Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: Quality of Life Research 10/2021

Open Access 10-07-2021 | Review

Minimal important change (MIC): a conceptual clarification and systematic review of MIC estimates of PROMIS measures

Auteurs: Caroline B. Terwee, John Devin Peipert, Robert Chapman, Jin-Shei Lai, Berend Terluin, David Cella, Pip Griffiths, Lidwine B. Mokkink

Gepubliceerd in: Quality of Life Research | Uitgave 10/2021

Abstract

We define the minimal important change (MIC) as a threshold for a minimal within-person change over time above which patients perceive themselves importantly changed. There is a lot of confusion about the concept of MIC, particularly about the concepts of minimal important change and minimal detectable change, which questions the validity of published MIC values. The aims of this study were: (1) to clarify the concept of MIC and how to use it; (2) to provide practical guidance for estimating methodologically sound MIC values; and (3) to improve the applicability of PROMIS by summarizing the available evidence on plausible PROMIS MIC values. We discuss the concept of MIC and how to use it and provide practical guidance for estimating MIC values. In addition, we performed a systematic review in PubMed on MIC values of any PROMIS measure from studies using recommended approaches. A total of 50 studies estimated the MIC of a PROMIS measure, of which 19 studies used less appropriate methods. MIC values of the remaining 31 studies ranged from 0.1 to 12.7 T-score points. We recommend to use the predictive modeling method, possibly supplemented with the vignette-based method, in future MIC studies. We consider a MIC value of 2–6 T-score points for PROMIS measures reasonable to assume at this point. For surgical interventions a higher MIC value might be appropriate. We recommend more high-quality studies estimating MIC values for PROMIS.
Opmerkingen

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s11136-021-02925-y.

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Introduction

There are several ways to interpret change scores arising from patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). One possible threshold is the minimal important change (MIC) estimate, which refers to the smallest change in score that patients consider important. The MIC is the lower bound of a distribution of thresholds for important change. There is a lot of confusion about the concept of MIC, which questions the validity of published MIC values [1, 2]. First, there is inconsistency in terminology used (e.g., minimal important change, minimal important difference, minimal clinically important difference, meaningful change threshold, to name a few). Similar terms may refer to different concepts and vice versa. Second, there is particular confusion about the concepts of minimal important change and minimal detectable change, which refer to different concepts [3, 4]. Third, there are differences in methods used for estimating the MIC, some more and some less methodologically sound [5]. This confusion hampers and may even bias the interpretation of PROM change scores in research and clinical practice.
An increasingly used, innovative set of PROMs is the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS®). It covers domains of health-related quality of life (HRQOL), such as pain, fatigue, physical function, anxiety, depression, and the ability to participate in social roles and activities, that are commonly important for adults and children with and without (chronic) medical conditions [6, 7]. Most PROMIS measures are rooted in item response theory (IRT)-based item banks (i.e., large sets of calibrated questions measuring the same domain (construct)), which enables efficient measurement through fixed-length short forms and/or computerized adaptive testing (CAT) [810]. A number of studies have estimated MIC values for PROMIS measures. However, in light of its increasing use across the world [1119], and the aforementioned confusion in the interpretation literature, additional guidance is needed on interpreting PROMIS change scores.
The aims of this study were: (1) to clarify the concept of MIC and how to use it; (2) to provide practical guidance for estimating methodologically sound MIC values; and (3) to improve the applicability of PROMIS by summarizing the available evidence on plausible PROMIS MIC values.

Part 1: the concept of MIC and how to use it

We define the MIC as a threshold for a minimal within-person change over time above which patients perceive themselves importantly changed. Assuming that all patients have their individual threshold of what they consider a minimal important change, the MIC can be conceptualized as the mean of these individual thresholds [20, 21]. This definition of MIC is made up of three important elements: first, it refers to a threshold for a minimal change above which patients perceive themselves as changed (improved or deteriorated). Second, it refers to a change that is considered important to patients. And third, it refers to a within-patient change over time.
These three elements do not only define what the MIC is but also clarifies what the MIC is not. The MIC does not refer to thresholds for changes that are considered more than minimal (e.g., a mean change in patients who reported to be “much better” is not a MIC). There are other relevant concepts that reflect meaningful change thresholds that are larger than minimal, such as Clinically Significant Change [22], Sufficiently Important Difference [23] or Smallest Worthwhile Effect [24]. These concepts are outside the scope of this paper.
Next, the MIC is not a minimal detectable change (MDC, also referred to as smallest detectable change (SDC)). The MDC is the smallest change in score than can be detected statistically with some degree of certainty (e.g., 95 or 90%), based on the standard error of measurement (SEM) or limits of agreement from a test–retest reliability design. The MDC does not relate to the importance of change to the patients under investigation [4, 2527]. The MDC is also an important benchmark for interpreting PROM change scores, but it is also outside the scope of this paper.
Finally, the MIC is not a difference between (groups of) patients. For example, a difference between patients who reported to be “a little better” and those who reported to be “about the same” refers to a minimal important difference (MID), not a minimal important within-person change (MIC). The MID is another relevant benchmark for interpreting PROM scores but is also outside the scope of this paper.
The MIC, as defined above, can be used for different purposes. In research, some use the MIC value as a threshold to determine the number of responders in clinical trials or other studies (i.e., patients who have a change at least as large as the MIC value) [28, 29]. This responder definition adds a meaningful interpretation to study results from the patients’ perspective. In clinical practice, the MIC value can also be used to determine the number of responders in groups of patients who receive certain treatments to inform future patients about the expected effects of treatments. For example, a patient can be told that about 70% of patients experience a minimal important change after a given treatment. This may facilitate shared-decision making. However, it is necessary to acknowledge that the estimated MIC value is derived from a wider sample of patients, and the threshold may not apply to the individual patient in the clinical trial or in the consultation room. If a responder is defined as an individual whose PROM change score exceeds the MIC, then on a group level the percentage of responders will probably be correct. However, this doesn’t mean that all patients have been classified correctly, based on their individual PROM change score being smaller or greater than their individual MIC. This is because all patients have their own individual threshold of what they consider a minimal important change [20]. Furthermore, measurement error in the PROM change score further contributes to misclassification of individuals.
In addition to being used as a threshold for responder definitions, the MIC value can be used as a probabilistic value, rather than a deterministic cut-point, by clinicians to interpret change scores in light of the probability that an individual patient has experienced a meaningful change. For example, if the estimated MIC value of a PROM is 10 points and an individual patient has changed more than 10 points, it is more likely that the patient has importantly improved than that the patient has not importantly improved. This might help the clinician start a conversation with the patient.

Part 2: guidance for estimating MIC values

A variety of methods have been used in the literature to estimate MIC values [1, 30, 31]. Many methods, however, do not refer to the concept of MIC as described above. MIC methods are often categorized into distribution-based and anchor-based methods. Distribution-based methods use statistical parameters, such as a standard deviation (SD) or standard error of measurement (SEM) for estimating the MIC value. These parameters refer to measurement error (minimal detectable change) but do not relate to the importance of the change to the patients under investigation and, while they add useful context to interpreting MIC values, they do not capture the spirit of the MIC [3, 4, 27].
Anchor-based methods are generally more appropriate because they relate change scores on the instrument of interest to an external criterion of important change. Often, a single question at follow-up is being used as the external criterion (the anchor), asking patients how much they have changed, for example on a global 5- or 7-point rating scale ranging from “much worse” to “much better”. The most simple and prevalent method used to estimate the MIC value is the mean change method, where the MIC value (further referred to as MICmean) is defined as the change score on the measure of interest in the subgroup of patients that reported to be “a little better” (minimal important improvement) or “a little worse” (minimal important deterioration) on the anchor question [32]. Studies have shown that a MIC for improvement may not be the same as a MIC for deterioration [3335]. The mean change method has some important drawbacks. First, the subgroup of patients who reported to be “a little better” is often small, which results in imprecise MICmean estimates. More importantly, the MICmean value does not reflect a threshold for minimal improvement because it is defined as the mean of the entire group of patients who reported to be “a little better”. As all patients in this group reported to be minimal importantly changed on the anchor, the mean change in score on the PROMs of interest in this group of patients is higher than the threshold for minimal important change. Finally, it has been shown that if the anchor is not completely accurate, MICmean estimates are more severely biased than other anchor-based methods and will always be biased downwards [36].
Two additional, more appropriate, anchor-based MIC methods are the ROC method and the MIC predictive modeling method, which are described in more detail below and in Online supplement 2. In addition, a relatively new qualitative method, based on comparing vignettes (descriptions of health status of hypothetical patients), is also described below.

ROC method

The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve method is based on the ability of a measure to distinguish patients who reported to be improved from patients who reported to be not improved (i.e., stayed the same or worsened) on the anchor. The MIC value (further referred to as MICROC) is most often defined as the value for which the sum of the proportions of misclassifications ([1-sensitivity] + [1-specificity]) is smallest [32]. An advantage of this method is that it uses the entire study sample, leading to more reliable estimates than the MICmean. Moreover, it estimates the threshold between ‘not changed’ and ‘a little better’ (minimal important improvement) or ‘a little worse’ (minimal important deterioration). A disadvantage is that the MICROC will be biased if the percentage of improved patients is not 50% [20].

Predictive modeling method

The predictive modeling approach is based on the predicted probability that a patient belongs to the improved group (based on the anchor) given the observed change score [21]. This method uses logistic regression analysis with the group variable (improved versus not improved [stayed the same and worsen] on an anchor) as the dependent variable and the change score on the instrument of interest as the independent variable. The MIC value (further referred to as MICpredict) is defined as the change score associated with a likelihood ratio of 1, which is the change score where the posttest probability of belonging to the improved group (i.e., after knowing the patient’s PROM change score) equals the pretest probability of belonging to the improved group (before knowing the patient’s PROM change score, the pretest probability is the percentage of improved patients in the sample) [20, 21]. The MICpredict is more precise than the MICROC and a formula has been published to correct the MICpredict for bias if the percentage of improved patients is not 50% [20]. It is therefore considered as a better option than the MICROC. In Online supplement 2 we provide additional details and SPSS and R codes (See also [37]) for how MICROC and MICpredict can be calculated.

Vignette-based method

The anchor-based MIC methods described above depend on the reliability and validity of the anchor question, which has been criticized [30, 38, 39]. An alternative method for instruments with IRT-based scores is a vignette-based method, often referred to as bookmarking or standard setting. With this method, patients are asked to compare vignettes (descriptions of health status of hypothetical patients) in focus groups or in a survey [4042]. Each vignette represents a health status with an associated score on the underlying IRT metric. Patients are asked to indicate whether a hypothetical change in health status from one vignette to another would be considered an important change. The MIC (further referred to as MICvignette) has been defined as the mean difference in scores between pairs of vignettes that represent a minimal important change. If the mean difference is used to estimate the MICvignette, this method may suffer a similar issue to MICmean in that it represents a value higher than the minimal threshold. Alternatively, it would also be possible to ask patients to rate the change between two (or more) vignettes on an anchor question and then use the predictive modeling method to estimate the MICpredict.
In Box 1 we provide a summary of general recommendations for the design and analysis of MIC studies.

Box 1: Recommendations for conducting and reporting MIC studies

1.
The predictive modeling or ROC method should be used over the mean change method because MICpredict and MICROC provide a threshold between improved and not improved patients [21], while the MICmean does not reflect a threshold for minimal improvement, but rather a mean in a subgroup of patients who considered themselves as minimally improved. The MICpredict is more precise than the MICROC and can be corrected for bias if the percentage of improved patients is not 50%, and is therefore recommended as best option. Vignette-based methods can also be considered or used in addition to the MICpredict or MICROC because they do not require a longitudinal study. The MICvignette is typically determined in a qualitative or survey study [40, 97].
 
2.
The MICpredict or MICROC, should be determined in a longitudinal study, where patients complete the instrument of interest at baseline and again after a relevant time period (e.g., after an intervention). The most efficient design is one in which about half of the patients are expected to change (at least to a minimal important degree) on the domain of interest (e.g., physical function) and about half of the patients are expected not to change. If an intervention is applied between baseline and follow-up measurement, this intervention should be clearly described.
 
3.
An anchor question should be completed by the patients at follow-up. The anchor question should measure the same construct as the instrument of interest. For example, for estimating the MIC of a fatigue instrument, the anchor question should state “how much has your fatigue changed since …”. The anchor question should refer to a change since the previous measurement (e.g., since before treatment). The anchor question can have 3–7 response options, ranging from “much worse” to “much better”. Patients who report to be “a little better” or more will be included in the improved group, while the rest of the patients will be included in the not improved group.
 
