Introduction
Method
Search Strategy
Angelman syndrome | ‘angelman’ OR ‘happy puppet’ OR Angelman Syndrome (MESH term) OR happy puppet syndrome (MESH term) |
CHARGE syndrome | ‘charge syndrome’ OR ‘hall-hittner’ OR ‘hall hittner’ OR CHARGE syndrome (MESH term) |
Cohen syndrome | ‘cohen’ OR ‘pepper syndrome’ OR Cohen Syndrome (MESH term) |
Cornelia de Lange syndrome | ‘cornelia de lange’ OR ‘cornelia-de-lange’ OR ‘brachmann de lange’ OR ‘brachmann-de-lange’ OR ‘cdls’ OR ‘bdls’ OR ‘de lange’ OR ‘de-lange’ OR ‘amsterdam syndrome’ OR Cornelia de Lange Syndrome (MESH term) OR De Lange Syndrome (MESH term) |
Fragile X syndrome | ‘fragile x’ OR ‘fragile-x’ OR ‘fragile site’ OR ‘fxs’ OR ‘fra(X)’ OR ‘fraX’ OR ‘FMRP’ OR ‘marker x’ OR ‘martin-bell’ OR ‘martin bell’ OR ‘x-linked mental retardation’ or Fragile X Syndrome (MESH term) OR Mental Retardation, X-Linked (MESH term) |
Rett syndrome | ‘rett’ OR ‘rtt’ OR Rett Syndrome (MESH term) |
Tuberous sclerosis complex | ‘tuberous sclerosis’ OR ‘tuberose sclerosis’ OR ‘TSC’ OR ‘phakomatosis ts’ OR ‘bourneville pringle’ OR Tuberous Sclerosis (MESH term) |
Movement disorder | ‘movement’ OR ‘motor’ OR ‘movement disorder*’ OR ‘ataxi*’ OR ‘apraxi*’ OR ‘gait’ OR ‘tremor’ OR ‘parkinson*’ OR ‘dyskinesia’ OR ‘akinesia’ OR ‘cataton*’ OR Movement (MESH term) OR Motor Skills Disorder (MESH term) OR Movement Disorders (MESH term) OR Ataxia (MESH term) OR Apraxias (MESH term) OR Gait (MESH term) OR Gait Disorders (MESH term) OR Tremor (MESH term) OR Parkinsonian Disorders (MESH term) OR Dyskinesias (MESH term) OR Catatonia (MESH term) |
Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
Data Extraction
Quality Assessment
Results
Authors | Syndrome | N | % Male | Age range
(M, SD)
| Genetic mechanism | Recruitment information | Assessment method | Movement disorders identified | % Prev. (N) | Risk of bias |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bai et al. (2014) | Angelman | 30 | 50.0 | 2.7–9.6 years at last observation (M 5.3 years, SD 2.1 years) | Deletion | Sample of children with Angelman syndrome in China—recruitment method not specified | Purpose-made questionnaire based on clinical criteria | Ataxic movement | 100% (24) of those able to walk | Moderate |
Beckung et al. (2004) | Angelman | 11 | Unclear for subgroup with DNA confirmation | Unclear for subgroup with DNA confirmation | Not reported | Individuals referred to a Children’s Hospital in Sweden for investigation of Angelman syndrome | Extensive clinical investigation—movement problems classified based on performance | Gait ataxia Tremor | 72.7% (8) 27.3% (3) | Moderate |
Buoni et al. (1999) | Angelman | 11 | 54.5 | 1 year 6 months to 15 years at last observation (Not reported) | 10 deletion 1 UPD | Genetic screening of 144 patients at Paediatric Institute | Medical records, history and clinical examination | Ataxia | 100% (11) | Moderate |
Clayton-Smith (2001) | Angelman | 28 | 42.9 | 16–40 years (Not reported) | 19 deletion 7 UBE3A mutation 1UPD 1 imprinting defect | Participated in a previous study or seen personally by the author | Medical notes, parent/carer-reported history and clinical examination | Ataxic gait Worsening Tremor | 100% (28) 25.0% (7) | Moderate |
Guerrini et al. (1996) | Angelman | 11 | 45.5 | 3–28 years (Not reported) | 8 deletion 2 UPD 1 microdeletion | Unclear | Rated scale score based on observation | Jerky, tremulous, dystonic movement | 100% (11) | Moderate |
Moncla et al. (1999) | Angelman | 14 | 57.1 | 9 months–33 years at diagnosis (Not reported) | All UBE3A mutation | Referred to the authors in Department of Genetic Medicine | Clinical history, anthropometric data and physical and neurological findings | Ataxia | 100% (14) total 21.4% (3) typical 21.4% (3) mild 57.1% (8) extremely mild | Moderate |
Saitoh et al. (1994) | Angelman | 40 | 47.5 | Unclear | 37 deletion 3 sub-microscopic deletion | Large sample of individuals with Angelman syndrome in Japan – recruitment method not specified | Questionnaires completed by physicians | Ataxic movement | 97.1% (34) of those for whom ataxic movement data reported | High |
Sandanam et al. (1997) | Angelman | 11 | 81.8 | 24–36 years at last review (M 31.5 years) | All deletion | Genetic screening of residents of two residential institutions | Review of records, history and clinical examination completed by two clinicians | Ataxic gait | 100% (9) of those able to walk | Moderate |
Smith et al. (1996) | Angelman | 27 | 33.3 | 3–34 years at last review (M 11.2 years) | Deletion | Referrals for genetic testing from physicians across Australia and New Zealand as part of a research grant | Data sheet based on clinical criteria plus medical records, parent interviews, photos and videos where available, and either correspondence with referrer or clinical examination by authors | Ataxia—wide-based gait, unsteadiness with jerky movements or thumping heavy gait | 100% (27) | Moderate |
