognition: evidence from event-related potentials

Auteurs: Mei-Ching Lien, Philip A. Allen, Eric Ruthruff

Gepubliceerd in: Psychological Research | Uitgave 1/2021

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Abstract

We used event-related potentials to determine whether lexical access during semantic processing is achieved solely by the letter-based route, or by both a letter-based and word-based route. Participants determined whether words were related or unrelated to a prespecified category. To disrupt the word-based route (i.e., disrupt the processing of overall word shape), we manipulated case type. We measured the N170, assumed to be an index of holistic processing, and the N400, an index of semantic activation. Surprisingly, mixed-case words elicited a larger N170 effect than either consistent lowercase words (Experiment 1) or consistent uppercase words (Experiment 2). The N400, meanwhile, was unaffected by case mixing. In contrast, LEET words (e.g., T4BL3 instead of TABLE), which preserve overall word shape but distort letter shape, increased the N400 but did not reduce the N170 (Experiment 3). The results indicate that the N170 is in fact not a reliable index of holistic word processing. Implications for word recognition models are discussed.
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Voetnoten
1
Under most real-world conditions, we process the semantic meaning of words in a context rather than determine the status of lexicality (word vs. non-word). Therefore, we chose to study word recognition in a semantic categorization task (determining the semantic meaning of a word related or unrelated to a given category) instead of a lexical-decision task (determining a string of letters forms a word or a non-word) commonly used in the previous studies. It is important to acknowledge that different processes may mediate semantic categorization versus lexical-decision.
 
2
Although studies with face perception have typically used occipito-temporal electrodes for the N170 effect, we chose to focus on lateral posterior electrodes (such as P7 and P8; see Eimer, 2011) and occipito-parietal electrode sites, which are more suitable for visual word recognition (see Simon et al., 2007). In addition, the scalp distribution revealed that those areas were most active during the time window 170–240 ms after stimulus onset.
 
3
There is an apparent trend towards different case-mixing effects on the N170 between Experiments 1 and 2 for some electrodes in the right hemisphere. To see whether this trend is reliable, we conducted additional post hoc between-experiment comparisons for only the right hemisphere electrodes. These analyses included variables experiment (1 vs. 2), case type (consistent-case vs. mixed-case), and electrodes (O2, PO8, and P8). Results showed no significant interactions involving experiment, Fs < 1.0. In both experiments, the N170 was larger for electrodes PO8 and P8 than O2, regardless of case type. Further analyses for each electrode also revealed no significant interaction between experiment and case type, Fs < 1.0.
 
4
Note that some letters are visually similar to each other in lowercase and uppercase presentations (e.g., “o” vs. “O”). We did not control how often this occurred. Therefore, occasional letter similarity between cases might have reduced case mixing effects in the present study. Note that holistic processing should still be disrupted by case mixing, because the uppercase and lowercase letters still always differ greatly in size, and the size difference distorts overall word shape. In any case, we still observed a significant case mixing effect on RT and on the N170, despite the occasional letter-shape similarity.
 
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Metagegevens
Titel
Multiple routes to word recognition: evidence from event-related potentials
Auteurs
Mei-Ching Lien
Philip A. Allen
Eric Ruthruff
Publicatiedatum
17-10-2019
Uitgeverij
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Gepubliceerd in
Psychological Research / Uitgave 1/2021
Print ISSN: 0340-0727
Elektronisch ISSN: 1430-2772
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-019-01256-5

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