4.
The sample size of the MIC study should be at least 100 patients [2]. Ideally, the percentage of patients in the improved group should be 50%. The percentage of improved patients should be reported. If the percentage of improved patients is not about 50%, the adjusted MICpredict should be used (see Online supplement 2) [20].
 
5.
We recommend to plot the distributions of change scores in the improved group and in the not improved group (see Online supplement 2) to visualize how well the instrument of interest can distinguish between the improved and not improved patients [32].
 
6.
The correlation between the change score on the instrument of interest and the anchor question should be at least 0.30 to assume validity of the anchor [2]. This correlation should be reported. If the correlation is too low, the data are not suitable for estimating MIC value.
 
7.
A 95% confidence interval around the MIC value should also be calculated and reported (see Online supplement 2) [98].
 

Part 3: evidence on plausible MIC values of PROMIS measures

To summarize the available evidence on plausible MIC values of PROMIS measures we performed a search in PubMed from inception up to May 31, 2021 to identify all studies that estimated the MIC of one or more PROMIS measures.

Methods

We extracted relevant search terms from the COSMIN PubMed filter for finding studies on measurement properties [43]. The full search strategy is presented in Online supplement 3. One author (CBT) screened the abstracts.
We included studies that determined a MIC value for any PROMIS measure (adults and pediatric, any domain, any language, any version (e.g., v1.0, v2.0), full bank, short form or CAT) in any population. We extracted the following information: PROMIS measure(s) used (including domain, version number, administration type, language, age version) and country in which data were collected, study population, intervention(s), length of follow-up, sample size on which the MIC values(s) was/were based, MIC methods used, correlation between PROMIS change scores and the anchor (Spearman correlation if presented, otherwise Pearson correlation), percentage of patients improved based on the anchor (only for studies estimating MICROC or MICpredict), and MIC values.
We only extracted MIC values based on anchor-based methods or vignette-based methods. We did not extract distribution-based MIC values. We only extracted MIC values based on longitudinal anchors, referring to within-person change over time. We did not extract values based on cross-sectional anchors, referring to minimal important differences between groups of patients (e.g., difference between patients who reported to be “slightly improved” and patients who reported to be “not changed” [44] or differences between patients with different levels of disease [45]) because these values refer to a minimal important difference (MID) rather than a minimal important change (MIC). When MIC values of other instruments were used as an anchor, we checked whether these MIC values were based on anchor-based methods. Furthermore, we did not extract MIC values that referred to more than a minimal important change (for example, MICmean values based on mean changes in patients who reported to be “much better” were not included). We extracted MIC values for minimal important improvement and for minimal important deterioration separately. MIC values determined in groups of less than 10 patients were not extracted. Data extraction was initially performed by one author (either JDP, RC, PG, or CBT) for each paper, and extracted data were checked by another author (CBT or LBM). Missing information (for example, regarding the version numbers of PROMIS measures used) was requested by email (by CBT) to the primary authors of the papers.
All PROMIS measures are scored on a T-score metric, in which 50 is the mean of a relevant reference population (often a general population) with a standard deviation (SD) of 10. Higher scores mean more of the concept being measured (e.g., worse fatigue, better physical function).

Results

The search yielded 911 abstracts, including 50 studies that estimated a MIC value of a PROMIS measure [41, 4492]. All studies used self-reported PROMIS data, no studies on proxy-reported data were found. Of these 50 studies, 10 studies used only distribution-based methods [49, 50, 52, 55, 58, 66, 68, 74, 75, 77]; five studies estimated a minimal important difference (MID) rather than minimal important change (MIC) [44, 62, 63, 72, 73]; one study averaged estimates based on cross-sectional and longitudinal anchors as well as distribution-based estimates [84]; one study estimated a MIC value that referred to more than a minimal important change [92]; and two studies intended to calculate an anchor-based MIC but reported only a distribution-based MIC because the area under the ROC curve was considered too low [82, 83]. Data from these 19 studies were not extracted.
MIC values from the remaining 31 studies were extracted and presented in Tables 1, 2, 3 (See also Tables S1 through S11 in Online supplement 1) [41, 4448, 51, 53, 54, 56, 57, 5961, 64, 65, 67, 6971, 76, 7881, 8591]. Twenty-eight of these 31 studies used anchor-based methods. Anchor-based MIC values from these studies were extracted. Distribution-based MIC values that were also presented in 17 of these studies were not extracted [4548, 53, 54, 59, 64, 6971, 78, 81, 8587, 91], three MIC values based on cross-sectional anchors were not extracted [45, 46, 48], and one MIC value based on patients who experienced a “meaningful change” (more than minimal) was also not extracted [53]. Out of the 28 anchor-based studies, 24 used (a variation of) a mean change method [4548, 51, 53, 54, 55, 59, 60, 64, 65, 6971, 76, 78, 79, 8589, 91], five studies used an ROC method [53, 54, 56, 67, 81], of which two studies used both methods [53, 54], and one study used the predictive modeling method [90]. In addition to the 28 studies that used anchor-based methods, the MIC values of three studies that used a vignette method to estimate MIC values were also extracted [41, 61, 80].
Table 1
Minimal important change values for adult PROMIS pain interference
References
PROMIS measure
Language
Population
Intervention
Method used
Follow-up
Na
Correlation of PROMIS change score with anchor
MIC valueb
Comments
Amtmann et al. [46]
V1.0 pain interference CAT
English (US)
Low back pain
Epidural steroid injection or antidepressants, psychotherapy, or both
Mean change in patients that reached an MIC on other PROMs (2–3 point positive or negative change on NRS average and worse pain intensity, 5–10 points on RMDQ, 0.5–1.0 × SD on BPI)
1 Month
Subgroups of 414
Not reported
3.5–5.5
Sample size on which MIC is based not reported
Anchor for BPI distribution-based
Improved and deteriorated patients combined
Bartlett et al. [78]
V1.0 pain interference 8a
V1.0 pain interference 4a
English (US)
Rheumatoid arthritis
Medication
Mean change of individuals responding a little better or a little worse on an anchor question on change in pain interference
4.6 (2.4) Months
51
Not reported
Improvement: 1.1
 
60
Deterioration: 1.8
50
Improvement: 1.1
59
Deterioration: 1.7
Beaumont et al. [79]
V1.1 pain interference 6b
English (US)
Rheumatoid arthritis
Not reported
Mean change of individuals responding a little better or a little worse on an anchor question on response to treatment
6 Months
60
0.24
Improvement: 1.9
 
126
Deterioration: 0.6
12 Months
53
0.29
Improvement: 1.8
122
Deterioration: 1.5
Bernstein et al. [47]
V1.0 pain interference CAT
English (US)
Carpal tunnel release
Surgery
Mean change in subgroup that reached an MIC on MHQ Pain (13 points) or BCTQ (0.74 points)
6 Weeks or 3 months
52 (MHQ)
Not reported
8.9
MIC of MHQ pain was based on MHQ satisfaction, where ‘satisfied’ was defined based on effect size (distribution-based)
40 (BCTQ)
9.7
Bingham et al. [80]
V1.1 pain interference
English (US)
Rheumatoid arthritis
NA
Qualitative bookmarking method
NA
11
NA
Improvement: 10
 
Deterioration: 10
Chen et al. [48]
V1.0 pain interference 4a, 6a, 6b, 8a
English (US)
Chronic low back pain
Pharmacological or behavioral approaches
Mean change scores corresponding to a 1-point change in prospective change in global rating of pain (range − 1 to +4)
6 Months
Subgroups of 261
0.23–0.49
Improvement: 2.3
Sample size on which MIC is based not reported
Deterioration: 3.8
Mean change scores corresponding to one category shift on an anchor question on change in pain;
Improvement: 2.4
Deterioration: 1.9
Chen et al. [48]
V1.0 pain interference 4a, 6a, 6b, 8a
English (US)
Chronic back pain or hip or knee osteoarthritis pain
Opioid therapy or non-opioid medication
Mean change scores corresponding to a 1-point change in prospective change in global rating of pain (range − 1 to +4)
3 Months
Subgroups of 240
0.23–0.49
Improvement: 3.8
Sample size on which MIC is based not reported
Deterioration: 3.8
Mean change scores corresponding to one category shift on an anchor question on change in pain
Improvement: 2.4
Deterioration: 2.4
Chen et al. [48]
V1.0 pain interference 4a, 6a, 6b, 8a
English (US)
Stroke survivors
Stroke self-management
Mean change scores corresponding to a 1-point change in prospective change in global rating of pain (range − 1 to +4)
3 Months
Subgroups of 258
0.23–0.49
Improvement: 3.1
Sample size on which MIC is based not reported
Deterioration: 5.6
Mean change scores corresponding to one category shift on an anchor question on change in pain
Improvement: 2.0
Deterioration: 3.1
Forlenza et al. [81]
Pain interference CAT
English (US)
Biceps tenodesis
Surgery
Optimal ROC cut-off point to distinguish patients who reported improvement from patients who reported no improvement on an anchor question on overall function of the shoulder
7.6 (6.0–9.3) months
112
Not reported
5.6
 
Hung et al. [53]
V1.1 pain interference CAT
English (US)
Foot and ankle disorders
Surgery
Optimal ROC cut-off point to distinguish patients who reported much worse, worse, improved and much improved from patients who reported slightly worse, no change, slightly improved
3 Months
64 vs 41
(61% changed)
Not reported
8.0
 
 > 3 Months
321 vs 187
(63% changed)
12.4
 > 6 Months
170 vs 100
(63% changed)
5.5
Katz et al. [69]
V1.1 pain interference 4a
English (US)
Rheumatic diseases (> 93% RA)
Not reported
Mean change of individuals responding somewhat better or somewhat worse on an anchor question on change in pain interference. MIC also calculated per baseline category of NRS pain (low, moderate, high)
Average of three periods of 6 months
 ± 400
Not reported
Improvement:
Total: 1.7
Low baseline pain: 0.4
Moderate baseline pain: 2.2
High baseline pain: 4.1
Each patient was included three times in the analyses
 > 550
Deterioration:
Total: 1.8
Low baseline pain: 5.0
Moderate baseline pain: 1.7
High baseline pain: 0.4
Katz et al. [70]
V1.1 pain interference 4a
English (US)
SLE
Not reported
Mean change of individuals responding somewhat better or somewhat worse on an anchor question on change in function
6 Months
29
Not reported
Improvement: 2.0
 
37
Deterioration: 1.9
Kenney et al. [56]
Pain interference CAT
English (US)
Patients undergoing knee arthroscopy
knee arthroscopy
Optimal ROC cut-off point to distinguish patients who reached a MIC (11.5 points on 0–100 scale) on the IKDC
2 Weeks to 12 months
51 vs 25
(67% improved)
− 0.67
3.2
MIC (slightly) overestimated because percentage of improved patients > 50%
Khutok et al. [87]
Pain interference 4a (part of PROMIS-29 v2.1)
Thai
Chronic low back pain
Many received standard physical therapy
Mean change of individuals reporting little improvement on an anchor question on change in pain interference
4 Weeks
49
0.19
1.6
 
Kuhns et al. [88]
Pain interference CAT
English (US)
Patients undergoing hip arthroscopy, (including 61 athletes)
Hip arthroscopy
Optimal ROC cut-off point to distinguish patients who reported their level of function after surgery excellent or good versus patients who reported their level of function after surgery average, fair or poor
21.3 (± 4.4) months
113
Not reported
10.9
Anchor question about current (postoperative) level of functioning instead of change
Lee et al. [60]
V1.0 pain interference 6b
English (US)
Adults (40 +) with Knee OA
Tai Chi or physical therapy
Mean change in patients that reached 1–2 MICs on SF-36 subscale
12 Weeks
20–30
0.53
2.4
Unclear which MIC values for SF-36 were used and whether they were anchor-based
Lower bound of MICs was increased to > SEM
Schwartz et al. [65]
V1.0 pain interference 6b
English (US/Canada)
Disc herniation or spinal stenosis
Surgery
Mean change at each follow-up time point for patients who reported being somewhat better
Baseline-6 weeks
32
Not reported
6.5
 