Smith et al. (1997) | Angelman | 4 | 50.0 | 7–11 years (M 8 years) | Uniparental disomy | As above | Data sheet based on clinical criteria, plus medical records, parent interviews and correspondence with referrer | Ataxia | 100% (4) total 75% (3) mild and most evident when excited | High |
Tan et al. (2011) | Angelman | 92 | 54.3 | 5–60 months (Median 33.5 months) | 68 deletion 13 UPD/imprinting 11 UBE3A mutation | Part of a multi-centre study with enrolment through support groups and referral from professionals | Structured medical history and physical examination by a clinical geneticist | Ataxic gait | 87.8% (36) of those able to walk 95.5% (21) deletion 72.7% (8) UPD/imprinting 87.5%(7) UBE3A | Moderate |
Zori et al. (1992) | Angelman | 16 | Unclear | Unclear—children | Deletion | American families with a child with Angelman syndrome —recruitment method not specified for these families | Family questionnaire assessing clinical, cytogenetic and developmental variables, plus physical examination and lab data | Ataxic gait Jerky gait | 81.3% (13) 93.8% (15) | Moderate |
Bartholdi et al. (2006) | Rett | 4 | 0 | 4–19 years at last observation (Not reported) | Exon 1 mutation/genomic rearrangement in MECP2 | Recruited from a larger cohort of individuals with Rett syndrome in Switzerland. No further details | Medical records and clinical examination | Gait ataxia | 25,% (1), 50% of those walking | Moderate |
Einspieler et al. (2005) | Rett | 12 | 0 | 0–6 months (Not reported) | 6 truncating mutations, 3 missence mutations, 2 deletions, 1 substitution at 401 | Videotapes donated by British families to the project | Videotapes analysed by two observers | Tremor Abnormal general movement | 27.3% (3) 100% (9) | Moderate |
Smeets et al. (2005) | Rett | 10 | 0 | 3–54 years at diagnosis (Not reported) | Hotspot deletion in C-terminal segment of MECP2 | Seen by first author clinically—Clinical Genetics Department in a University Hospital in Belgium | Observed and assessed by first author and parents/carers | ‘Awkward’ walking pattern Short stiff steps as seen in Parkinson’s disease | 20.0% (2) 10.0% (1) | Moderate |
Temudo et al. (2008) | Rett | 60 | Not reported. Not all female | 5–13.5 years (Median 7.0) | 26 missence mutations, 34 truncating mutations | Referred to the project by any Paediatric Neurologist across Portugal | Motor-Behavioral Assessment Scale for Rett syndrome | Ataxia | 35.0% (21) 46.2% (12) Missence (M) 26.5% (9) Truncating (T) | Moderate |
Ataxic/rigid gait | 43.6% (unclear) 36.8% M 50.0% T | |||||||||
Dystonia | 63.3% (38) 46.2% (12) M 76.5% (26) T | |||||||||
Rigidity | 48.3% (29) 34.6% (10) M 58.8% (20) T | |||||||||
Pyramidal signs | 28.3% (17) 23.1% (6) M 32.4% (11) T | |||||||||
Tremor | 48.3% (29) 50.0% (13) M 47.1% (16) T |
Author | Sample represents national population | Sample represents target population | Random selection | Non-response bias | Direct measure | Case definition given | Reliable and valid measure | Same data collected from all | Appropriate prevalence period | Numerator/denominator appropriate | Summary rating |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Angelman syndrome papers | |||||||||||
Bai et al. (2014) | High | High | High | High | High | High | High | Low | Low | Low | Moderate |
Beckung et al. (2004) | High | High | High | High | Low | Low | High | Low | Low | Low | Moderate |
Buoni et al. (1999) | High | High | High | High | Low | High | High | Low | Low | Low | Moderate |
Clayton-Smith (2001) | High | High | High | High | High | High | High | Low | Low | Low | Moderate |
Guerrini et al. (1996) | High | High | High | High | Low | Low | High | Low | Low | Low | Moderate |
Moncla et al. (1999) | High | High | High | High | Low | High | High | Low | Low | Low | Moderate |
Saitoh et al. (1994) | High | High | High | High | High | High | High | Low | High | High | High |
Sandanam et al. (1997) | High | High | High | Low | Low | High | High | Low | Low | Low | Moderate |
Smith et al. (1996) | Low | High | High | High | High | Low | High | High | High | Low | Moderate |
Smith et al. (1997) | Low | High | High | High | High | High | High | Low | High | High | High |
Tan et al. (2011) | High | Low | Low | High | Low | High | High | Low | Low | Low | Moderate |
Zori et al. (1992) | Low | High | High | High | Low | High | High | Low | Low | Low | Moderate |
Author | Item 1 | Item 2 | Item 3 | Item 4 | Item 5 | Item 6 | Item 7 | Item 8 | Item 9 | Item 10 | Summary rating |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rett syndrome papers | |||||||||||
Bartholdi et al. (2006) | High | High | High | High | Low | High | High | Low | Low | Low | Moderate |
Einspieler et al. (2005) | High | High | High | High | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate |
Smeets et al. (2005) | High | High | High | High | Low | Low | High | Low | Low | Low | Moderate |
Temudo et al. (2008) | Low | Low | Low | High | Low | High | High | Low | Low | High | Moderate |