Top

Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review

Gepubliceerd in:

16-08-2017

Meta-analysis of the Long-Term Treatment Effects of Psychological Interventions in Youth with PTSD Symptoms

Auteurs: Jana Gutermann, Laura Schwartzkopff, Regina Steil

Gepubliceerd in: Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review | Uitgave 4/2017

Abstract

To date, the long-term effectiveness of psychological treatments in reducing post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in children and adolescents has not been investigated extensively. This meta-analysis quantifies the long-term effects of psychological interventions in children and adolescents with PTSD symptoms and examines the period-dependent follow-up (FU) effects based on 47 studies. The mean FU effect sizes (ESs) for PTSD symptoms ranged from medium (between treatment ESs for controlled studies) to large (within treatment ESs for uncontrolled studies; pooled analysis including all studies). These effects were comparable to the post-treatment ESs, which suggests that the treatment effects remained stable. ESs did not differ depending on the length of the FU period (</>6 months). In randomized controlled trials (RCTs), as well as trials conducted with treatment as usual or active control groups, the long-term treatment effects for the reduction of PTSD symptoms were small. These results demonstrate the long-term effectiveness of psychological interventions in the treatment of PTSD in youth. However, more studies should include a FU assessment. Further research should focus on RCTs with long-term assessments, report comorbid symptoms and investigate the influence of potential moderators. Research is also warranted to determine how to improve the long-term effects of treatments for PTSD in youth.

vorige artikel The BUFFET Program: Development of a Cognitive Behavioral Treatment for Selective Eating in Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Alleen toegankelijk voor geautoriseerde gebruikers

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.CrossRef

Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2005). Comprehensive meta-analysis (version 2). Englewood, NJ: Biostat.

Cary, C., & McMillen, J. (2012). The data behind the dissemination: A systematic review of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy for use with children and youth. Children and Youth Services Review, 34(4), 748–757. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.01.003.CrossRef

*Catani, C., Kohiladevy, M., Ruf, M., Schauer, E., Elbert, T., & Neuner, F. (2009). Treating children traumatized by war and tsunami: A comparison between exposure therapy and meditation-relaxation in north-east Sri Lanka. BMC Psychiatry, 9(1), 22. doi:10.1186/1471-244x-9-22.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

*CATS Consortium. (2010). Implementation of CBT for youth affected by the world trade center disaster: Matching need to treatment intensity and reducing trauma symptoms. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 23(6), 699–707. doi:10.1002/jts.20594.CrossRef

*Chemtob, C., Nakashima, J., & Hamada, R. (2002). Psychosocial intervention for postdisaster trauma symptoms in elementary school children—A controlled community field study. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 156(3), 211–216. doi:10.1001/archpedi.156.3.211.CrossRefPubMed

*Cohen, J., Deblinger, E., Mannarino, A., & Steer, R. (2004). A multisite, randomized controlled trial for children with sexual abuse-related PTSD symptoms. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43(4), 393–402. doi:10.1097/00004583-200404000-00005.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

*Cohen, J. A., & Mannarino, A. P. (1997). A treatment study for sexually abused preschool children: Outcome during a one-year follow-up. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(9), 1228–1235. doi:10.1097/00004583-199709000-00015.CrossRefPubMed

*Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P., & Knudsen, K. (2005). Treating sexually abused children: 1 year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. Child Abuse and Neglect, 29(2), 135–145. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2004.12.005.CrossRefPubMed

Copeland, W. E., Keeler, G., Angold, A., & Costello, E. J. (2007). Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress in childhood. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(5), 577–584. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.5.577.CrossRefPubMed

Corcoran, J., & Pillai, V. (2008). A meta-analysis of parent-involved treatment for child sexual abuse. Research on Social Work Practice, 18(5), 453–464. doi:10.1177/1049731507313980.CrossRef

*Danielson, C. K., Macdonald, A., Amstadter, A. B., Hanson, R. F., De Arellano, M. A., Saunders, B. E., et al. (2010). Risky behaviors and depression in conjunction with—Or in the absence of—Lifetime history of PTSD among sexually abused adolescents. Child Maltreatment, 15(1), 101–107. doi:10.1177/1077559509350075.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

*Danielson, C. K., McCart, M. R., Walsh, K., de Arellano, M. A., White, D., & Resnick, H. S. (2012). Reducing substance use risk and mental health problems among sexually assaulted adolescents: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Journal of Family Psychology, 26(4), 628–635. doi:10.1037/a0028862.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