6 Weeks-3 months
32
0.7
3–6 Months
23
1.8
6–12 Months
16
0.9
Stephan et al. [99]
V1.0 pain interference 4a
German (Switzerland)
Foot and ankle disorders
Orthopedic foot and ankle surgery
Optimal ROC cut-off point to distinguish patients who reported operation did help or operation helped a lot from patients who reported operation helped only a little, did not help or made things worse
6 Months
166 vs 36 (82% improved)
0.45
5.0
Anchor does not refer to change in pain interference
MIC overestimated due to high percentage of patients improved
Yost et al. [45]
V1.1 Cancer Pain Interference− 10
English (US)
Advanced-stage cancer
Chemotherapy only (74.3%)
Chemo- and radiation therapy (9.9%)
Other mixed modalities (13.8%)
Missing 2.0%
Mean change in patients who changed 2–3 points on an anchor with range – 10 to 10
Mean change in patients who changed 1–2 MICs on BPI [0.5 × SD (1.4 points)]
Mean change in patients who reported a little better or moderately better or a little worse or moderately worse
6–12 Weeks
Subgroups of 88
 > 0.30
Median 3.5 (range 2.2–4.8)
PROMIS Cancer scales are on the same metric as the PROMIS generic item banks
Estimates for improvement and deterioration were lumped together
MIC on BPI distribution-based
BCTQ boston carpal tunnel questionnaire, BPI brief pain inventory, CAT computerized adaptive testing, IKDC international knee documentation committee; MHQ Michigan hand questionnaire, MIC minimal important change, NA not applicable, NRS numerical rating scale, OA osteoarthritis, PROMs patient-reported outcome measures, PROMIS patient-reported outcomes measurement information system, RA  rheumatoid arthritis, RMDQ roland morris disability questionnaire, ROC receiver operating characteristics, SF-36 short form 36
aN reflects the number of patients on which the presented MIC values are based (often a subset of the study population)
bMIC values for minimal important improvement, unless otherwise specified. For all values, higher MIC values indicate more improvement or more deterioration for the construct being measured
Table 2
Minimal important change values for adult PROMIS physical function
References
PROMIS measure
Language
Population
Intervention
Method used
Follow-up
Na
Correlation of PROMIS change score with anchor
MIC valueb
Comments
Bartlett et al. [78]
V1.0 Physical Function 20a
English (US)
Rheumatoid arthritis
Medication
Mean change of individuals responding a little better or a little worse on an anchor question on change in physical function
4.6 (2.4) Months
33
Not reported
Improvement: 2.8
 
46
Deterioration: 1.4
33
Improvement: 2.5
V1.0 physical function 4a
45
Deterioration: 1.8
Bernstein et al. [47]
V1.0 physical function
English (US)
Carpal tunnel release
Surgery
Mean change in subgroup who reached a MIC on MHQ Function (23 point) or BCTQ (0.74 points)
6 Weeks or 3 months
52 (MHQ)
Not reported
1.8
MIC of MHQ Function was based on MHQ satisfaction, where ‘satisfied’ was defined based on effect size (distribution-based)
40 (BCTQ)
2.8
Hays et al. [51]
V1.0 physical function 19 (out of 20a)
English (US)
Rheumatoid arthritis
Any treatment
Mean change in patients who reported “a little better” or “a little worse” on an anchor question on how you are feeling now compared to 6 months ago
0–6 Months
6–12 months
35
0.33
Improvement: 1.6
2.0
Anchor question does not refer to change in physical function
0–6 Months
6–12 months
113
Deterioration: 0.8
1.7
Hung et al. [53]
V1.2 physical function CAT
English (US)
Foot and ankle disorders
Surgery
Optimal ROC cut-off point to distinguish patients who reported much worse, worse, improved and much improved from patients who reported slightly worse, no change, slightly improved on an anchor question on change in physical function
3 Months
32 vs 42
(43% changed)
Not reported
12.0
Patients who were improved and patients who were deteriorated were lumped together in the analyses
 > 3 Months
219 vs 337
(39% changed)
7.9
 > 6 Months
128 vs 178
(42% changed)
10.5
Hung et al. [54]
V1.2 physical function CAT
English (US)
Pathology of the hip or knee
Surgical and non-surgical interventions
Optimal ROC cut-off point to distinguish patients who reported much worse, worse, improved and much improved from patients who reported slightly worse, no change, slightly improved on an anchor question on change in physical function
3 Months
54 vs 88
(38% improved)
Not reported
2.0
 
 > 3 Months
366 vs 577
(39% improved)
3.4
6 Months
21 vs 34
(38% improved)
3.5
 > 6 Months
192 vs 421
(31% improved)
8.2
Katz et al. [70]
Physical Function 4a
English (US)
SLE
Not reported
Mean change of patients who reported somewhat better on an anchor question on change in functioning
4 Periods of 6 months
141
Not reported
Improvement: 0.8
Each patient was included up to 4 times in the analysis
169
Deterioration: 1.1
Kazmers et al. [86]
V2.0 physical function CAT
English (US)
Non-shoulder hand and upper extremity pathology
Recovering from surgery, undergoing surgery, corticosteroid injection, other
Mean difference between patients reporting no change and patients reporting (slightly) improved on an anchor question (2 anchor questions)
6 (± 4) Weeks
381
Not reported
2.1, 3.6
 
Kenney et al. [56]
Physical function CAT
English (US)
patients undergoing knee arthroscopy
knee arthroscopy
Optimal ROC cut-off point to distinguish patients who reached a MIC (11.5 points on 0–100 scale) on the IKDC
2 Weeks to 12 months
51 vs 25
(67% improved)
0.76
3.3
Version not reported
Khutok et al. [87]
Physical function 4a (part of PROMIS-29 v2.1)
Thai
Chronic low back pain
Many received standard physical therapy
Mean change of individuals reporting little improvement on an anchor question on change in pain interference
4 Weeks
54
0.26
0.1
 
Kuhns et al. [88]
Physical function CAT
English (US)
Patients undergoing hip arthroscopy, (including 61 athletes)
Hip arthroscopy
Optimal ROC cut-off point to distinguish patients who reported their level of function after surgery excellent or good versus patients who reported their level of function after surgery average, fair or poor
21.3 (± 4.4) Months
113
Not reported
5.1
Anchor question about current (postoperative) level of functioning instead of change
Lapin et al. [59]
V1.0 physical function CAT
English (US)
Ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke patients
Routine care
Mean change in patients who indicated minimally or much improved/worse on an anchor on change in function
5–6 Months
167
0.28
Improvement: 4.0 (± 7.4)
Minimally and much improved patients were combined, MIC likely overestimated
34
Deterioration: 0.3 (± 7.0)
Lee et al. [60]
V1.0 physical function 10a
English (US)
Adults (40+) with knee OA
Tai Chi or physical therapy
Mean change in patients that reached 1–2 MICs on SF-36 PF
12 Weeks
13–28
0.59
1.9 to 2.2
Unclear which MIC values for SF-PF were used and whether they were anchor-based
Lower bound of MICs was increased to > SEM
Lee et al. [76]
V1.2/V2.0 physical function CAT
English (US)
Thumb carpometacarpal arthritis
Operative or non-operative treatment
Mean change score in the mild improvement group according to an anchor question on change in your condition since last visit
63 days (IQR 42–125)
70
Not reported
3.9 (95% CI 3.3–4.7)
Anchor question does not refer to change in physical function
Sandvall et al. [64]
V1.2/V2.0 physical function CAT
English (US)
Unilateral distal radius fracture
Nonsurgical care
Mean change in patients who reported mildly better on an anchor question on change in your condition
Median 35 days (IQR, 25 − 45)
138
Not reported
3.6
Anchor question does not refer to change in physical function
Smit et al. [90]
24-item PROMIS physical function geriatric rehabilitation (PROMISPF-GR) short form
Dutch (NL)
patients admitted for geriatric inpatient rehabilitation
Usual care in nursing homes
predictive modeling to distinguish patients who reported to be improved versus patients who reported to be unchanged on an anchor question on change in physical function
41 Days
167
0.32
8.0 (95% CI 4.1–12.5)
 
Speck et al. [91]
V1.0 physical function 13-item custom short form
English (US, Canada, EU, and Australia)
Tenosynovial giant cell tumors
pexidartinib or placebo
Mean change in patients who changed 1 point on a 5-point global rating of physical function
25 Weeks
27
Not reported
4.0
Design and sample size not clearly reported
Stephan et al. [99]
V2.0 physical function 4a
German (Switzerland)
Foot and ankle disorders
Orthopedic foot and ankle surgery
Optimal ROC cut-off point to distinguish patients who reported operation did help or operation helped a lot from patients who reported operation helped only a little, did not help or made things worse
6 Months
166 vs 36
(82% improved)
0.45
4.6
Anchor does not refer to change in physical function
MIC overestimated due to high percentage of patients improved
Yost 2011 [45]
V1.1 cancer physical function-10
English (US)
Advanced-stage cancer
Chemotherapy only (74.3%)
Chemo- and radiation therapy (9.9%)
Other mixed modalities (13.8%)
Missing 2.0%
Mean change in patients who changed 1–2 MICs on SF-36 PF (8–16 points)
Mean change in patients who reported a little better or moderately better or a little worse or moderately worse
6–12 Weeks
Subgroups of 88
 > 0.30
Median 3.0
(range 3.0–3.0)
PROMIS Cancer scales are on the same metric as the PROMIS generic item banks
Estimates for improvement and deterioration were lumped together
MIC of SF-36 partly based on distribution-based methods
BCTQ  boston carpal tunnel questionnaire, CAT computerized adaptive testing, IKDC  international knee documentation committee, IQR inter quartile range, MIC minimal important change, MHQ Michigan hand questionnaire, NA not applicable, NRS numerical rating scale, OA  osteoarthritis, PROMIS patient-reported outcomes measurement information system, ROC receiver operating characteristics, SEM standard error of measurement, SF-36 PF short form 36, physical function subscale
aN reflects the number of patients on which the presented MIC values are based (often a subset of the study population)
bMIC values for minimal important improvement, unless otherwise specified. For all values, higher MIC values indicate more improvement or more deterioration for the construct being measured
Table 3
Minimal important change values for adult PROMIS fatigue
References
PROMIS measure
Language
Population
Intervention
Method used
Follow-up
Na
Correlation of PROMIS change score with anchor
MIC valueb
Comments
Bartlett et al. [78]
V1.0 fatigue 8a
English (US)
Rheumatoid arthritis
Medication
Mean change of individuals responding a little better or a little worse on an anchor question on change in fatigue
4.6 (2.4) months
37
Not reported
Improvement: 2.7
 
62
Deterioration: 1.3
V1.0 fatigue 7a
37
Improvement: 2.6
62
Deterioration: − 0.3
V1.0 fatigue 4a
37
Improvement: 3.3
60
Deterioration: 1.2
Beaumont et al. [79]
V1.0 fatigue 7a
English (US)
Rheumatoid arthritis
Not reported
Mean change of individuals responding a little better or a little worse on an anchor question on change in fatigue
6 months
41
0.29
Improvement: 2.6
Correlation with anchor very low
119
Deterioration: 1.7
12 months
31
0.13
Improvement: 1.3
133
Deterioration: 0.9
Bingham et al. [80]
V1.0 fatigue
English (US)
Rheumatoid arthritis
NA
Qualitative bookmarking method
NA
11
NA
Improvement: 5
 
Deterioration: 10–15
Katz et al. [70]
V1.0 fatigue 4a
English (US)
SLE
Not reported
Mean change of individuals responding somewhat better or somewhat worse on an anchor question on change in function
6 months
26
Not reported
Improvement: 2.3
 
57
Deterioration: 1.9
Khutok et al. [87]
Fatigue 4a (part of PROMIS-29 v2.1)
Thai
Chronic low back pain
Many received standard physical therapy
Mean change of individuals reporting little improvement on an anchor question on change in pain intensity
4 weeks
45
0.13
1.9
 
