Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: Psychological Research 1/2014

01-01-2014 | Original Article

Subjective criteria and illusions in visual testing: some methodological limitations

Auteurs: Bernt C. Skottun, John R. Skoyles

Gepubliceerd in: Psychological Research | Uitgave 1/2014

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

It is argued that illusions cannot generally be investigated with criterion-independent methods. This limits the value of the data obtained from them. This is particularly important when the results are compared between groups of subjects, for example, between dyslexic readers and controls, since it is possible that the differences between the groups reflect differences with regard to criteria rather than real perceptual differences.
Voetnoten
1
Random dot stereograms are not usually listed amongst the illusions. However, they have some important characteristics in common with illusions so it seems natural to characterize them as illusions. In the case of illusions, one sees something which is not in the stimuli. For instance, in the case of the Müller-Lyer illusion, one sees two lines as being of unequal length. This difference is not in the stimuli. In the case of random dots stereograms, one sees depth which is not in the stimuli.
 
Literatuur
go back to reference Bradley, A., & Skottun, B. C. (1984). The effects of large orientation and spatial frequency differences on spatial discriminations. Vision Research, 24, 1889–1896.PubMedCrossRef Bradley, A., & Skottun, B. C. (1984). The effects of large orientation and spatial frequency differences on spatial discriminations. Vision Research, 24, 1889–1896.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Cestnick, L. (2001). Cross-modality temporal processing deficits in developmental phonological dyslexics. Brain and Cognition, 46, 319–325.PubMedCrossRef Cestnick, L. (2001). Cross-modality temporal processing deficits in developmental phonological dyslexics. Brain and Cognition, 46, 319–325.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Cestnick, L., & Coltheart, M. (1999). The relationship between language-processing and visual-processing deficits in developmental dyslexia. Cognition, 71, 231–255.PubMedCrossRef Cestnick, L., & Coltheart, M. (1999). The relationship between language-processing and visual-processing deficits in developmental dyslexia. Cognition, 71, 231–255.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Davis, C., Castles, A., McAnnaly, K., & Gray, J. (2001). Lapses of concentration and dyslexic performance on the Ternus task. Cognition, 81, B21–B31.PubMedCrossRef Davis, C., Castles, A., McAnnaly, K., & Gray, J. (2001). Lapses of concentration and dyslexic performance on the Ternus task. Cognition, 81, B21–B31.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Green, D. M., & Swets, J. A. (1974). Signal detection theory and psychophysics. Huntington: Krieger. Green, D. M., & Swets, J. A. (1974). Signal detection theory and psychophysics. Huntington: Krieger.
go back to reference Hari, R., & Kiesila, P. (1996). Deficit of temporal auditory processing in dyslexic adults. Neuroscience Letters, 205, 138–140.PubMedCrossRef Hari, R., & Kiesila, P. (1996). Deficit of temporal auditory processing in dyslexic adults. Neuroscience Letters, 205, 138–140.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Harwerth, R. S., & Rawlings, S. C. (1977). Viewing time and stereoscopic threshold with random-dot stereograms. American Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics, 54, 452–457.PubMedCrossRef Harwerth, R. S., & Rawlings, S. C. (1977). Viewing time and stereoscopic threshold with random-dot stereograms. American Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics, 54, 452–457.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Hikosaka, O., Miyauchi, S., Shimojo, S. (1993). Focal visual attention produces illusory temporal order and motion sensation. Vision Research, 33, 1219–1240.PubMedCrossRef Hikosaka, O., Miyauchi, S., Shimojo, S. (1993). Focal visual attention produces illusory temporal order and motion sensation. Vision Research, 33, 1219–1240.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Kelly, D. H. (1966). Frequency doubling in visual responses. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 56, 1628–1633.CrossRef Kelly, D. H. (1966). Frequency doubling in visual responses. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 56, 1628–1633.CrossRef
go back to reference Kevan, A., & Pammer, K. (2008a). Making the link between dorsal stream sensitivity and reading. NeuroReport, 19, 467–470.PubMedCrossRef Kevan, A., & Pammer, K. (2008a). Making the link between dorsal stream sensitivity and reading. NeuroReport, 19, 467–470.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Kevan, A., & Pammer, K. (2008b). Visual deficits in pre-readers at familial risk for dyslexia. Vision Research, 48, 2835–2839.PubMedCrossRef Kevan, A., & Pammer, K. (2008b). Visual deficits in pre-readers at familial risk for dyslexia. Vision Research, 48, 2835–2839.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Kevan, A., & Pammer, K. (2009). Predicting early reading skills from pre-reading measures of dorsal stream functioning. Neuropsychologia, 47, 3174–3181.PubMedCrossRef Kevan, A., & Pammer, K. (2009). Predicting early reading skills from pre-reading measures of dorsal stream functioning. Neuropsychologia, 47, 3174–3181.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Lallier, M., Thierry, G., Tainturier, M.-J., Donnadieu, S., Peyrin, C., Billard, C., et al. (2009). Auditory and visual stream segregation in children and adults: An assessment of the amodality assumption of the ‘sluggish attentional shifting’ theory of dyslexia. Brain Research, 1302, 132–147.PubMedCrossRef Lallier, M., Thierry, G., Tainturier, M.-J., Donnadieu, S., Peyrin, C., Billard, C., et al. (2009). Auditory and visual stream segregation in children and adults: An assessment of the amodality assumption of the ‘sluggish attentional shifting’ theory of dyslexia. Brain Research, 1302, 132–147.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Li, W., Meekins, K., & Schirillo, J. (2012). Magno and parvo stimuli affect illusory directional hearing in normal and dyslexic readers. Neuropsychologia, 50, 2068–2074.PubMedCrossRef Li, W., Meekins, K., & Schirillo, J. (2012). Magno and parvo stimuli affect illusory directional hearing in normal and dyslexic readers. Neuropsychologia, 50, 2068–2074.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Macmillan, N. A., & Creeman, C. D. (1991). Detection theory—a user’s guide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Macmillan, N. A., & Creeman, C. D. (1991). Detection theory—a user’s guide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
go back to reference Mitchell, P., Mottron, L., Soulieres, I., & Ropar, D. (2010). Susceptibility to the Shepard illusion in participants with autism: Reduced top–down influences within perception? Autism Research, 3, 113–119.PubMedCrossRef Mitchell, P., Mottron, L., Soulieres, I., & Ropar, D. (2010). Susceptibility to the Shepard illusion in participants with autism: Reduced top–down influences within perception? Autism Research, 3, 113–119.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Pammer, K., Connell, E., & Kevan, A. (2010). Spelling and reading: Using visual sensitivity to explore shared or separate orthographic representations. Perception, 39, 387–406.PubMedCrossRef Pammer, K., Connell, E., & Kevan, A. (2010). Spelling and reading: Using visual sensitivity to explore shared or separate orthographic representations. Perception, 39, 387–406.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Pammer, K., & Lovegrove, W. (2001). The influence of color on transient system activity: Implications for dyslexia research. Perception & Psychophysics, 63, 490–500.CrossRef Pammer, K., & Lovegrove, W. (2001). The influence of color on transient system activity: Implications for dyslexia research. Perception & Psychophysics, 63, 490–500.CrossRef
go back to reference Pammer, K., & Wheatley, C. (2001). Isolating the M(y)-cell response in dyslexia using the spatial frequency doubling illusion. Vision Research, 41, 2139–2147.PubMedCrossRef Pammer, K., & Wheatley, C. (2001). Isolating the M(y)-cell response in dyslexia using the spatial frequency doubling illusion. Vision Research, 41, 2139–2147.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Sanders, L. L. O., de Millas, W., Heinz, A., Kathmann, N., & Sterzer, P. (2012). Apparent motion perception in patients with paranoid schizophrenia. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience,. doi:10.1007/s00406-012-0344-5.PubMed Sanders, L. L. O., de Millas, W., Heinz, A., Kathmann, N., & Sterzer, P. (2012). Apparent motion perception in patients with paranoid schizophrenia. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience,. doi:10.​1007/​s00406-012-0344-5.PubMed