*De Roos, C., Greenwald, R., Den Hollander-Gijsman, M. E., Noorthoorn, E., Van Buuren, S., & De Jongh, A. (2011). A randomised comparison of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) in disaster-exposed children. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 2, 5694–5704. doi:10.3402/ejpt.v2i0.5694.CrossRef

*Deblinger, E., Lippmann, J., & Steer, R. (1996). Sexually abused children suffering posttraumatic stress symptoms: Initial treatment outcome findings. Child Maltreatment, 1(4), 310–321. doi:10.1177/1077559596001004003.CrossRef

*Deblinger, E., Stauffer, L. B., & Steer, R. A. (2001). Comparative efficacies of supportive and cognitive behavioral group therapies for young children who have been sexually abused and their nonoffending mothers. Child Maltreatment, 6(4), 332–343. doi:10.1177/1077559501006004006.CrossRefPubMed

Diehle, J., Opmeer, B. C., Boer, F., Mannarino, A. P., & Lindauer, R. J. L. (2015). Traumafocused cognitive behavioral therapy or eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: What works in children with posttraumatic stress symptoms? A randomized controlled trial. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 24(2), 227–236. doi:10.1007/s00787-014-0572-5.CrossRefPubMed

Duval, S., & Tweedie, R. (2000). Trim and fill: A simple funnel-plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Biometrics, 56(2), 455–463. doi:10.1111/j.0006-341X.2000.00455.x.CrossRefPubMed

*Ellis, B., Miller, A. B., Abdi, S., Barrett, C., Blood, E. A., & Betancourt, T. S. (2013). Multi-tier mental health program for refugee youth. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 81(1), 129–140.CrossRefPubMed

*Ertl, V., Pfeiffer, A., Schauer, E., Elbert, T., & Neuner, F. (2011). Community-implemented trauma therapy for former child soldiers in Northern Uganda: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), 306(5), 503–512. doi:10.1001/jama.2011.1060.CrossRef

*Farkas, L., Cyr, M., Lebeau, T. M., & Lemay, J. (2010). Effectiveness of MASTR/EMDR therapy for traumatized adolescents. Journal of Child and Adolescent Trauma, 3(2), 125–142. doi:10.1080/19361521003761325.CrossRef

*Foa, E. B., McLean, C. P., Capaldi, S., & Rosenfield, D. (2013). Prolonged exposure vs supportive counseling for sexual abuse-related PTSD in adolescent girls: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), 310(24), 2650–2657. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.282829.CrossRef

Giaconia, R. M., Reinherz, H. Z., Silverman, A. B., Pakiz, B., Frost, A. K., & Cohen, E. (1995). Traumas and posttraumatic stress disorder in a community population of older adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34(10), 1369–1380. doi:10.1097/00004583-199510000-00023.CrossRefPubMed

*Giannopoulou, I., Dikaiakou, A., & Yule, W. (2006). Cognitive-behavioural group intervention for PTSD symptoms in children following the Athens 1999 earthquake: A pilot study. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 11(4), 543–553.CrossRefPubMed

*Gilboa-Schechtman, E., Foa, E. B., Shafran, N., Aderka, I. M., Powers, M. B., Rachamim, L., et al. (2010). Prolonged exposure versus dynamic therapy for adolescent PTSD: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(10), 1034–1042. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.07.014.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Gillies, D., Taylor, F., Gray, C., O’Brien, L., & D’Abrew, N. (2012). Psychological therapies for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 12, CD006726. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006726.pub2.PubMed

Glombiewski, J. A., Sawyer, A. T., Gutermann, J., Koenig, K., Rief, W., & Hofmann, S. G. (2010). Psychological treatments for fibromyalgia: A meta-analysis. Pain, 151(2), 280–295. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2010.06.011.CrossRefPubMed

*Goenjian, A. K., Karayan, I., Pynoos, R. S., Minassian, D., et al. (1997). Outcome of psychotherapy among early adolescents after trauma. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 154(4), 536–542. doi:10.1176/ajp.154.4.536.CrossRefPubMed

*Gordon, J. S., Staples, J. K., Blyta, A., & Bytyqi, M. (2004). Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in postwar kosovo high school students using mind-body skills groups: A pilot study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17(2), 143–147. doi:10.1023/B:JOTS.0000022620.13209.a0.CrossRefPubMed