Lapin et al. [59]
V1.0 fatigue CAT
English (US)
Ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke patients
Routine care
Mean change in patients who indicated minimally or much improved/worse
5–6 months
140
0.27
Improvement: 2.4 (± 8.3)
Minimally and much improved patients were combined, MIC likely overestimated
29
Deterioration: 3.0 (± 7.7)
Yost et al. [45]
V1.0 cancer fatigue-17
English (US)
Advanced-stage cancer
Chemotherapy only (74.3%)
Chemo- and radiation therapy (9.9%)
Other mixed modalities (13.8%)
Missing 2.0%
Mean change in patients who had a one point change on an anchor with range − 4 to 4
6–12 weeks
Subgroups of 88
 > 0.30
Median 2.6 (range 1.9–3.6)
Cancer scales are on the same metric as the generic item banks
Mean change in patients who changed 1–2 MICs on FACIT-Fatigue (3–6 points)
V1.0 cancer fatigue-7
Mean change in patients who reported a little better or moderately better or a little worse or moderately worse
Median 2.4 (range 1.9–4.2)
Estimates for improvement and deterioration were lumped together
CAT  computerized adaptive testing, FACIT functional assessment of chronic illness therapy, MIC minimal important change, PROMIS patient-reported outcomes measurement information system
aN reflects the number of patients on which the presented MIC values are based (often a subset of the study population)
bMIC values for minimal important improvement, unless otherwise specified. For all values, higher MIC values indicate more improvement or more deterioration for the construct being measured
Out of the 28 studies that used anchor-based methods 12 studies reported the correlation between the PROMIS change scores and the anchor. These correlations ranged from 0.02 to 0.76.
In several studies MIC values were presented for more than one PROMIS item bank. Regarding the adult PROMIS item banks, most MIC estimates were found for Pain Interference [17 studies, including 19 patient samples, MIC values for improvement ranged from 0.7 to 12.4 (Table 1)] and Physical Function [18 studies, MIC values for improvement ranged from 0.1 to 12.0 (Table 2)]. Multiple studies were found for Fatigue [7 studies, MIC values for improvement ranged from 1.3 to 5 (Table 3)], Anxiety [5 studies, MIC values for improvement ranged from 2.3 to 3.5 (Table S1 is found in Online Supplement 1)], Depression [4 studies, MIC values for improvement ranged from 1.5 to 3.7 (Table S2 is found in Online Supplement 1)], Upper Extremity [4 studies, MIC values for improvement ranged from 3.0 to 10.3 (Table S3 is found in Online Supplement 1)], Sleep Disturbance [3 studies, MIC values for improvement ranged from 0.9 to 2.4 (Table S4 is found in Online Supplement 1)], Ability to Participate in Social Roles and Activities [3 studies, MIC values for improvement ranged from 0.4 to 2.2 (Table S5 is found in Online Supplement 1)], and Pain Intensity [2 studies, MIC values for improvement ranged from 1.2 to 4.0 (Table S7 is found in Online Supplement 1)]. For the domains Satisfaction with Social Roles and Activities, Gastrointestinal Symptoms, Itch, and Global Health, only one study was found (Tables S6, S8, S9, S10, S11 is found in Online Supplement 1).
Only two studies estimated MIC values for five different PROMIS pediatric item banks (Mobility, Upper Extremity, Pain Interference, Fatigue, and Depressive Symptoms, Table S11), with MIC values ranging from 0.1 to 12.7 [41, 61].

Discussion

We defined the minimal important change (MIC) as a threshold for a minimal within-person change over time above which patients perceive themselves importantly changed. Assuming that all patients have their individual threshold of what they consider a minimal important change, the MIC can be conceptualized as the mean of these individual thresholds. The MIC can be used to determine the number of responders in a group of patients to interpret study results or to inform patients about expected treatment results, or to help clinicians to estimate the probability that an individual patient has experienced a meaningful change, facilitating a conversation with the patient.
There is no perfect MIC method. Distribution-based methods are not appropriate because they do not relate to the importance of the change to patients. We consider the predictive modeling method the most appropriate anchor-based method, because, unlike the mean change method, it refers to a threshold for minimal important change. Moreover, the MICpredict is more precise than the MICROC and a formula has been published to correct the MICpredict for bias if the percentage of improved patients is not 50% [20]. A disadvantage of all anchor-based MIC methods is the concern about the reliability and validity of the anchor question. The relatively new vignette-based method does not depend upon an anchor question, but the MICvignette may represent a value higher than a minimal threshold if based on mean differences between vignettes. We recommend the predictive modeling method, possibly supplemented with the vignette-based method if time and knowledge to design vignettes and recruit patients for that kind of study is available.
Our systematic review showed that published MIC estimates for PROMIS measures vary widely (larger than the range of MIC estimates currently published on the HealthMeasures website [93]) and were often generated by less appropriate methods. The lower end of the observed range of MIC values (0.1 T-score points) is, in our opinion, implausible as a MIC threshold. The highest MIC values (7 T scores points of higher) were almost all found in adult patients undergoing surgery. It has been suggested before that an invasive procedure like surgery might require a higher change to be considered an important improvement, but results in the literature have been inconsistent [94, 95]. For non-surgical interventions, we consider a MIC value of 2–6 points (covering about two thirds of the published MIC values) reasonable to assume at this point. There is not enough evidence yet to make more specific domain-specific or population-specific recommendations. Further studies are needed to examine whether MIC values differ across domains or between adults and children.
We particularly noticed several methodological concerns which might result in such a wide range of MIC estimates. First, most of these studies used the mean change method, which may represent a value higher than a minimal threshold. We did not exclude these results because this method is currently the most widely used method in the field (despite the critiques raised here) and only five studies used the ROC method, one study used the predictive modeling method [90], and three studies used a vignette-based method. In theory, it is likely that MICmean values represent an overestimation of the MIC (Fig. 1); however, many reported MIC values were rather low. Second, sample sizes on which the MIC estimates were based were often small. Third, some studies used the MIC of another instrument as an anchor. These MIC values were sometimes untraceable, based on the MIC value of yet another instrument, based on instruments that may not measure a sufficiently-similar construct or that lack evidence for responsiveness, or based on distribution-based methods. Fourth, only 12 out of 28 anchor-based studies presented the correlation between the PROMIS change score and the anchor question and about one third of the correlations were lower than 0.30 (excluding these values would not change our conclusions). Fifth, in some studies it was not clear whether the MIC estimate was based on patients who improved minimally. Sixth, in some studies the lower bound of recommended MIC values was increased to the SEM. However, the SEM represents the amount of measurement error and does not reflect changes that patients consider important. For this reason, setting a MIC lower bound to be in the detectable range may eliminate changes that patients find important. More broadly, researchers should be mindful of instruments with large measurement error and attempt to reduce the measurement error (e.g., using CAT), instead of adjusting the MIC value [3]. Finally, in some studies improved and deteriorated patients were combined together, while the MIC for improvement might be different than the MIC for deterioration, making inferences about the estimated MIC difficult [31, 3335].
Another problem is that important details of the MIC studies were often not reported, such as version numbers (while different versions of PROMIS measures may have a different metric), percentage of patients improved, correlation between the PROMIS change score and the anchor, and samples size on which MIC value was based. Recently, a reporting guideline for all publications using PROMIS and other HealthMeasures instruments was published [96]. We strongly recommend PROMIS users to use these reporting recommendations. A reporting guideline for MIC studies is being developed by an international group led by researchers from McMaster University, Canada (personal communication).
To gain more insight in the meaning of PROMIS change scores, more high-quality MIC studies are needed. To increase the understanding of the concept of MIC and improve the field, we need to agree on a clear definition of the MIC and report MIC values that are based on this definition. We recommend not to publish MIC values based on data where the correlation between the change score and the anchor is too low. We recommend to report the anchor correlations and state that the low correlation prevents MIC estimation, rather than publish MIC values based on distribution-based methods. We offer recommendations for conducting MIC studies (Box 1) that may help preventing the situation where the correlation between the change score and the anchor is too low. Alternatively, we recommend to use vignette-based methods. The recommendations in Box 1 can also be used to re-analyze existing data. More data are also needed to examine whether the MIC value differs across the PROMIS metric and across settings (e.g., duration of disease, kind of intervention, length of follow-up) [26]. In case researchers need to analyze a study (e.g., responders in a clinical trial) and no credible anchor-based MIC value is available, researchers could decide to use a distribution-based value, such as 0.5 × SD, or use a range of different values in a sensitivity analysis, but we argue that these values should not be called MIC values because distribution-based values refer to the concept of measurement error and are not based on the concept of MIC. However, as stated in part 1, researchers should keep in mind that the estimated MIC value is derived from a wider sample of patients, and the MIC threshold or responder classification may not apply to the individual patient in the clinical trial or in the consultation room.
This study has some limitations. First, we only searched PubMed and the abstracts were screened by one author only, so we may have missed some MIC studies. Second, we based our review on one definition of minimal important change and excluded studies and MIC estimates that were not in line with this definition. Others may have different opinions, and the excluded studies and estimates may nevertheless provide relevant information about the interpretation of PROMIS (change) scores. Strong points of the study were that data extraction was checked by a second author and missing information was requested by email from the corresponding authors of the papers.
In conclusion, 50 studies estimated the MIC of a PROMIS measure, of which 19 studies used less appropriate methods. MIC values of the remaining 31 studies ranged from 0.1 to 12.7 T scores points. We consider a MIC value of 2–6 T-score points for PROMIS measures reasonable to assume at this point. For surgical interventions a higher MIC value might be appropriate. We recommend more high-quality studies estimating MIC values for PROMIS. This paper provides recommendations for designing and analyzing future MIC studies.

Declarations

Conflict of interest

D. Cella was co-author on one of the included PROMIS MIC papers [44] and CB. Terwee was co-authors of another included PROMIS MIC paper [89], but both were not involved in the data extraction of these papers. CB. Terwee and D. Cella are board members of the PROMIS Health Organization. The other authors have no conflicts of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.

Research involving human participants and/or animals

This study does not include human participants or animals.
Because the study does not include human participants, informed consent is not applicable.
Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://​creativecommons.​org/​licenses/​by/​4.​0/​.

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Onze productaanbevelingen

BSL Podotherapeut Totaal

Binnen de bundel kunt u gebruik maken van boeken, tijdschriften, e-learnings, web-tv's en uitlegvideo's. BSL Podotherapeut Totaal is overal toegankelijk; via uw PC, tablet of smartphone.

Bijlagen

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Literatuur
1.
go back to reference King, M. T. (2011). A point of minimal important difference (MID): A critique of terminology and methods. Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research, 11(2), 171–184.CrossRef King, M. T. (2011). A point of minimal important difference (MID): A critique of terminology and methods. Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research, 11(2), 171–184.CrossRef
2.
go back to reference Devji, T., Carrasco-Labra, A., Qasim, A., Phillips, M., Johnston, B. C., Devasenapathy, N., Zeraatkar, D., Bhatt, M., Jin, X., Brignardello-Petersen, R., Urquhart, O., Foroutan, F., Schandelmaier, S., Pardo-Hernandez, H., Vernooij, R. W., Huang, H., Rizwan, Y., Siemieniuk, R., Lytvyn, L., … Guyatt, G. H. (2020). Evaluating the credibility of anchor based estimates of minimal important differences for patient reported outcomes: instrument development and reliability study. BMJ, 369, m1714.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral Devji, T., Carrasco-Labra, A., Qasim, A., Phillips, M., Johnston, B. C., Devasenapathy, N., Zeraatkar, D., Bhatt, M., Jin, X., Brignardello-Petersen, R., Urquhart, O., Foroutan, F., Schandelmaier, S., Pardo-Hernandez, H., Vernooij, R. W., Huang, H., Rizwan, Y., Siemieniuk, R., Lytvyn, L., … Guyatt, G. H. (2020). Evaluating the credibility of anchor based estimates of minimal important differences for patient reported outcomes: instrument development and reliability study. BMJ, 369, m1714.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
3.
go back to reference de Vet, H. C., & Terwee, C. B. (2010). The minimal detectable change should not replace the minimal important difference. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 63(7), 804–805.PubMedCrossRef de Vet, H. C., & Terwee, C. B. (2010). The minimal detectable change should not replace the minimal important difference. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 63(7), 804–805.PubMedCrossRef
4.
go back to reference de Vet, H. C., Terwee, C. B., Ostelo, R. W., Beckerman, H., Knol, D. L., & Bouter, L. M. (2006). Minimal changes in health status questionnaires: Distinction between minimally detectable change and minimally important change. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 4, 54.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral de Vet, H. C., Terwee, C. B., Ostelo, R. W., Beckerman, H., Knol, D. L., & Bouter, L. M. (2006). Minimal changes in health status questionnaires: Distinction between minimally detectable change and minimally important change. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 4, 54.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
5.
go back to reference Terwee, C. B. (2019). Estimating minimal clinically important differences and minimal detectable change. Journal of Hand Surgery, 44(12), e1.PubMedCrossRef Terwee, C. B. (2019). Estimating minimal clinically important differences and minimal detectable change. Journal of Hand Surgery, 44(12), e1.PubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Cella, D., Riley, W., Stone, A., Rothrock, N., Reeve, B., Yount, S., Amtmann, D., Bode, R., Buysse, D., Choi, S., Cook, K., Devellis, R., DeWalt, D., Fries, J. F., Gershon, R., Hahn, E. A., Lai, J. S., Pilkonis, P., Revicki, D., … Hays, R. (2010). The patient-reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS) developed and tested its first wave of adult self-reported health outcome item banks: 2005–2008. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 63(11), 1179–1194.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral Cella, D., Riley, W., Stone, A., Rothrock, N., Reeve, B., Yount, S., Amtmann, D., Bode, R., Buysse, D., Choi, S., Cook, K., Devellis, R., DeWalt, D., Fries, J. F., Gershon, R., Hahn, E. A., Lai, J. S., Pilkonis, P., Revicki, D., … Hays, R. (2010). The patient-reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS) developed and tested its first wave of adult self-reported health outcome item banks: 2005–2008. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 63(11), 1179–1194.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
7.
go back to reference Cella, D., Yount, S., Rothrock, N., Gershon, R., Cook, K., Reeve, B., Ader, D., Fries, J. F., Bruce, B., & Rose, M. (2007). The patient-reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS): Progress of an NIH Roadmap cooperative group during its first two years. Medical Care, 45(5 Suppl 1), S3–S11.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral Cella, D., Yount, S., Rothrock, N., Gershon, R., Cook, K., Reeve, B., Ader, D., Fries, J. F., Bruce, B., & Rose, M. (2007). The patient-reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS): Progress of an NIH Roadmap cooperative group during its first two years. Medical Care, 45(5 Suppl 1), S3–S11.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
8.
go back to reference Bjorner, J. B., Chang, C. H., Thissen, D., & Reeve, B. B. (2007). Developing tailored instruments: Item banking and computerized adaptive assessment. Quality of Life Research, 16(Suppl 1), 95–108.PubMedCrossRef Bjorner, J. B., Chang, C. H., Thissen, D., & Reeve, B. B. (2007). Developing tailored instruments: Item banking and computerized adaptive assessment. Quality of Life Research, 16(Suppl 1), 95–108.PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Cook, K. F., O’Malley, K. J., & Roddey, T. S. (2005). Dynamic assessment of health outcomes: Time to let the CAT out of the bag? Health Services Research, 40(5 Pt 2), 1694–1711.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral Cook, K. F., O’Malley, K. J., & Roddey, T. S. (2005). Dynamic assessment of health outcomes: Time to let the CAT out of the bag? Health Services Research, 40(5 Pt 2), 1694–1711.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
10.
go back to reference Embretsen, S. E., & Reise, S. P. (2000). Item response theory for psychologists. New York: Psychology Press. Embretsen, S. E., & Reise, S. P. (2000). Item response theory for psychologists. New York: Psychology Press.
11.
go back to reference Alonso, J., Bartlett, S. J., Rose, M., Aaronson, N. K., Chaplin, J. E., Efficace, F., Leplege, A., Lu, A., Tulsky, D. S., Raat, H., Ravens-Sieberer, U., Revicki, D., Terwee, C. B., Valderas, J. M., Cella, D., & Forrest, C. B. (2013). The case for an international patient-reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS(R)) initiative. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 11, 210.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral Alonso, J., Bartlett, S. J., Rose, M., Aaronson, N. K., Chaplin, J. E., Efficace, F., Leplege, A., Lu, A., Tulsky, D. S., Raat, H., Ravens-Sieberer, U., Revicki, D., Terwee, C. B., Valderas, J. M., Cella, D., & Forrest, C. B. (2013). The case for an international patient-reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS(R)) initiative. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 11, 210.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
12.
go back to reference Liegl, G., Rose, M., Correia, H., Fischer, H. F., Kanlidere, S., Mierke, A., Obbarius, A., & Nolte, S. (2018). An Initial psychometric evaluation of the German PROMIS v1.2 physical function item bank in patients with a wide range of health conditions. Clinical Rehabilitation, 32(1), 84–93.PubMedCrossRef Liegl, G., Rose, M., Correia, H., Fischer, H. F., Kanlidere, S., Mierke, A., Obbarius, A., & Nolte, S. (2018). An Initial psychometric evaluation of the German PROMIS v1.2 physical function item bank in patients with a wide range of health conditions. Clinical Rehabilitation, 32(1), 84–93.PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Terwee, C. B., Roorda, L. D., de Vet, H. C., Dekker, J., Westhovens, R., Cella, D., Correia, H., Arnold, B., Perez, B., & Boers, M. (2014). Dutch-Flemish translation of 17 item banks from the patient-reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS). Quality of Life Research, 23(6), 1733–1741.PubMed Terwee, C. B., Roorda, L. D., de Vet, H. C., Dekker, J., Westhovens, R., Cella, D., Correia, H., Arnold, B., Perez, B., & Boers, M. (2014). Dutch-Flemish translation of 17 item banks from the patient-reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS). Quality of Life Research, 23(6), 1733–1741.PubMed
14.
go back to reference Evans, J. P., Smith, A., Gibbons, C., Alonso, J., & Valderas, J. M. (2018). The national institutes of health patient-reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS): A view from the UK. Patient Relat Outcome Meas, 9, 345–352.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral Evans, J. P., Smith, A., Gibbons, C., Alonso, J., & Valderas, J. M. (2018). The national institutes of health patient-reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS): A view from the UK. Patient Relat Outcome Meas, 9, 345–352.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
15.
go back to reference Vilagut, G., Forero, C. G., Adroher, N. D., Olariu, E., Cella, D., & Alonso, J. (2015). Testing the PROMIS(R) Depression measures for monitoring depression in a clinical sample outside the US. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 68, 140–150.PubMedCrossRef Vilagut, G., Forero, C. G., Adroher, N. D., Olariu, E., Cella, D., & Alonso, J. (2015). Testing the PROMIS(R) Depression measures for monitoring depression in a clinical sample outside the US. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 68, 140–150.PubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Bartlett, S. J., Witter, J., Cella, D., & Ahmed, S. (2017). Montreal accord on patient-reported outcomes (PROs) use series—paper 6: Creating national initiatives to support development and use-the PROMIS example. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 89, 148–153.PubMedCrossRef Bartlett, S. J., Witter, J., Cella, D., & Ahmed, S. (2017). Montreal accord on patient-reported outcomes (PROs) use series—paper 6: Creating national initiatives to support development and use-the PROMIS example. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 89, 148–153.PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Katarzyna, K., & Glinkowski, W. M. (2019). Patient-reported outcomes of carpal tunnel syndrome surgery in a non-industrial area. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 26(2), 350–354.PubMedCrossRef Katarzyna, K., & Glinkowski, W. M. (2019). Patient-reported outcomes of carpal tunnel syndrome surgery in a non-industrial area. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 26(2), 350–354.PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Liu, Y., Hinds, P. S., Wang, J., Correia, H., Du, S., Ding, J., Gao, W. J., & Yuan, C. (2013). Translation and linguistic validation of the pediatric patient-reported outcomes measurement information system measures into simplified Chinese using cognitive interviewing methodology. Cancer Nursing, 36(5), 368–376.PubMedCrossRef Liu, Y., Hinds, P. S., Wang, J., Correia, H., Du, S., Ding, J., Gao, W. J., & Yuan, C. (2013). Translation and linguistic validation of the pediatric patient-reported outcomes measurement information system measures into simplified Chinese using cognitive interviewing methodology. Cancer Nursing, 36(5), 368–376.PubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Schnohr, C. W., Rasmussen, C. L., Langberg, H., & Bjorner, J. B. (2017). Danish translation of a physical function item bank from the patient-reported outcome measurement information system (PROMIS). Pilot Feasibility Stud, 3, 29.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral Schnohr, C. W., Rasmussen, C. L., Langberg, H., & Bjorner, J. B. (2017). Danish translation of a physical function item bank from the patient-reported outcome measurement information system (PROMIS). Pilot Feasibility Stud, 3, 29.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
20.
go back to reference Terluin, B., Eekhout, I., & Terwee, C. B. (2017). The anchor-based minimal important change, based on receiver operating characteristic analysis or predictive modeling, may need to be adjusted for the proportion of improved patients. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 83, 90–100.PubMedCrossRef Terluin, B., Eekhout, I., & Terwee, C. B. (2017). The anchor-based minimal important change, based on receiver operating characteristic analysis or predictive modeling, may need to be adjusted for the proportion of improved patients. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 83, 90–100.PubMedCrossRef
21.
