Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: Mindfulness 4/2015

01-08-2015 | ORIGINAL PAPER

Mindfulness Contextualized: An Integration of Buddhist and Neuropsychological Approaches to Cognition

Auteurs: Ravi S. Kudesia, Ven. Tashi Nyima

Gepubliceerd in: Mindfulness | Uitgave 4/2015

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

A significant limiting factor in the current mindfulness literature is that while core concepts have been incorporated into Western psychology, they appear in a decontextualized manner. This causes construct validity issues as evidenced by vastly diverging definitions of key terms. In this paper, a behavioral scientist and Buddhist monk collaborate to help address this limitation. We begin with an in-depth and accessible review of Buddhist psychology from a particular Tibetan tradition. This review covers descriptive models of core cognitive processes as well as the prescriptive mind training approach designed to refine these processes. Instead of attempting to transfer these Buddhist constructs to Western psychology piecemeal, however, we then highlight important higher-order parallels between the two disciplines. These parallels clarify the cognitive underpinnings of enlightenment and how enlightenment differs from conventional modes of stimulus processing. We close by offering a contextualized definition of mindfulness that integrates both Buddhist and Western accounts of the phenomenon.
Literatuur
go back to reference Alexander, F. (1931). Buddhistic training as an artificial catatonia. Psychoanalytic Review, 18, 129–145. Alexander, F. (1931). Buddhistic training as an artificial catatonia. Psychoanalytic Review, 18, 129–145.
go back to reference Anand, B., Chinna, E., & Singh, B. (1961). Some aspects of electroencephalographic studies in yogis. Electroencephalography and Neurophysiology, 13, 452–456.CrossRef Anand, B., Chinna, E., & Singh, B. (1961). Some aspects of electroencephalographic studies in yogis. Electroencephalography and Neurophysiology, 13, 452–456.CrossRef
go back to reference Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13, 27–45.PubMedCrossRef Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13, 27–45.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Barendregt, H. (1996). Mysticism and beyond: Buddhist phenomenology, part II. The Eastern Buddhist, New Series, 29, 262–287. Barendregt, H. (1996). Mysticism and beyond: Buddhist phenomenology, part II. The Eastern Buddhist, New Series, 29, 262–287.
go back to reference Barrett, L. F. (2006). Solving the emotion paradox: categorization and the experience of emotion. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10, 20–46.PubMedCrossRef Barrett, L. F. (2006). Solving the emotion paradox: categorization and the experience of emotion. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10, 20–46.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Bechara, A., Damasio, H., & Damasio, A. R. (2003). Role of the amygdala in decision-making. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 985, 356–369.PubMedCrossRef Bechara, A., Damasio, H., & Damasio, A. R. (2003). Role of the amygdala in decision-making. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 985, 356–369.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Benson, H. (1982). Body temperature changes during the practice of g Tum-mo yoga. Nature, 295, 234–235.PubMedCrossRef Benson, H. (1982). Body temperature changes during the practice of g Tum-mo yoga. Nature, 295, 234–235.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Bergomi, C., Tschacher, W., & Kupper, Z. (2012). The assessment of mindfulness with self-report measures: existing scales and open issues. Mindfulness, 4, 191–202.CrossRef Bergomi, C., Tschacher, W., & Kupper, Z. (2012). The assessment of mindfulness with self-report measures: existing scales and open issues. Mindfulness, 4, 191–202.CrossRef
go back to reference Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., Segal, Z. V., Abbey, S., Speca, M., Velting, D., & Devins, G. (2004). Mindfulness: a proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11, 230–241. Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., Segal, Z. V., Abbey, S., Speca, M., Velting, D., & Devins, G. (2004). Mindfulness: a proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11, 230–241.