*Gordon, J. S., Staples, J. K., Blyta, A., Bytyqi, M., & Wilson, A. T. (2008). Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in postwar kosovar adolescents using mind-body skills groups: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clincal Psychiatry, 69(9), 1469–1476.CrossRef

Gutermann, J., Schreiber, F., Matulis, S., Schwartzkopff, L., Deppe, J., & Steil, R. (2016). Psychological treatments for symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in children, adolescents, and young adults: A meta-analysis. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 19(2), 77–93. doi:10.1007/s10567-016-0202-5.CrossRefPubMed

*Habigzang, L. F., Damasio, B. F., & Koller, S. H. (2013). Impact evaluation of a cognitive behavioral group therapy model in brazilian sexually abused girls. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 22(2), 173–190. doi:10.1080/10538712.2013.737445.CrossRefPubMed

Harvey, S. T., & Taylor, J. E. (2010a). A meta-analysis of the effects of psychotherapy with sexually abused children and adolescents. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(5), 517–535. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.006.CrossRefPubMed

Harvey, S. T., & Taylor, J. E. (2010b). A meta-analysis of the effects of psychotherapy with sexually abused children and adolescents: Erratum. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(8), 1049–1050. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.006.CrossRef

Hedges, L. V., & Vevea, J. L. (1998). Fixed- and random-effects models in meta-analysis. Psychological Methods, 3(4), 486–504.CrossRef

Hiller, R. M., Meiser-Stedman, R., Fearon, P., Lobo, S., McKinnon, A., Fraser, A., et al. (2016). Research review: Changes in the prevalence and symptom severity of child post-traumatic stress disorder in the year following trauma—A meta-analytic study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57(8), 884–898. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.3.4.486.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

*Hsu, E. (2003). Parallel group treatment for sexually abused children and their nonoffending parents: An examination of treatment integrity and child and family outcome and satisfaction. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 64(5-B), 2390. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/dissertations/AAI3092555.

*Jarero, I., Artigas, L., Montero, M., & Lena, L. (2008). The EMDR integrative group treatment protocol: Application with child victims of a mass disaster. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2(2), 97–105. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.2.2.97.CrossRef

*Jaycox, L. H., Langley, A. K., Stein, B. D., Wong, M., Sharma, P., Scott, M., et al. (2009). Support for students exposed to trauma: A pilot study. School Mental Health, 1(2), 49–60. doi:10.1007/s12310-009-9007-8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Kessler, R. C. (2000). Posttraumatic stress disorder: The burden to the individual and to society. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 61(Suppl 5), 4–14.PubMed

*King, N. J., Tonge, B. J., Mullen, P. E., Myerson, N., Heyne, D., Rollings, S., et al. (2000). Treating sexually abused children with posttraumatic stress symptoms: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(11), 1347–1355. doi:10.1097/00004583-200011000-00008.CrossRefPubMed

Kowalik, J., Weller, J., Venter, J., & Drachman, D. (2011). Cognitive behavioral therapy for the treatment of pediatric posttraumatic stress disorder: A review and meta-analysis. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 42(3), 405–413. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.02.002.CrossRefPubMed

*Layne, C. M., Saltzman, W. R., Poppleton, L., Burlingame, G. M., Pasali, A., Durakovi, E., et al. (2008). Effectiveness of a school-based group psychotherapy program for war-exposed adolescents: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47(9), 1048–1062. doi:10.1097/CHI.0b013e31817eecae.CrossRefPubMed

Macdonald, G., Higgins, J., Ramchandani, P., Valentine, J. C., Bronger, L. P., Klein, P., et al. (2012). Cognitive-behavioural interventions for children who have been sexually abused. The Cochrane Library. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 5, CD001930. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001930.pub3.