go back to reference Skottun, B. C. (2001). On the use of the Ternus test to assess magnocellular function. Perception, 30, 1449–1457.PubMedCrossRef Skottun, B. C. (2001). On the use of the Ternus test to assess magnocellular function. Perception, 30, 1449–1457.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Skottun, B. C., & Skoyles, J. R. (2006). Attention, dyslexia, and the line-motion illusion. Optometry and Vision Science, 83, 843–849.PubMedCrossRef Skottun, B. C., & Skoyles, J. R. (2006). Attention, dyslexia, and the line-motion illusion. Optometry and Vision Science, 83, 843–849.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Skottun, B. C., & Skoyles, J. R. (2011). The frequency doubling illusion and testing of magnocellular sensitivity. Neuro-Ophthalmology, 35, 251–254.CrossRef Skottun, B. C., & Skoyles, J. R. (2011). The frequency doubling illusion and testing of magnocellular sensitivity. Neuro-Ophthalmology, 35, 251–254.CrossRef
go back to reference Slaghuis, W. L., & Ryan, J. F. (1999). Spatio-temporal contrast sensitivity, coherent motion, and visible persistence in developmental dyslexia. Vision Research, 39, 651–668.PubMedCrossRef Slaghuis, W. L., & Ryan, J. F. (1999). Spatio-temporal contrast sensitivity, coherent motion, and visible persistence in developmental dyslexia. Vision Research, 39, 651–668.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Slaghuis, W. L., Twell, A. J., & Kingston, K. R. (1996). Visual and language processing disorders are concurrent in dyslexia and continue into adulthood. Cortex, 32, 413–438.PubMedCrossRef Slaghuis, W. L., Twell, A. J., & Kingston, K. R. (1996). Visual and language processing disorders are concurrent in dyslexia and continue into adulthood. Cortex, 32, 413–438.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Steinman, S. B., Steinman, B. A., & Garzia, R. P. (1998). Vision and attention. II: Is visual attention a mechanism through which a deficient magnocellular pathway might cause reading disability? Optometry and Vision Science, 75, 674–681.PubMedCrossRef Steinman, S. B., Steinman, B. A., & Garzia, R. P. (1998). Vision and attention. II: Is visual attention a mechanism through which a deficient magnocellular pathway might cause reading disability? Optometry and Vision Science, 75, 674–681.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Swets, J. A., Tanner, W. P., & Birdsall, T. G. (1964). Decision processes in perception. In J. A. Swets (Ed.), Signal detection and recognition by human observers (pp. 3–57). New York: Wiley. Swets, J. A., Tanner, W. P., & Birdsall, T. G. (1964). Decision processes in perception. In J. A. Swets (Ed.), Signal detection and recognition by human observers (pp. 3–57). New York: Wiley.
go back to reference Ternus, J. (1926). Experimentelle Untersuchungen uber phanomenale Identitat. Psychologishe Forschung, 7, 81–135. (English translation: (1938). The problem of phenomenal identity. In: Ellis, W.D., (Ed.), A source book of gestalt psychology (pp. 149–160) London: Routledge Kegan Paul.CrossRef Ternus, J. (1926). Experimentelle Untersuchungen uber phanomenale Identitat. Psychologishe Forschung, 7, 81–135. (English translation: (1938). The problem of phenomenal identity. In: Ellis, W.D., (Ed.), A source book of gestalt psychology (pp. 149–160) London: Routledge Kegan Paul.CrossRef
Metagegevens
Titel
Subjective criteria and illusions in visual testing: some methodological limitations
Auteurs
Bernt C. Skottun
John R. Skoyles
Publicatiedatum
01-01-2014
Uitgeverij
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Gepubliceerd in
Psychological Research / Uitgave 1/2014
Print ISSN: 0340-0727
Elektronisch ISSN: 1430-2772
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-013-0482-z

Andere artikelen Uitgave 1/2014

Psychological Research 1/2014 Naar de uitgave