go back to reference Bodhi, B. (2011). What does mindfulness really mean? A canonical perspective. Contemporary Buddhism: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 12, 19–39.CrossRef Bodhi, B. (2011). What does mindfulness really mean? A canonical perspective. Contemporary Buddhism: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 12, 19–39.CrossRef
go back to reference Bohm, D. (1980). Wholeness and the implicate order. London: Routledge. Bohm, D. (1980). Wholeness and the implicate order. London: Routledge.
go back to reference Brefczynski-Lewis, J. A., Lutz, A., Schaefer, H. S., Levinson, D. B., & Davidson, R. J. (2007). Neural correlates of attentional expertise in long-term meditation practitioners. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104, 11483–11488.CrossRef Brefczynski-Lewis, J. A., Lutz, A., Schaefer, H. S., Levinson, D. B., & Davidson, R. J. (2007). Neural correlates of attentional expertise in long-term meditation practitioners. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104, 11483–11488.CrossRef
go back to reference Bruner, J. S., & Postman, L. (1949). On the perception of incongruity: a paradigm. Journal of Personality, 18, 206–223.PubMedCrossRef Bruner, J. S., & Postman, L. (1949). On the perception of incongruity: a paradigm. Journal of Personality, 18, 206–223.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (2001). On the self-regulation of behavior. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (2001). On the self-regulation of behavior. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
go back to reference Chalmers, D. (1995). Facing up to the problem of consciousness. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 2, 200–219. Chalmers, D. (1995). Facing up to the problem of consciousness. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 2, 200–219.
go back to reference Cronbach, L. J., & Meehl, P. E. (1955). Construct validity in psychological tests. Psychological Bulletin, 52, 281–302.PubMedCrossRef Cronbach, L. J., & Meehl, P. E. (1955). Construct validity in psychological tests. Psychological Bulletin, 52, 281–302.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Csíkszentmihályi, M. (1996). Creativity: flow and the psychology of discovery and invention. New York: Harper Perennial. Csíkszentmihályi, M. (1996). Creativity: flow and the psychology of discovery and invention. New York: Harper Perennial.
go back to reference Culler, J. D. (1986). Ferdinand de Saussure. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Culler, J. D. (1986). Ferdinand de Saussure. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
go back to reference Ekman, P., Davidson, R., Ricard, M., & Wallace, A. (2005). Buddhist and psychological perspectives on emotion and well-being. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14, 59–63.CrossRef Ekman, P., Davidson, R., Ricard, M., & Wallace, A. (2005). Buddhist and psychological perspectives on emotion and well-being. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14, 59–63.CrossRef
go back to reference Feldman, G., Greeson, J., & Senville, J. (2010). Differential effects of mindful breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, and loving-kindness meditation on decentering and negative reactions to repetitive thoughts. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48, 1002–1011.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Feldman, G., Greeson, J., & Senville, J. (2010). Differential effects of mindful breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, and loving-kindness meditation on decentering and negative reactions to repetitive thoughts. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48, 1002–1011.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Fleeson, W. (2001). Toward a structure-and process-integrated view of personality: traits as density distributions of states. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 1011–1027.PubMedCrossRef Fleeson, W. (2001). Toward a structure-and process-integrated view of personality: traits as density distributions of states. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 1011–1027.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Fredrickson, B. L., Cohn, M. A., Coffey, K. A., Pek, J., & Finkel, S. M. (2008). Open hearts build lives: positive emotions, induced through loving-kindness meditation, build consequential personal resources. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 1045–1062.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Fredrickson, B. L., Cohn, M. A., Coffey, K. A., Pek, J., & Finkel, S. M. (2008). Open hearts build lives: positive emotions, induced through loving-kindness meditation, build consequential personal resources. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 1045–1062.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Goldin, P., Ramel, W., & Gross, J. (2009). Mindfulness meditation training and self-referential processing in social anxiety disorder: behavioral and neural effects. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 23, 242–257.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Goldin, P., Ramel, W., & Gross, J. (2009). Mindfulness meditation training and self-referential processing in social anxiety disorder: behavioral and neural effects. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 23, 242–257.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Grabovac, A. D., Lau, M. A., & Willett, B. R. (2011). Mechanisms of mindfulness: a Buddhist psychological model. Mindfulness, 2, 154–166.CrossRef Grabovac, A. D., Lau, M. A., & Willett, B. R. (2011). Mechanisms of mindfulness: a Buddhist psychological model. Mindfulness, 2, 154–166.CrossRef
go back to reference Grossman, P. (2008). On measuring mindfulness in psychosomatic and psychological research. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 64, 405–408.PubMedCrossRef Grossman, P. (2008). On measuring mindfulness in psychosomatic and psychological research. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 64, 405–408.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Grossman, P. (2011). Defining mindfulness by how poorly we think we pay attention during everyday awareness and other intractable problems for psychology’s (re)invention of mindfulness: comment on Brown et al. (2011). Psychological Assessment, 23, 1034–1040.PubMedCrossRef Grossman, P. (2011). Defining mindfulness by how poorly we think we pay attention during everyday awareness and other intractable problems for psychology’s (re)invention of mindfulness: comment on Brown et al. (2011). Psychological Assessment, 23, 1034–1040.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Grossman, P., & Van Dam, N. (2011). Mindfulness, by any other name…: trials and tribulations of sati in Western psychology and science. Contemporary Buddhism, 12, 219–239.CrossRef Grossman, P., & Van Dam, N. (2011). Mindfulness, by any other name…: trials and tribulations of sati in Western psychology and science. Contemporary Buddhism, 12, 219–239.CrossRef
go back to reference Gyatso, J. (1992). In the mirror of memory: reflections on mindfulness and remembrance in Indian and Tibetan Buddhism. Albany: State University of New York Press. Gyatso, J. (1992). In the mirror of memory: reflections on mindfulness and remembrance in Indian and Tibetan Buddhism. Albany: State University of New York Press.
go back to reference Gyatso, T. (2006). The universe in a single atom: the convergence of science and spirituality. New York: Morgan Road Books. Gyatso, T. (2006). The universe in a single atom: the convergence of science and spirituality. New York: Morgan Road Books.
go back to reference Hayes, S. C., & Wilson, K. G. (2003). Mindfulness: method and process. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10, 161–165. Hayes, S. C., & Wilson, K. G. (2003). Mindfulness: method and process. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10, 161–165.
go back to reference Huai-Chin, N. (1993). Working toward enlightenment: the cultivation of practice. York Beach: Weiser. Huai-Chin, N. (1993). Working toward enlightenment: the cultivation of practice. York Beach: Weiser.
go back to reference Jha, A. P., Krompinger, J., & Baime, M. J. (2007). Mindfulness training modifies subsystems of attention. Cognitive Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience, 7, 109–119.CrossRef Jha, A. P., Krompinger, J., & Baime, M. J. (2007). Mindfulness training modifies subsystems of attention. Cognitive Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience, 7, 109–119.CrossRef
go back to reference Jha, A. P., Stanley, E. A., & Baime, M. J. (2010). What does mindfulness training strengthen? Working memory capacity as a functional marker of training success. In R. Baer (Ed.), Assessing mindfulness and acceptance processes in clients: illuminating the theory and practice of change (pp. 207–221). New York: New Harbinger. Jha, A. P., Stanley, E. A., & Baime, M. J. (2010). What does mindfulness training strengthen? Working memory capacity as a functional marker of training success. In R. Baer (Ed.), Assessing mindfulness and acceptance processes in clients: illuminating the theory and practice of change (pp. 207–221). New York: New Harbinger.
go back to reference Jung, C. G. (1951). Aion: researches into the phenomenology of the self (collected works vol. 9 part 2). Princeton: Bollingen. Jung, C. G. (1951). Aion: researches into the phenomenology of the self (collected works vol. 9 part 2). Princeton: Bollingen.
go back to reference Kabat-Zinn, J. (1990). Full catastrophe living: using the wisdom of your body and mind to face stress, pain and illness. New York: Delacorte. Kabat-Zinn, J. (1990). Full catastrophe living: using the wisdom of your body and mind to face stress, pain and illness. New York: Delacorte.