go back to reference Terluin, B., Eekhout, I., Terwee, C. B., & de Vet, H. C. (2015). Minimal important change (MIC) based on a predictive modeling approach was more precise than MIC based on ROC analysis. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 68(12), 1388–1396.PubMedCrossRef Terluin, B., Eekhout, I., Terwee, C. B., & de Vet, H. C. (2015). Minimal important change (MIC) based on a predictive modeling approach was more precise than MIC based on ROC analysis. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 68(12), 1388–1396.PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Jacobson, N. S., & Truax, P. (1991). Clinical significance: A statistical approach to defining meaningful change in psychotherapy research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59(1), 12–19.PubMedCrossRef Jacobson, N. S., & Truax, P. (1991). Clinical significance: A statistical approach to defining meaningful change in psychotherapy research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59(1), 12–19.PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Barrett, B., Brown, D., Mundt, M., & Brown, R. (2005). Sufficiently important difference: Expanding the framework of clinical significance. Medical Decision Making, 25(3), 250–261.PubMedCrossRef Barrett, B., Brown, D., Mundt, M., & Brown, R. (2005). Sufficiently important difference: Expanding the framework of clinical significance. Medical Decision Making, 25(3), 250–261.PubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Ferreira, M. L., Herbert, R. D., Ferreira, P. H., Latimer, J., Ostelo, R. W., Nascimento, D. P., & Smeets, R. J. (2012). A critical review of methods used to determine the smallest worthwhile effect of interventions for low back pain. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 65(3), 253–261.PubMedCrossRef Ferreira, M. L., Herbert, R. D., Ferreira, P. H., Latimer, J., Ostelo, R. W., Nascimento, D. P., & Smeets, R. J. (2012). A critical review of methods used to determine the smallest worthwhile effect of interventions for low back pain. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 65(3), 253–261.PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference Hays, R. D., Farivar, S. S., & Liu, H. (2005). Approaches and recommendations for estimating minimally important differences for health-related quality of life measures. COPD, 2(1), 63–67.PubMedCrossRef Hays, R. D., Farivar, S. S., & Liu, H. (2005). Approaches and recommendations for estimating minimally important differences for health-related quality of life measures. COPD, 2(1), 63–67.PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Revicki, D., Hays, R. D., Cella, D., & Sloan, J. (2008). Recommended methods for determining responsiveness and minimally important differences for patient-reported outcomes. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 61(2), 102–109.PubMedCrossRef Revicki, D., Hays, R. D., Cella, D., & Sloan, J. (2008). Recommended methods for determining responsiveness and minimally important differences for patient-reported outcomes. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 61(2), 102–109.PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Turner, D., Schünemann, H. J., Griffith, L. E., Beaton, D. E., Griffiths, A. M., Critch, J. N., & Guyatt, G. H. (2010). The minimal detectable change cannot reliably replace the minimal important difference. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 63(1), 28–36.PubMedCrossRef Turner, D., Schünemann, H. J., Griffith, L. E., Beaton, D. E., Griffiths, A. M., Critch, J. N., & Guyatt, G. H. (2010). The minimal detectable change cannot reliably replace the minimal important difference. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 63(1), 28–36.PubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Schünemann, H. J., Akl, E. A., & Guyatt, G. H. (2006). Interpreting the results of patient reported outcome measures in clinical trials: The clinician’s perspective. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 4, 62.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral Schünemann, H. J., Akl, E. A., & Guyatt, G. H. (2006). Interpreting the results of patient reported outcome measures in clinical trials: The clinician’s perspective. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 4, 62.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
29.
go back to reference Brozek, J. L., Guyatt, G. H., & Schünemann, H. J. (2006). How a well-grounded minimal important difference can enhance transparency of labelling claims and improve interpretation of a patient reported outcome measure. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 4, 69.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral Brozek, J. L., Guyatt, G. H., & Schünemann, H. J. (2006). How a well-grounded minimal important difference can enhance transparency of labelling claims and improve interpretation of a patient reported outcome measure. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 4, 69.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
30.
go back to reference Coon, C. D., & Cook, K. F. (2018). Moving from significance to real-world meaning: Methods for interpreting change in clinical outcome assessment scores. Quality of Life Research, 27(1), 33–40.PubMedCrossRef Coon, C. D., & Cook, K. F. (2018). Moving from significance to real-world meaning: Methods for interpreting change in clinical outcome assessment scores. Quality of Life Research, 27(1), 33–40.PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Crosby, R. D., Kolotkin, R. L., & Williams, G. R. (2003). Defining clinically meaningful change in health-related quality of life. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 56(5), 395–407.PubMedCrossRef Crosby, R. D., Kolotkin, R. L., & Williams, G. R. (2003). Defining clinically meaningful change in health-related quality of life. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 56(5), 395–407.PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference de Vet, H. C. W., Terwee, C. B., Mokkink, L. B., & Knol, D. L. (2011). Measurement in medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef de Vet, H. C. W., Terwee, C. B., Mokkink, L. B., & Knol, D. L. (2011). Measurement in medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef
33.
go back to reference Cella, D., Hahn, E. A., & Dineen, K. (2002). Meaningful change in cancer-specific quality of life scores: Differences between improvement and worsening. Quality of Life Research, 11(3), 207–221.PubMedCrossRef Cella, D., Hahn, E. A., & Dineen, K. (2002). Meaningful change in cancer-specific quality of life scores: Differences between improvement and worsening. Quality of Life Research, 11(3), 207–221.PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Conijn, A. P., Jonkers, W., Rouwet, E. V., Vahl, A. C., Reekers, J. A., & Koelemay, M. J. (2015). Introducing the concept of the minimally important difference to determine a clinically relevant change on patient-reported outcome measures in patients with intermittent claudication. Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, 38(5), 1112–1118.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral Conijn, A. P., Jonkers, W., Rouwet, E. V., Vahl, A. C., Reekers, J. A., & Koelemay, M. J. (2015). Introducing the concept of the minimally important difference to determine a clinically relevant change on patient-reported outcome measures in patients with intermittent claudication. Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, 38(5), 1112–1118.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
35.
go back to reference Hendrikx, J., Fransen, J., Kievit, W., & van Riel, P. L. (2015). Individual patient monitoring in daily clinical practice: A critical evaluation of minimal important change. Quality of Life Research, 24(3), 607–616.PubMedCrossRef Hendrikx, J., Fransen, J., Kievit, W., & van Riel, P. L. (2015). Individual patient monitoring in daily clinical practice: A critical evaluation of minimal important change. Quality of Life Research, 24(3), 607–616.PubMedCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Griffiths, P., Williams, A., Brohan, E., & Cocks, K. (2019). Understanding the role of anchor correlations in the calculation of meaningful change thresholds for health-related quality of life research. Value Health, 22, S826.CrossRef Griffiths, P., Williams, A., Brohan, E., & Cocks, K. (2019). Understanding the role of anchor correlations in the calculation of meaningful change thresholds for health-related quality of life research. Value Health, 22, S826.CrossRef
38.
go back to reference Guyatt, G. H., Norman, G. R., Juniper, E. F., & Griffith, L. E. (2002). A critical look at transition ratings. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 55(9), 900–908.PubMedCrossRef Guyatt, G. H., Norman, G. R., Juniper, E. F., & Griffith, L. E. (2002). A critical look at transition ratings. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 55(9), 900–908.PubMedCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Carragee, E. J. (2010). The rise and fall of the minimum clinically important difference. Spine, 10(4), 283–284.CrossRef Carragee, E. J. (2010). The rise and fall of the minimum clinically important difference. Spine, 10(4), 283–284.CrossRef
40.
go back to reference Cook, K. F., Kallen, M. A., Coon, C. D., Victorson, D., & Miller, D. M. (2017). Idio Scale Judgment: Evaluation of a new method for estimating responder thresholds. Quality of Life Research, 26(11), 2961–2971.PubMedCrossRef Cook, K. F., Kallen, M. A., Coon, C. D., Victorson, D., & Miller, D. M. (2017). Idio Scale Judgment: Evaluation of a new method for estimating responder thresholds. Quality of Life Research, 26(11), 2961–2971.PubMedCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Thissen, D., Liu, Y., Magnus, B., Quinn, H., Gipson, D. S., Dampier, C., Huang, I. C., Hinds, P. S., Selewski, D. T., Reeve, B. B., Gross, H. E., & DeWalt, D. A. (2016). Estimating minimally important difference (MID) in PROMIS pediatric measures using the scale-judgment method. Quality of Life Research, 25(1), 13–23.PubMedCrossRef Thissen, D., Liu, Y., Magnus, B., Quinn, H., Gipson, D. S., Dampier, C., Huang, I. C., Hinds, P. S., Selewski, D. T., Reeve, B. B., Gross, H. E., & DeWalt, D. A. (2016). Estimating minimally important difference (MID) in PROMIS pediatric measures using the scale-judgment method. Quality of Life Research, 25(1), 13–23.PubMedCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Staunton, H., Willgoss, T., Nelsen, L., Burbridge, C., Sully, K., Rofail, D., & Arbuckle, R. (2019). An overview of using qualitative techniques to explore and define estimates of clinically important change on clinical outcome assessments. Journal of Patient Reported Outcomes, 3(1), 16.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral Staunton, H., Willgoss, T., Nelsen, L., Burbridge, C., Sully, K., Rofail, D., & Arbuckle, R. (2019). An overview of using qualitative techniques to explore and define estimates of clinically important change on clinical outcome assessments. Journal of Patient Reported Outcomes, 3(1), 16.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
43.
go back to reference Terwee, C. B., Jansma, E. P., Riphagen, I. I., & de Vet, H. C. (2009). Development of a methodological PubMed search filter for finding studies on measurement properties of measurement instruments. Quality of Life Research, 18(8), 1115–1123.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral Terwee, C. B., Jansma, E. P., Riphagen, I. I., & de Vet, H. C. (2009). Development of a methodological PubMed search filter for finding studies on measurement properties of measurement instruments. Quality of Life Research, 18(8), 1115–1123.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
44.
go back to reference Kazmers, N. H., Qiu, Y., Yoo, M., Stephens, A. R., Tyser, A. R., & Zhang, Y. (2020). The minimal clinically important difference of the PROMIS and QuickDASH instruments in a nonshoulder hand and upper extremity patient population. Journal of Hand Surgery, 45(5), 399-407.e396.PubMedCrossRef Kazmers, N. H., Qiu, Y., Yoo, M., Stephens, A. R., Tyser, A. R., & Zhang, Y. (2020). The minimal clinically important difference of the PROMIS and QuickDASH instruments in a nonshoulder hand and upper extremity patient population. Journal of Hand Surgery, 45(5), 399-407.e396.PubMedCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Yost, K. J., Eton, D. T., Garcia, S. F., & Cella, D. (2011). Minimally important differences were estimated for six patient-reported outcomes measurement information system-cancer scales in advanced-stage cancer patients. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 64(5), 507–516.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral Yost, K. J., Eton, D. T., Garcia, S. F., & Cella, D. (2011). Minimally important differences were estimated for six patient-reported outcomes measurement information system-cancer scales in advanced-stage cancer patients. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 64(5), 507–516.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
46.
go back to reference Amtmann, D., Kim, J., Chung, H., Askew, R. L., Park, R., & Cook, K. F. (2016). Minimally important differences for patient reported outcomes measurement information system pain interference for individuals with back pain. Journal of Pain Research, 9, 251–255.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral Amtmann, D., Kim, J., Chung, H., Askew, R. L., Park, R., & Cook, K. F. (2016). Minimally important differences for patient reported outcomes measurement information system pain interference for individuals with back pain. Journal of Pain Research, 9, 251–255.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
47.
go back to reference Bernstein, D. N., Houck, J. R., Mahmood, B., & Hammert, W. C. (2019). Minimal clinically important differences for PROMIS physical function, upper extremity, and pain interference in carpal tunnel release using region- and condition-specific PROM tools. Journal of Hand Surgery, 44(8), 635–640.PubMedCrossRef Bernstein, D. N., Houck, J. R., Mahmood, B., & Hammert, W. C. (2019). Minimal clinically important differences for PROMIS physical function, upper extremity, and pain interference in carpal tunnel release using region- and condition-specific PROM tools. Journal of Hand Surgery, 44(8), 635–640.PubMedCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Chen, C. X., Kroenke, K., Stump, T. E., Kean, J., Carpenter, J. S., Krebs, E. E., Bair, M. J., Damush, T. M., & Monahan, P. O. (2018). Estimating minimally important differences for the PROMIS pain interference scales: Results from 3 randomized clinical trials. Pain, 159(4), 775–782.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral Chen, C. X., Kroenke, K., Stump, T. E., Kean, J., Carpenter, J. S., Krebs, E. E., Bair, M. J., Damush, T. M., & Monahan, P. O. (2018). Estimating minimally important differences for the PROMIS pain interference scales: Results from 3 randomized clinical trials. Pain, 159(4), 775–782.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
49.
go back to reference Gausden, E. B., Levack, A., Nwachukwu, B. U., Sin, D., Wellman, D. S., & Lorich, D. G. (2018). Computerized adaptive testing for patient reported outcomes in ankle fracture surgery. Foot and Ankle International, 39(10), 1192–1198.PubMedCrossRef Gausden, E. B., Levack, A., Nwachukwu, B. U., Sin, D., Wellman, D. S., & Lorich, D. G. (2018). Computerized adaptive testing for patient reported outcomes in ankle fracture surgery. Foot and Ankle International, 39(10), 1192–1198.PubMedCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Halperin, D. M., Huynh, L., Beaumont, J. L., Cai, B., Bhak, R. H., Narkhede, S., Totev, T., Duh, M. S., Neary, M. P., & Cella, D. (2019). Assessment of change in quality of life, carcinoid syndrome symptoms and healthcare resource utilization in patients with carcinoid syndrome. BMC Cancer, 19(1), 274.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral Halperin, D. M., Huynh, L., Beaumont, J. L., Cai, B., Bhak, R. H., Narkhede, S., Totev, T., Duh, M. S., Neary, M. P., & Cella, D. (2019). Assessment of change in quality of life, carcinoid syndrome symptoms and healthcare resource utilization in patients with carcinoid syndrome. BMC Cancer, 19(1), 274.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
51.
go back to reference Hays, R. D., Spritzer, K. L., Fries, J. F., & Krishnan, E. (2015). Responsiveness and minimally important difference for the patient-reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS) 20-item physical functioning short form in a prospective observational study of rheumatoid arthritis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 74(1), 104–107.PubMedCrossRef Hays, R. D., Spritzer, K. L., Fries, J. F., & Krishnan, E. (2015). Responsiveness and minimally important difference for the patient-reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS) 20-item physical functioning short form in a prospective observational study of rheumatoid arthritis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 74(1), 104–107.PubMedCrossRef
52.
go back to reference Hays, R. D., Spritzer, K. L., Sherbourne, C. D., Ryan, G. W., & Coulter, I. D. (2019). Group and individual-level change on health-related quality of life in chiropractic patients with chronic low back or neck pain. Spine, 44(9), 647–651.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral Hays, R. D., Spritzer, K. L., Sherbourne, C. D., Ryan, G. W., & Coulter, I. D. (2019). Group and individual-level change on health-related quality of life in chiropractic patients with chronic low back or neck pain. Spine, 44(9), 647–651.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
53.
go back to reference Hung, M., Baumhauer, J. F., Licari, F. W., Voss, M. W., Bounsanga, J., & Saltzman, C. L. (2019). PROMIS and FAAM minimal clinically important differences in foot and ankle orthopedics. Foot and Ankle International, 40(1), 65–73.PubMedCrossRef Hung, M., Baumhauer, J. F., Licari, F. W., Voss, M. W., Bounsanga, J., & Saltzman, C. L. (2019). PROMIS and FAAM minimal clinically important differences in foot and ankle orthopedics. Foot and Ankle International, 40(1), 65–73.PubMedCrossRef
54.
go back to reference Hung, M., Bounsanga, J., Voss, M. W., & Saltzman, C. L. (2018). Establishing minimum clinically important difference values for the patient-reported outcomes measurement information system physical function, hip disability and osteoarthritis outcome score for joint reconstruction, and knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score for joint reconstruction in orthopaedics. World Journal of Orthopedics, 9(3), 41–49.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral Hung, M., Bounsanga, J., Voss, M. W., & Saltzman, C. L. (2018). Establishing minimum clinically important difference values for the patient-reported outcomes measurement information system physical function, hip disability and osteoarthritis outcome score for joint reconstruction, and knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score for joint reconstruction in orthopaedics. World Journal of Orthopedics, 9(3), 41–49.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
55.
go back to reference Kazmers, N. H., Hung, M., Bounsanga, J., Voss, M. W., Howenstein, A., & Tyser, A. R. (2019). Minimal clinically important difference after carpal tunnel release using the PROMIS platform. Journal of Hand Surgery, 44(11), 947–953.PubMedCrossRef Kazmers, N. H., Hung, M., Bounsanga, J., Voss, M. W., Howenstein, A., & Tyser, A. R. (2019). Minimal clinically important difference after carpal tunnel release using the PROMIS platform. Journal of Hand Surgery, 44(11), 947–953.PubMedCrossRef
56.
go back to reference Kenney, R. J., Houck, J., Giordano, B. D., Baumhauer, J. F., Herbert, M., & Maloney, M. D. (2019). Do patient reported outcome measurement information system (PROMIS) scales demonstrate responsiveness as well as disease-specific scales in patients undergoing knee arthroscopy? American Journal of Sports Medicine, 47(6), 1396–1403.PubMedCrossRef Kenney, R. J., Houck, J., Giordano, B. D., Baumhauer, J. F., Herbert, M., & Maloney, M. D. (2019). Do patient reported outcome measurement information system (PROMIS) scales demonstrate responsiveness as well as disease-specific scales in patients undergoing knee arthroscopy? American Journal of Sports Medicine, 47(6), 1396–1403.PubMedCrossRef
57.
go back to reference Khanna, D., Hays, R. D., Shreiner, A. B., Melmed, G. Y., Chang, L., Khanna, P. P., Bolus, R., Whitman, C., Paz, S. H., Hays, T., Reise, S. P., & Spiegel, B. (2017). Responsiveness to change and minimally important differences of the patient-reported outcomes measurement information system gastrointestinal symptoms scales. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 62(5), 1186–1192.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral Khanna, D., Hays, R. D., Shreiner, A. B., Melmed, G. Y., Chang, L., Khanna, P. P., Bolus, R., Whitman, C., Paz, S. H., Hays, T., Reise, S. P., & Spiegel, B. (2017). Responsiveness to change and minimally important differences of the patient-reported outcomes measurement information system gastrointestinal symptoms scales. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 62(5), 1186–1192.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
58.
go back to reference Kroenke, K., Yu, Z., Wu, J., Kean, J., & Monahan, P. O. (2014). Operating characteristics of PROMIS four-item depression and anxiety scales in primary care patients with chronic pain. Pain Medicine, 15(11), 1892–1901.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral Kroenke, K., Yu, Z., Wu, J., Kean, J., & Monahan, P. O. (2014). Operating characteristics of PROMIS four-item depression and anxiety scales in primary care patients with chronic pain. Pain Medicine, 15(11), 1892–1901.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
59.
go back to reference Lapin, B., Thompson, N. R., Schuster, A., & Katzan, I. L. (2019). Clinical utility of patient-reported outcome measurement information system domain scales. Circulation Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes, 12(1), e004753.PubMedCrossRef Lapin, B., Thompson, N. R., Schuster, A., & Katzan, I. L. (2019). Clinical utility of patient-reported outcome measurement information system domain scales. Circulation Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes, 12(1), e004753.PubMedCrossRef
60.
go back to reference Lee, A. C., Driban, J. B., Price, L. L., Harvey, W. F., Rodday, A. M., & Wang, C. (2017). Responsiveness and minimally important differences for 4 patient-reported outcomes measurement information system short forms: Physical function, pain interference, depression, and anxiety in knee osteoarthritis. The Journal of Pain, 18(9), 1096–1110.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral Lee, A. C., Driban, J. B., Price, L. L., Harvey, W. F., Rodday, A. M., & Wang, C. (2017). Responsiveness and minimally important differences for 4 patient-reported outcomes measurement information system short forms: Physical function, pain interference, depression, and anxiety in knee osteoarthritis. The Journal of Pain, 18(9), 1096–1110.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
61.
go back to reference Morgan, E. M., Mara, C. A., Huang, B., Barnett, K., Carle, A. C., Farrell, J. E., & Cook, K. F. (2017). Establishing clinical meaning and defining important differences for patient-reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS((R))) measures in juvenile idiopathic arthritis using standard setting with patients, parents, and providers. Quality of Life Research, 26(3), 565–586.PubMedCrossRef Morgan, E. M., Mara, C. A., Huang, B., Barnett, K., Carle, A. C., Farrell, J. E., & Cook, K. F. (2017). Establishing clinical meaning and defining important differences for patient-reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS((R))) measures in juvenile idiopathic arthritis using standard setting with patients, parents, and providers. Quality of Life Research, 26(3), 565–586.PubMedCrossRef
62.
go back to reference Purvis, T. E., Andreou, E., Neuman, B. J., Riley, L. H., 3rd., & Skolasky, R. L. (2017). Concurrent validity and responsiveness of PROMIS health domains among patients presenting for anterior cervical spine surgery. Spine, 42(23), E1357–E1365.PubMedCrossRef Purvis, T. E., Andreou, E., Neuman, B. J., Riley, L. H., 3rd., & Skolasky, R. L. (2017). Concurrent validity and responsiveness of PROMIS health domains among patients presenting for anterior cervical spine surgery. Spine, 42(23), E1357–E1365.PubMedCrossRef
63.
go back to reference Purvis, T. E., Neuman, B. J., Riley, L. H., 3rd., & Skolasky, R. L. (2018). Discriminant ability, concurrent validity, and responsiveness of PROMIS health domains among patients with lumbar degenerative disease undergoing decompression with or without arthrodesis. Spine, 43(21), 1512–1520.PubMedCrossRef Purvis, T. E., Neuman, B. J., Riley, L. H., 3rd., & Skolasky, R. L. (2018). Discriminant ability, concurrent validity, and responsiveness of PROMIS health domains among patients with lumbar degenerative disease undergoing decompression with or without arthrodesis. Spine, 43(21), 1512–1520.PubMedCrossRef
64.
go back to reference Sandvall, B., Okoroafor, U. C., Gerull, W., Guattery, J., & Calfee, R. P. (2019). Minimal clinically important difference for PROMIS physical function in patients with distal radius fractures. Journal of Hand Surgery, 44(6), 454-459.e451.PubMedCrossRef Sandvall, B., Okoroafor, U. C., Gerull, W., Guattery, J., & Calfee, R. P. (2019). Minimal clinically important difference for PROMIS physical function in patients with distal radius fractures. Journal of Hand Surgery, 44(6), 454-459.e451.PubMedCrossRef
65.
go back to reference Schwartz, C. E., Zhang, J., Rapkin, B. D., & Finkelstein, J. A. (2019). Reconsidering the minimally important difference: Evidence of instability over time and across groups. Spine, 19(4), 726–734.CrossRef Schwartz, C. E., Zhang, J., Rapkin, B. D., & Finkelstein, J. A. (2019). Reconsidering the minimally important difference: Evidence of instability over time and across groups. Spine, 19(4), 726–734.CrossRef
66.
go back to reference Shahgholi, L., Yost, K. J., & Kallmes, D. F. (2012). Correlation of the National Institutes of Health patient reported outcomes measurement information system scales and standard pain and functional outcomes in spine augmentation. AJNR American Journal of Neuroradiology, 33(11), 2186–2190.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral Shahgholi, L., Yost, K. J., & Kallmes, D. F. (2012). Correlation of the National Institutes of Health patient reported outcomes measurement information system scales and standard pain and functional outcomes in spine augmentation. AJNR American Journal of Neuroradiology, 33(11), 2186–2190.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
67.
go back to reference Stephan, A., Mainzer, J., Kümmel, D., & Impellizzeri, F. M. (2019). Measurement properties of PROMIS short forms for pain and function in orthopedic foot and ankle surgery patients. Quality of Life Research, 28(10), 2821–2829.PubMedCrossRef Stephan, A., Mainzer, J., Kümmel, D., & Impellizzeri, F. M. (2019). Measurement properties of PROMIS short forms for pain and function in orthopedic foot and ankle surgery patients. Quality of Life Research, 28(10), 2821–2829.PubMedCrossRef
68.
go back to reference Donovan, L. M., Yu, L., Bertisch, S. M., Buysse, D. J., Rueschman, M., & Patel, S. R. (2020). Responsiveness of patient-reported outcomes to treatment among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and OSA. Chest, 157(3), 665–672.PubMedCrossRef Donovan, L. M., Yu, L., Bertisch, S. M., Buysse, D. J., Rueschman, M., & Patel, S. R. (2020). Responsiveness of patient-reported outcomes to treatment among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and OSA. Chest, 157(3), 665–672.PubMedCrossRef
69.
go back to reference Katz, P., Kannowski, C. L., Sun, L., & Michaud, K. (2020). Estimation of Minimally important differences and patient acceptable symptom state scores for the patient-reported outcomes measurement information system pain interference short form in rheumatoid arthritis. ACR Open Rheumatology, 2(6), 320–329.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral Katz, P., Kannowski, C. L., Sun, L., & Michaud, K. (2020). Estimation of Minimally important differences and patient acceptable symptom state scores for the patient-reported outcomes measurement information system pain interference short form in rheumatoid arthritis. ACR Open Rheumatology, 2(6), 320–329.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
70.
go back to reference Katz, P., Pedro, S., Alemao, E., Yazdany, J., Dall’Era, M., Trupin, L., Rush, S., & Michaud, K. (2020). Estimates of responsiveness, minimally important differences, and patient acceptable symptom state in five patient-reported outcomes measurement information system short forms in systemic lupus erythematosus. ACR Open Rheumatology, 2(1), 53–60.PubMedCrossRef Katz, P., Pedro, S., Alemao, E., Yazdany, J., Dall’Era, M., Trupin, L., Rush, S., & Michaud, K. (2020). Estimates of responsiveness, minimally important differences, and patient acceptable symptom state in five patient-reported outcomes measurement information system short forms in systemic lupus erythematosus. ACR Open Rheumatology, 2(1), 53–60.PubMedCrossRef
71.
go back to reference Khalil, L. S., Darrith, B., Franovic, S., Davis, J. J., Weir, R. M., & Banka, T. R. (2020). Patient-reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS) global health short forms demonstrate responsiveness in patients undergoing knee arthroplasty. Journal of Arthroplasty, 35(6), 1540–1544.PubMedCrossRef Khalil, L. S., Darrith, B., Franovic, S., Davis, J. J., Weir, R. M., & Banka, T. R. (2020). Patient-reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS) global health short forms demonstrate responsiveness in patients undergoing knee arthroplasty. Journal of Arthroplasty, 35(6), 1540–1544.PubMedCrossRef
72.
go back to reference Kroenke, K., Baye, F., & Lourens, S. G. (2019). Comparative responsiveness and minimally important difference of common anxiety measures. Medical Care, 57(11), 890–897.PubMedCrossRef Kroenke, K., Baye, F., & Lourens, S. G. (2019). Comparative responsiveness and minimally important difference of common anxiety measures. Medical Care, 57(11), 890–897.PubMedCrossRef
73.
go back to reference Kroenke, K., Stump, T. E., Chen, C. X., Kean, J., Bair, M. J., Damush, T. M., Krebs, E. E., & Monahan, P. O. (2020). Minimally important differences and severity thresholds are estimated for the PROMIS depression scales from three randomized clinical trials. Journal of Affective Disorders, 266, 100–108.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral Kroenke, K., Stump, T. E., Chen, C. X., Kean, J., Bair, M. J., Damush, T. M., Krebs, E. E., & Monahan, P. O. (2020). Minimally important differences and severity thresholds are estimated for the PROMIS depression scales from three randomized clinical trials. Journal of Affective Disorders, 266, 100–108.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