Marciniak, M. D., Lage, M. J., Dunayevich, E., Russell, J. M., Bowman, L., Landbloom, R. P., et al. (2005). The cost of treating anxiety: The medical and demographic correlates that impact total medical costs. Depression and Anxiety, 21(4), 178–184. doi:10.1002/da.20074.CrossRefPubMed

*Matulis, S., Resick, P. A., Rosner, R., & Steil, R. (2014). Developmentally adapted cognitive processing therapy for adolescents suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder after childhood sexual or physical abuse: A pilot study. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 17(2), 173–190.CrossRefPubMed

*McClatchey, I., Vonk, M., & Palardy, G. (2009). Efficacy of a camp-based intervention for childhood traumatic grief. Research on Social Work Practice, 19(1), 19–30. doi:10.1177/1049731508314276.CrossRef

Morina, N., Koerssen, R., & Pollet, T. V. (2016). Interventions for children and adolescents with posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis of comparative outcome studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 47, 41–54. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.05.006.CrossRefPubMed

Morina, N., Wicherts, J. M., Lobbrecht, J., & Priebe, S. (2014). Remission from post-traumatic stress disorder in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of long term outcome studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 34(3), 249–255. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2014.03.002.CrossRefPubMed

Moses, L. E., Mosteller, F., & Buehler, J. H. (2002). Comparing results of large clinical trials to those of meta-analyses. Statistics in Medicine, 21(6), 793–800. doi:10.1002/sim.1098.CrossRefPubMed

Newman, E., Pfefferbaum, B., Kirlic, N., Tett, R., Nelson, S., & Liles, B. (2014). Meta-analytic review of psychological interventions for children survivors of natural and man-made disasters. Current Psychiatry Reports, 16(9), 462. doi:10.1007/s11920-014-0462-z.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

*Nixon, D. R. V., Sterk, J., & Pearce, A. (2012). A randomized trial of cognitive behavior therapy and cognitive therapy for children with posttraumatic stress disorder following single-incident trauma. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40(3), 327. doi:10.1007/s10802-011-9566-7.CrossRefPubMed

O’Callaghan, P., Branham, L., Shannon, C., Betancourt, T. S., Dempster, M., & McMullen, J. (2014). A pilot study of a family focused, psychosocial intervention with war exposed youth at risk of attack and abduction in north-eastern democratic republic of congo. Child Abuse and Neglect, 38(7), 1197–1207. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.02.004.CrossRefPubMed

O’Callaghan, P., McMullen, J., Shannon, C., & Rafferty, H. (2015). Comparing a trauma focused and non trauma focused intervention with war affected Congolese youth: A preliminary randomised trial. Intervention, 13, 28–44. doi:10.1097/WTF.0000000000000054.CrossRef

*Overbeek, M. M., de Schipper, J. C., Lamers-Winkelman, F., & Schuengel, C. (2013). Effectiveness of specific factors in community-based intervention for child-witnesses of interparental violence: A randomized trial. Child Abuse and Neglect, 37(12), 1202–1214. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.07.007.CrossRefPubMed

Peltonen, K., Qouta, S., El Sarraj, E., & Punamaki, R. (2012). Effectiveness of school-based intervention in enhancing mental health and social functioning among war-affected children. Traumatology, 18(4), 37–46. doi:10.1177/1534765612437380.CrossRef

*Pityaratstian, N., Piyasil, V., Ketumarn, P., Sitdhiraksa, N., Ularntinon, S., & Pariwatcharakul, P. (2014). Randomized controlled trial of group cognitive behavioural therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents exposed to tsunami in Thailand. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy. doi:10.1017/S1352465813001197.PubMed

*Qouta, S. R., Palosaari, E., Diab, M., & Punamaki, R. L. (2012). Intervention effectiveness among war-affected children: A cluster randomized controlled trial on improving mental health. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25(3), 288–298. doi:10.1002/jts.21707.CrossRefPubMed

*Ribchester, T., Yule, W., & Duncan, A. (2010). EMDR for childhood PTSD after road traffic accidents: Attentional, memory, and attributional processes. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 4(4), 138–147. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.4.4.138.CrossRef

Rolfsnes, E. S., & Idsoe, T. (2011). School-based intervention programs for PTSD symptoms: A review and meta-analysis. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 24(2), 155–165. doi:10.1002/jts.20622.CrossRefPubMed

*Ronan, K. R., & Johnston, D. M. (1999). Behaviourally-based interventions for children following volcanic eruptions: An evaluation of effectiveness. Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal, 8(3), 169–176. doi:10.1108/09653569910275364.CrossRef

*Rosenberg, H., Jankowski, M., Fortuna, L., Rosenberg, S., & Mueser, K. (2011). A pilot study of a cognitive restructuring program for treating posttraumatic disorders in adolescents. Psychological Trauma: Theory Research Practice and Policy, 3(1), 94–99. doi:10.1037/a0019889.CrossRef