go back to reference Kasamatsu, A., & Hirai, T. (1973). An electroencephalographic study on the Zen meditation (zazen). Journal of the American Institute of Hypnosis, 14, 107–114. Kasamatsu, A., & Hirai, T. (1973). An electroencephalographic study on the Zen meditation (zazen). Journal of the American Institute of Hypnosis, 14, 107–114.
go back to reference Kenrick, D. T., & Funder, D. C. (1988). Profiting from controversy: lessons from the person-situation debate. American Psychologist, 43, 23–34.PubMedCrossRef Kenrick, D. T., & Funder, D. C. (1988). Profiting from controversy: lessons from the person-situation debate. American Psychologist, 43, 23–34.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Killingsworth, M. A., & Gilbert, D. T. (2011). A wandering mind is an unhappy mind. Science, 330, 932–932.CrossRef Killingsworth, M. A., & Gilbert, D. T. (2011). A wandering mind is an unhappy mind. Science, 330, 932–932.CrossRef
go back to reference Kudesia, R. S. (in press). Mindfulness and creativity in the workplace. In J. Reb & P. W. B. Atkins (Eds.), Mindfulness in organisations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kudesia, R. S. (in press). Mindfulness and creativity in the workplace. In J. Reb & P. W. B. Atkins (Eds.), Mindfulness in organisations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
go back to reference Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1999). Philosophy in the flesh: the embodied mind and its challenge to Western thought. New York: Basic Books. Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1999). Philosophy in the flesh: the embodied mind and its challenge to Western thought. New York: Basic Books.
go back to reference Lopez, D. S. (2002). A modern Buddhist bible. Boston: Beacon Press Books. Lopez, D. S. (2002). A modern Buddhist bible. Boston: Beacon Press Books.
go back to reference Lubow, R. E., Ingberg-Sachs, Y., Zalstein-Orda, N., & Gewirtz, J. C. (1992). Latent inhibition in low and high “psychotic-prone” normal subjects. Personality and Individual Differences, 15, 563–572.CrossRef Lubow, R. E., Ingberg-Sachs, Y., Zalstein-Orda, N., & Gewirtz, J. C. (1992). Latent inhibition in low and high “psychotic-prone” normal subjects. Personality and Individual Differences, 15, 563–572.CrossRef
go back to reference Lutz, A., Dunne, J. D., & Davidson, R. J. (2007). Meditation and the neuroscience of consciousness. In P. Zelazo, M. Moscovitch, & E. Thompson (Eds.), Cambridge handbook of consciousness (pp. 480–551). New York: Cambridge University Press. Lutz, A., Dunne, J. D., & Davidson, R. J. (2007). Meditation and the neuroscience of consciousness. In P. Zelazo, M. Moscovitch, & E. Thompson (Eds.), Cambridge handbook of consciousness (pp. 480–551). New York: Cambridge University Press.
go back to reference Malinowski, P. (2013). Neural mechanisms of attentional control in mindfulness meditation. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 7, 1–11.CrossRef Malinowski, P. (2013). Neural mechanisms of attentional control in mindfulness meditation. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 7, 1–11.CrossRef
go back to reference Marlatt, G. A., & Kristeller, J. L. (1999). Mindfulness and meditation. In W. R. Miller (Ed.), Integrating spirituality into treatment (pp. 67–84). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRef Marlatt, G. A., & Kristeller, J. L. (1999). Mindfulness and meditation. In W. R. Miller (Ed.), Integrating spirituality into treatment (pp. 67–84). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRef
go back to reference McMahan, D. L. (2008). The making of Buddhist modernism. New York: Oxford University Press. McMahan, D. L. (2008). The making of Buddhist modernism. New York: Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Mikulas, W. L. (2007). Buddhism & Western psychology: fundamentals of integration. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 14, 4–49. Mikulas, W. L. (2007). Buddhism & Western psychology: fundamentals of integration. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 14, 4–49.
go back to reference Mrazek, M. D., Smallwood, J., & Schooler, J. W. (2012). Mindfulness and mind-wandering: finding convergence through opposing constructs. Emotion, 12, 442–448.PubMedCrossRef Mrazek, M. D., Smallwood, J., & Schooler, J. W. (2012). Mindfulness and mind-wandering: finding convergence through opposing constructs. Emotion, 12, 442–448.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Mrazek, M. D., Franklin, M. S., Philip, D. T., Baird, B., & Schooler, J. W. (2013). Mindfulness training improves working memory capacity and GRE performance while reducing mind wandering. Psychological Science, 24, 776–781.PubMedCrossRef Mrazek, M. D., Franklin, M. S., Philip, D. T., Baird, B., & Schooler, J. W. (2013). Mindfulness training improves working memory capacity and GRE performance while reducing mind wandering. Psychological Science, 24, 776–781.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Osgood, C. E., May, W. S., & Miron, M. S. (1975). Cross-cultural universals of affective meaning. Champaign: University of Illinois Press. Osgood, C. E., May, W. S., & Miron, M. S. (1975). Cross-cultural universals of affective meaning. Champaign: University of Illinois Press.
go back to reference Özgen, E. (2004). Language, learning, and color perception. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13, 95–98.CrossRef Özgen, E. (2004). Language, learning, and color perception. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13, 95–98.CrossRef
go back to reference Özgen, E., & Davies, I. R. L. (1998). Turkish color terms: tests of Berlin and Kay’s theory of color universals and linguistic relativity. Linguistics, 36, 919–956.CrossRef Özgen, E., & Davies, I. R. L. (1998). Turkish color terms: tests of Berlin and Kay’s theory of color universals and linguistic relativity. Linguistics, 36, 919–956.CrossRef
go back to reference Rao, K. R. (2005). Psychology in the Indian tradition: a classical model with contemporary relevance. Psychological Studies, 50, 1–8. Rao, K. R. (2005). Psychology in the Indian tradition: a classical model with contemporary relevance. Psychological Studies, 50, 1–8.
go back to reference Rhys Davids, C. A. F. (1936). The birth of Indian psychology and its development in Buddhism. London: Bell. Rhys Davids, C. A. F. (1936). The birth of Indian psychology and its development in Buddhism. London: Bell.
go back to reference Ricard, M., & Thuan, T. X. (2004). The quantum and the lotus: a journey to the frontiers where science and Buddhism meet. New York: Broadway Books. Ricard, M., & Thuan, T. X. (2004). The quantum and the lotus: a journey to the frontiers where science and Buddhism meet. New York: Broadway Books.
go back to reference Roberson, D., Davies, I., & Davidoff, J. (2000). Color categories are not universal: replications and new evidence from a stone-age culture. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 129, 369–398.CrossRef Roberson, D., Davies, I., & Davidoff, J. (2000). Color categories are not universal: replications and new evidence from a stone-age culture. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 129, 369–398.CrossRef
go back to reference Roseman, I. J. (1984). Cognitive determinants of emotion: a structural theory. In P. Shaver (Ed.), Review of personality & social psychology, vol. 5: emotions, relationships, and health (pp. 11–36). Beverly Hills: Sage. Roseman, I. J. (1984). Cognitive determinants of emotion: a structural theory. In P. Shaver (Ed.), Review of personality & social psychology, vol. 5: emotions, relationships, and health (pp. 11–36). Beverly Hills: Sage.
go back to reference Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., González-Romá, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). The measurement of engagement and burnout: a confirmative analytic approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3, 71–92.CrossRef Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., González-Romá, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). The measurement of engagement and burnout: a confirmative analytic approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3, 71–92.CrossRef
go back to reference Scherer, K. R., Shorr, A., & Johnstone, T. (Eds.). (2001). Appraisal processes in emotion: theory, methods, research. Canary: Oxford University Press. Scherer, K. R., Shorr, A., & Johnstone, T. (Eds.). (2001). Appraisal processes in emotion: theory, methods, research. Canary: Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Schooler, J. W., Smallwood, J., Christoff, K., Handy, T. C., Reichle, E. D., & Sayette, M. A. (2011). Meta-awareness, perceptual decoupling and the wandering mind. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15, 319–326.PubMed Schooler, J. W., Smallwood, J., Christoff, K., Handy, T. C., Reichle, E. D., & Sayette, M. A. (2011). Meta-awareness, perceptual decoupling and the wandering mind. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15, 319–326.PubMed
go back to reference Stearns, C. (2010). The Buddha from Dölpo. Ithaca: Snow Lion. Stearns, C. (2010). The Buddha from Dölpo. Ithaca: Snow Lion.
go back to reference Teasdale, J. D., Moore, R. G., Hayhurst, H., Pope, M., Williams, S., & Segal, Z. V. (2002). Metacognitive awareness and prevention of relapse in depression: empirical evidence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 275–287.PubMedCrossRef Teasdale, J. D., Moore, R. G., Hayhurst, H., Pope, M., Williams, S., & Segal, Z. V. (2002). Metacognitive awareness and prevention of relapse in depression: empirical evidence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 275–287.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Teasdale, J. D., Segal, Z. V., & Williams, J. M. G. (2003). Mindfulness training and problem formulation. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10, 157–160. Teasdale, J. D., Segal, Z. V., & Williams, J. M. G. (2003). Mindfulness training and problem formulation. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10, 157–160.
go back to reference Trungpa, C., & Goleman, D. (2005). The sanity we are born with: a Buddhist approach to psychology. Boston: Shambhala. Trungpa, C., & Goleman, D. (2005). The sanity we are born with: a Buddhist approach to psychology. Boston: Shambhala.
go back to reference Waldron, W. S. (2003). The Buddhist unconscious: the alaya-vijñana in the context of Indian Buddhist thought. New York: Routledge.CrossRef Waldron, W. S. (2003). The Buddhist unconscious: the alaya-vijñana in the context of Indian Buddhist thought. New York: Routledge.CrossRef
go back to reference Waldron, W. S. (2008). A Buddhist theory of the unconscious mind (ālaya-vijñāna). In K. R. Rao (Ed.), Handbook of Indian psychology (pp. 105–128). Delhi: Foundation Books.CrossRef Waldron, W. S. (2008). A Buddhist theory of the unconscious mind (ālaya-vijñāna). In K. R. Rao (Ed.), Handbook of Indian psychology (pp. 105–128). Delhi: Foundation Books.CrossRef
go back to reference Walsh, R., & Shapiro, S. L. (2006). The meeting of meditative disciplines and Western psychology: a mutually enriching dialogue. American Psychologist, 61, 227–239.PubMedCrossRef Walsh, R., & Shapiro, S. L. (2006). The meeting of meditative disciplines and Western psychology: a mutually enriching dialogue. American Psychologist, 61, 227–239.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Wertheimer, M. (1923). Laws of organization in perceptual forms. A source book of Gestalt Psychology. London: Routledge. Wertheimer, M. (1923). Laws of organization in perceptual forms. A source book of Gestalt Psychology. London: Routledge.
Metagegevens
Titel
Mindfulness Contextualized: An Integration of Buddhist and Neuropsychological Approaches to Cognition
Auteurs
Ravi S. Kudesia
Ven. Tashi Nyima
Publicatiedatum
01-08-2015
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Mindfulness / Uitgave 4/2015
Print ISSN: 1868-8527
Elektronisch ISSN: 1868-8535
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-014-0337-8

Andere artikelen Uitgave 4/2015

Mindfulness 4/2015 Naar de uitgave

ORTHOGONAL ROTATION IN CONSCIOUSNESS

A Radical Act of Love