74.
go back to reference Kroenke, K., Stump, T. E., Kean, J., Talib, T. L., Haggstrom, D. A., & Monahan, P. O. (2019). PROMIS 4-item measures and numeric rating scales efficiently assess SPADE symptoms compared with legacy measures. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 115, 116–124.PubMedCrossRef Kroenke, K., Stump, T. E., Kean, J., Talib, T. L., Haggstrom, D. A., & Monahan, P. O. (2019). PROMIS 4-item measures and numeric rating scales efficiently assess SPADE symptoms compared with legacy measures. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 115, 116–124.PubMedCrossRef
75.
go back to reference Lawrie, C. M., Abu-Amer, W., Barrack, R. L., & Clohisy, J. C. (2020). Is the patient-reported outcome measurement information system feasible in bundled payment for care improvement in total hip arthroplasty patients? Journal of Arthroplasty, 35(5), 1179–1185.PubMedCrossRef Lawrie, C. M., Abu-Amer, W., Barrack, R. L., & Clohisy, J. C. (2020). Is the patient-reported outcome measurement information system feasible in bundled payment for care improvement in total hip arthroplasty patients? Journal of Arthroplasty, 35(5), 1179–1185.PubMedCrossRef
76.
go back to reference Lee, D. J., & Calfee, R. P. (2019). The minimal clinically important difference for promis physical function in patients with thumb carpometacarpal arthritis. Hand (N Y), Oct 18 [Online, ahead of print]. Lee, D. J., & Calfee, R. P. (2019). The minimal clinically important difference for promis physical function in patients with thumb carpometacarpal arthritis. Hand (N Y), Oct 18 [Online, ahead of print].
77.
go back to reference Steinhaus, M. E., Iyer, S., Lovecchio, F., Khechen, B., Stein, D., Ross, T., Yang, J., Singh, K., Albert, T. J., Lebl, D., Huang, R., Sandhu, H., Rawlins, B., Schwab, F., Lafage, V., & Kim, H. J. (2019). Minimal clinically important difference and substantial clinical benefit using PROMIS CAT in cervical spine surgery. Clinical Spine Surgery, 32(9), 392–397.PubMedCrossRef Steinhaus, M. E., Iyer, S., Lovecchio, F., Khechen, B., Stein, D., Ross, T., Yang, J., Singh, K., Albert, T. J., Lebl, D., Huang, R., Sandhu, H., Rawlins, B., Schwab, F., Lafage, V., & Kim, H. J. (2019). Minimal clinically important difference and substantial clinical benefit using PROMIS CAT in cervical spine surgery. Clinical Spine Surgery, 32(9), 392–397.PubMedCrossRef
78.
go back to reference Bartlett, S. J., Gutierrez, A. K., Andersen, K. M., Bykerk, V. P., Curtis, J. R., Haque, U. J., Orbai, A. M., Jones, M. R., & Bingham, C. O., 3rd. (2020). identifying minimal and meaningful change in PROMIS(®) for rheumatoid arthritis: Use of multiple methods and perspectives. Arthritis Care and Research. https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.24501CrossRefPubMed Bartlett, S. J., Gutierrez, A. K., Andersen, K. M., Bykerk, V. P., Curtis, J. R., Haque, U. J., Orbai, A. M., Jones, M. R., & Bingham, C. O., 3rd. (2020). identifying minimal and meaningful change in PROMIS(®) for rheumatoid arthritis: Use of multiple methods and perspectives. Arthritis Care and Research. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1002/​acr.​24501CrossRefPubMed
79.
go back to reference Beaumont, J. L., Davis, E. S., Fries, J. F., Curtis, J. R., Cella, D., & Yun, H. (2021). Meaningful change thresholds for patient-reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS) fatigue and pain interference scores in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of Rheumatology. https://doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.200990CrossRefPubMed Beaumont, J. L., Davis, E. S., Fries, J. F., Curtis, J. R., Cella, D., & Yun, H. (2021). Meaningful change thresholds for patient-reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS) fatigue and pain interference scores in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of Rheumatology. https://​doi.​org/​10.​3899/​jrheum.​200990CrossRefPubMed
81.
go back to reference Forlenza, E. M., Lu, Y., Cohn, M. R., Baker, J., Lavoie-Gagne, O., Yanke, A. B., Cole, B. J., Verma, N. N., & Forsythe, B. (2021). Establishing clinically significant outcomes for patient-reported outcomes measurement information system after biceps tenodesis. Arthroscopy, 37(6), 1731–1739.PubMedCrossRef Forlenza, E. M., Lu, Y., Cohn, M. R., Baker, J., Lavoie-Gagne, O., Yanke, A. B., Cole, B. J., Verma, N. N., & Forsythe, B. (2021). Establishing clinically significant outcomes for patient-reported outcomes measurement information system after biceps tenodesis. Arthroscopy, 37(6), 1731–1739.PubMedCrossRef
82.
go back to reference Haunschild, E. D., Condron, N. B., Gilat, R., Fu, M. C., Wolfson, T., Garrigues, G. E., Nicholson, G., Forsythe, B., Verma, N., & Cole, B. J. (2021). Establishing clinically significant outcomes of the PROMIS upper extremity questionnaire after primary reverse total shoulder arthroplasty. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, S1058–2746(21), 00355–00364. Haunschild, E. D., Condron, N. B., Gilat, R., Fu, M. C., Wolfson, T., Garrigues, G. E., Nicholson, G., Forsythe, B., Verma, N., & Cole, B. J. (2021). Establishing clinically significant outcomes of the PROMIS upper extremity questionnaire after primary reverse total shoulder arthroplasty. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, S1058–2746(21), 00355–00364.
83.
go back to reference Haunschild, E. D., Gilat, R., Fu, M. C., Tauro, T., Huddleston, H. P., Yanke, A. B., Forsythe, B., Verma, N. N., & Cole, B. J. (2020). Establishing the minimal clinically important difference, patient acceptable symptomatic state, and substantial clinical benefit of the PROMIS upper extremity questionnaire after rotator cuff repair. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(14), 3439–3446.PubMedCrossRef Haunschild, E. D., Gilat, R., Fu, M. C., Tauro, T., Huddleston, H. P., Yanke, A. B., Forsythe, B., Verma, N. N., & Cole, B. J. (2020). Establishing the minimal clinically important difference, patient acceptable symptomatic state, and substantial clinical benefit of the PROMIS upper extremity questionnaire after rotator cuff repair. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(14), 3439–3446.PubMedCrossRef
85.
go back to reference Kazmers, N. H., Qiu, Y., Ou, Z., Presson, A. P., Tyser, A. R., & Zhang, Y. (2021). Minimal clinically important difference of the PROMIS upper-extremity computer adaptive test and QuickDASH for ligament reconstruction tendon interposition patients. Journal of Hand Surgery, 46(6), 516–516.PubMedCrossRef Kazmers, N. H., Qiu, Y., Ou, Z., Presson, A. P., Tyser, A. R., & Zhang, Y. (2021). Minimal clinically important difference of the PROMIS upper-extremity computer adaptive test and QuickDASH for ligament reconstruction tendon interposition patients. Journal of Hand Surgery, 46(6), 516–516.PubMedCrossRef
86.
go back to reference Kazmers, N. H., Qiu, Y., Yoo, M., Stephens, A. R., Zeidan, M., & Zhang, Y. (2021). Establishing the minimal clinically important difference for the promis upper extremity computer adaptive test version 2.0 in a nonshoulder Hand and upper extremity population. Journal of Hand Surgery, S0363–5023(21), 00093. Kazmers, N. H., Qiu, Y., Yoo, M., Stephens, A. R., Zeidan, M., & Zhang, Y. (2021). Establishing the minimal clinically important difference for the promis upper extremity computer adaptive test version 2.0 in a nonshoulder Hand and upper extremity population. Journal of Hand Surgery, S0363–5023(21), 00093.
87.
go back to reference Khutok, K., Janwantanakul, P., Jensen, M. P., & Kanlayanaphotporn, R. (2021). Responsiveness of the PROMIS-29 scales in individuals with chronic low back pain. Spine, 46(2), 107–113.PubMedCrossRef Khutok, K., Janwantanakul, P., Jensen, M. P., & Kanlayanaphotporn, R. (2021). Responsiveness of the PROMIS-29 scales in individuals with chronic low back pain. Spine, 46(2), 107–113.PubMedCrossRef
88.
go back to reference Kuhns, B. D., Reuter, J., Lawton, D., Kenney, R. J., Baumhauer, J. F., & Giordano, B. D. (2020). Threshold values for success after hip arthroscopy using the patient-reported outcomes measurement information system assessment: Determining the minimum clinically important difference and patient acceptable symptomatic state. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(13), 3280–3287.PubMedCrossRef Kuhns, B. D., Reuter, J., Lawton, D., Kenney, R. J., Baumhauer, J. F., & Giordano, B. D. (2020). Threshold values for success after hip arthroscopy using the patient-reported outcomes measurement information system assessment: Determining the minimum clinically important difference and patient acceptable symptomatic state. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(13), 3280–3287.PubMedCrossRef
89.
90.
go back to reference Smit, E. B., Bouwstra, H., Roorda, L. D., van der Wouden, J. H. C., Wattel, E. L. M., Hertogh, C., & Terwee, C. B. (2021). A patient-reported outcomes measurement information system short form for measuring physical function during geriatric rehabilitation: Test-retest reliability, construct validity, responsiveness, and interpretability. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, S1525–8610(21), 00141–00149. Smit, E. B., Bouwstra, H., Roorda, L. D., van der Wouden, J. H. C., Wattel, E. L. M., Hertogh, C., & Terwee, C. B. (2021). A patient-reported outcomes measurement information system short form for measuring physical function during geriatric rehabilitation: Test-retest reliability, construct validity, responsiveness, and interpretability. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, S1525–8610(21), 00141–00149.
91.
go back to reference Speck, R. M., Ye, X., Bernthal, N. M., & Gelhorn, H. L. (2020). Psychometric properties of a custom patient-reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS) physical function short form and worst stiffness numeric rating scale in tenosynovial giant cell tumors. Journal of Patient Reported Outcomes, 4(1), 61.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral Speck, R. M., Ye, X., Bernthal, N. M., & Gelhorn, H. L. (2020). Psychometric properties of a custom patient-reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS) physical function short form and worst stiffness numeric rating scale in tenosynovial giant cell tumors. Journal of Patient Reported Outcomes, 4(1), 61.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
94.
go back to reference Terwee, C. B., Roorda, L. D., Dekker, J., Bierma-Zeinstra, S. M., Peat, G., Jordan, K. P., Croft, P., & de Vet, H. C. (2010). Mind the MIC: Large variation among populations and methods. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 63(5), 524–534.PubMedCrossRef Terwee, C. B., Roorda, L. D., Dekker, J., Bierma-Zeinstra, S. M., Peat, G., Jordan, K. P., Croft, P., & de Vet, H. C. (2010). Mind the MIC: Large variation among populations and methods. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 63(5), 524–534.PubMedCrossRef
95.
go back to reference Hao, Q., Devji, T., Zeraatkar, D., Wang, Y., Qasim, A., Siemieniuk, R. A. C., Vandvik, P. O., Lähdeoja, T., Carrasco-Labra, A., Agoritsas, T., & Guyatt, G. (2019). Minimal important differences for improvement in shoulder condition patient-reported outcomes: A systematic review to inform a BMJ rapid recommendation. British Medical Journal Open, 9(2), 028777. Hao, Q., Devji, T., Zeraatkar, D., Wang, Y., Qasim, A., Siemieniuk, R. A. C., Vandvik, P. O., Lähdeoja, T., Carrasco-Labra, A., Agoritsas, T., & Guyatt, G. (2019). Minimal important differences for improvement in shoulder condition patient-reported outcomes: A systematic review to inform a BMJ rapid recommendation. British Medical Journal Open, 9(2), 028777.
96.
go back to reference Hanmer, J., Jensen, R. E., & Rothrock, N. (2020). A reporting checklist for HealthMeasures’ patient-reported outcomes: ASCQ-Me, Neuro-QoL, NIH Toolbox, and PROMIS. Journal of Patient Reported Outcomes, 4(1), 21.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral Hanmer, J., Jensen, R. E., & Rothrock, N. (2020). A reporting checklist for HealthMeasures’ patient-reported outcomes: ASCQ-Me, Neuro-QoL, NIH Toolbox, and PROMIS. Journal of Patient Reported Outcomes, 4(1), 21.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
97.
go back to reference Cook, K. F., Cella, D., & Reeve, B. B. (2019). PRO-bookmarking to estimate clinical thresholds for patient-reported symptoms and function. Medical Care, 57(Suppl 5), S13–S17.PubMedCrossRef Cook, K. F., Cella, D., & Reeve, B. B. (2019). PRO-bookmarking to estimate clinical thresholds for patient-reported symptoms and function. Medical Care, 57(Suppl 5), S13–S17.PubMedCrossRef
98.
go back to reference de Vet, H. C., Terluin, B., Knol, D. L., Roorda, L. D., Mokkink, L. B., Ostelo, R. W., Hendriks, E. J., Bouter, L. M., & Terwee, C. B. (2010). Three ways to quantify uncertainty in individually applied minimally important change values. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 63(1), 37–45.PubMedCrossRef de Vet, H. C., Terluin, B., Knol, D. L., Roorda, L. D., Mokkink, L. B., Ostelo, R. W., Hendriks, E. J., Bouter, L. M., & Terwee, C. B. (2010). Three ways to quantify uncertainty in individually applied minimally important change values. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 63(1), 37–45.PubMedCrossRef
99.
go back to reference Stephan, A., Mainzer, J., Kummel, D., & Impellizzeri, F. M. (2019). Measurement properties of PROMIS short forms for pain and function in orthopedic foot and ankle surgery patients. Quality of Life Research, 28(10), 2821–2829.PubMedCrossRef Stephan, A., Mainzer, J., Kummel, D., & Impellizzeri, F. M. (2019). Measurement properties of PROMIS short forms for pain and function in orthopedic foot and ankle surgery patients. Quality of Life Research, 28(10), 2821–2829.PubMedCrossRef
Metagegevens
Titel
Minimal important change (MIC): a conceptual clarification and systematic review of MIC estimates of PROMIS measures
Auteurs
Caroline B. Terwee
John Devin Peipert
Robert Chapman
Jin-Shei Lai
Berend Terluin
David Cella
Pip Griffiths
Lidwine B. Mokkink
Publicatiedatum
10-07-2021
Uitgeverij
Springer International Publishing
Gepubliceerd in
Quality of Life Research / Uitgave 10/2021
Print ISSN: 0962-9343
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2649
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-021-02925-y

Andere artikelen Uitgave 10/2021

Quality of Life Research 10/2021 Naar de uitgave