*Sakai, C. E., Connolly, S. M., & Oas, P. (2010). Treatment of PTSD in rwandan child genocide survivors using thought field therapy. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 12(1), 41–49.PubMed

*Salloum, A. (2008). Group therapy for children after homicide and violence: A pilot study. Research on Social Work Practice, 18(3), 198–211. doi:10.1177/1049731507307808.CrossRef

*Salloum, A., & Overstreet, S. (2012). Grief and trauma intervention for children after disaster: Exploring coping skills versus trauma narration. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50(3), 169–179. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2012.01.001.CrossRefPubMed

Sanchez-Meca, J., Rosa-Alcazar, A. I., & Lopez-Soler, C. (2011). The psychological treatment of sexual abuse in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 11(1), 67–93.

*Scheeringa, M. S., & Weems, C. F. (2014). Randomized placebo-controlled D-cycloserine with cognitive behavior therapy for pediatric posttraumatic stress. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 24(2), 69–77. doi:10.1089/cap.2013.0106.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Scheeringa, M. S., Wright, M. J., Hunt, J. P., & Zeanah, C. H. (2006). Factors affecting the diagnosis and prediction of PTSD symptomatology in children and adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(4), 644–651. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.4.644.CrossRefPubMed

Scheeringa, M. S., Zeanah, C. H., & Cohen, J. A. (2011). PTSD in children and adolescents: Toward an empirically based algorithm. Depression and Anxiety, 28(9), 770–782. doi:10.1002/da.20736.CrossRefPubMed

*Soberman, G. B. (1999). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of conduct disorder with preadolescents and adolescents. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 59(10-B), 5587.

*Springer, C., Misurell, J. R., & Hiller, A. (2012). Game-based cognitive-behavioral therapy (GB-CBT) group program for children who have experienced sexual abuse: A three-month follow-up investigation. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 21(6), 646–664. doi:10.1080/10538712.2012.722592.CrossRefPubMed

*Staples, J., Atti, J., & Gordon, J. (2011). Mind-body skills groups for posttraumatic stress disorder and depression symptoms in palestinian children and adolescents in Gaza. International Journal of Stress Management, 18(3), 246–262. doi:10.1037/a0024015.CrossRef

*Taussig, H. N., & Culhane, S. E. (2010). Impact of a mentoring and skills group program on mental health outcomes for maltreated children in foster care. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 164(8), 739–746. doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2010.124.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

*Tol, W., Komproe, I., Susanty, D., Jordans, M., Macy, R., & De Jong, J. (2008). School-based mental health intervention for children affected by political violence in Indonesia—A cluster randomized trial. Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), 300(6), 655–662. doi:10.1001/jama.300.6.655.CrossRef

Trask, E. V., Walsh, K., & Dilillo, D. (2011). Treatment effects for common outcomes of child sexual abuse: A current metaanalysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 16(1), 6–19. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2010.10.001.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

*Trowell, J., Kolvin, I., Weeramanthri, T., Sadowski, H., Berelowitz, M., Glasser, D., et al. (2002). Psychotherapy for sexually abused girls: Psychopathological outcome findings and patterns of change. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 180(3), 234–247. doi:10.1192/bjp.180.3.234.CrossRefPubMed

*Wolmer, L., Laor, N., & Yazgan, Y. (2003). School reactivation programs after disaster: Could teachers serve as clinical mediators?. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 12(2), 363–381. doi:10.1016/s1056-4993(02)00104-9.CrossRefPubMed

Yule, W., Bolton, D., Udwin, O., Boyle, S., O’Ryan, D., & Nurrish, J. (2000). The long-term psychological effects of a disaster experienced in adolescence: I: The incidence and course of PTSD. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41(4), 503–511.CrossRefPubMed

*Zehnder, D., Meuli, M., & Landolt, M. A. (2010). Effectiveness of a single-session early psychological intervention for children after road traffic accidents: A randomised controlled trial. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 4(1), 7. doi:10.1186/1753-2000-4-7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Titel: Meta-analysis of the Long-Term Treatment Effects of Psychological Interventions in Youth with PTSD Symptoms
Auteurs: Jana Gutermann
Laura Schwartzkopff
Regina Steil
Publicatiedatum: 16-08-2017
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review / Uitgave 4/2017
Print ISSN: 1096-4037
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2827
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-017-0242-5

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen