Introduction
Interindividual differences and word recognition
Our previous study
The present study
Methods and materials
Participants
Covariates
Stimuli
Control and manipulation variables | High-arousal negative words | Low-arousal negative words | Neutral words | Positive words | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SE | M | SE | M | SE | M | SE | |
Emotional valence | − 1.31 | 0.05 | − 1.30 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 1.17 | 0.07 |
Arousal | 3.90 | 0.03 | 2.83 | 0.04 | 2.82 | 0.03 | 2.82 | 0.03 |
Imageability | 4.50 | 0.17 | 4.11 | 0.20 | 4.24 | 0.16 | 4.26 | 0.16 |
Number of letters | 6.42 | 0.17 | 6.06 | 0.21 | 6.16 | 0.18 | 6.18 | 0.19 |
Word frequency | 12.94 | 0.31 | 13.20 | 0.38 | 12.62 | 0.29 | 12.56 | 0.27 |
Number of orthographic neighbors | 0.98 | 0.24 | 1.50 | 0.30 | 1.20 | 0.24 | 1.18 | 0.27 |
Mean bigram frequency (type) | 3113.55 | 284.41 | 3408.68 | 245.04 | 3525.47 | 272.50 | 3223.81 | 277.65 |
Mean bigram frequency (token) | 167,061.37 | 19,957.41 | 189,351.71 | 21,027.04 | 190,835.14 | 19,536.51 | 178,481.74 | 20,794.76 |
Procedure
Pre-test
Post-test
Meditation or comparison interventions
Mindfulness meditation intervention
Loving-kindness meditation intervention
Control intervention
Data analysis
Results
Covariates
Statistical group differences | |
---|---|
Time | F(1, 36) = 2.31, p = 0.14, MSE = 4.13 |
Time: Group | F(2, 36) = 2.39, p = 0.11 |
Mood conditions | F(1, 36) = 496.85, p = 0.00, MSE = 54.32 |
Mood conditions: Group | F(2, 36) = 1.04, p = 0.39 |
Time: Mood conditions | F(2, 36) = 0.29, p = 0.78, MSE = 26.47 |
Time: Mood conditions: Group | F(2, 36) = 0.61, p = 0.66 |
Covariate test | Statistical group differences | LKG | MG | CG | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | ||
Big Five personality test | |||||||
Neuroticism | F(2, 36) = 2.37, p = 0.11, MSE = 2.01 | 4.85 | 1.86 | 4.77 | 1.34 | 3.77 | 1.01 |
Extraversion | F(2, 36) = 0.46, p = 0.63, MSE = 3.16 | 5.69 | 1.60 | 5.77 | 2.39 | 6.31 | 1.11 |
Conscientiousness | F(2, 36) = 1.30, p = 0.29, MSE = 4.39 | 4.23 | 1.92 | 5.54 | 2.15 | 4.69 | 2.21 |
Agreeableness | F(2, 36) = 1.18, p = 0.32, MSE = 2.41 | 5.15 | 1.68 | 5.92 | 1.71 | 6.00 | 1.23 |
Need for safety and peace | F(2, 36) = 2.96, p = 0.06, MSE = 1.74 | 4.62 | 1.19 | 5.46 | 1.56 | 4.23 | 1.16 |
Need for power and influence | F(2, 36) = 0.71, p = 0.50, MSE = 2.86 | 4.54 | 1.81 | 4.31 | 1.55 | 5.08 | 1.71 |
Openness | F(2, 36) = 2.83, p = 0.07, MSE = 2.07 | 5.77 | 1.59 | 5.38 | 1.04 | 4.46 | 1.61 |
Need for achievement and performance | F(2, 36) = 0.01, p = 0.99, MSE = 3.03 | 5.00 | 1.87 | 5.08 | 1.89 | 5.00 | 1.41 |
d2-Revision, test concentration capacity | |||||||
Number of processed target objects | F(2, 36) = 2.18, p = 0.13, MSE = 465.78 | 163.77 | 22.06 | 179.00 | 21.72 | 179.15 | 20.96 |
Concentration capacity | F(2, 36) = 1.91, p = 0.16, MSE = 666.45 | 143.38 | 28.31 | 161.38 | 28.47 | 159.53 | 19.68 |
Percentage of errors | F(2, 36) = 1.89, p = 0.17, MSE = 22.52 | 11.37 | 4.72 | 8.24 | 4.35 | 11.37 | 5.14 |
Intelligence test (MWT-B) | F(2, 36) = 2.05, p = 0.14, MSE = 6.78 | 22.23 | 2.52 | 23.37 | 2.36 | 21.31 | 2.89 |
Lexical decision and valence rating data
Valence ratings | Lexical decision task | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | SE | t | p | d | B | SE | t | p | d | |
Time | 0.013 | 0.024 | 0.54 | 0.592 | 0.01 | – 0.002 | 0.004 | – 0.55 | 0.586 | – 0.02 |
Group | – 0.009 | 0.032 | – 0.28 | 0.783 | – 0.15 | 0.006 | 0.016 | 0.41 | 0.688 | 0.13 |
High-arousal negative | – 1.273 | 0.052 | – 24.57 | 0.001*** | – 1.91 | 0.001 | 0.008 | 0.01 | 0.997 | 0.01 |
Low-arousal negative | – 0.933 | 0.052 | – 18.01 | 0.001*** | – 1.40 | 0.026 | 0.008 | 3.28 | 0.001** | 0.27 |
Positive | 1.739 | 0.052 | 33.59 | 0.001*** | 2.64 | – 0.006 | 0.008 | – 0.82 | 0.412 | – 0.07 |
Time:group | 0.039 | 0.015 | 2.70 | 0.007** | 0.04 | – 0.022 | 0.003 | – 8.21 | 0.001*** | – 0.15 |
Time:high-arousal negative | 0.084 | 0.042 | 2.00 | 0.045* | 0.08 | – 0.006 | 0.006 | – 0.96 | 0.335 | – 0.04 |
Group:high-arousal negative | 0.128 | 0.018 | 7.08 | 0.001*** | 0.09 | – 0.001 | 0.003 | – 0.35 | 0.730 | – 0.01 |
Time:low-arousal negative | 0.106 | 0.042 | 2.53 | 0.011* | 0.09 | – 0.001 | 0.006 | – 0.14 | 0.890 | – 0.01 |
Group:low-arousal negative | 0.102 | 0.018 | 5.66 | 0.001*** | 0.07 | – 0.003 | 0.003 | – 0.85 | 0.394 | – 0.02 |
Time:positive | – 0.106 | 0.042 | – 2.53 | 0.011* | – 0.11 | – 0.002 | 0.006 | – 0.31 | 0.758 | – 0.01 |
Group:positive | – 0.180 | 0.018 | – 9.95 | 0.001*** | – 0.13 | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.30 | 0.768 | 0.01 |
Time:Group:high-arousal negative | 0.017 | 0.026 | 0.68 | 0.499 | 0.01 | 0.004 | 0.005 | 0.89 | 0.373 | 0.02 |
Time:Group:low-arousal negative | – 0.021 | 0.026 | – 0.82 | 0.412 | – 0.01 | 0.001 | 0.005 | 0.08 | 0.933 | 0.01 |
Time:Group:positive | 0.037 | 0.026 | 1.44 | 0.149 | 0.02 | – 0.001 | 0.005 | – 0.28 | 0.777 | – 0.01 |
Valence ratings | Lexical decision task | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | SE | t | p | d | B | SE | t | p | d | |
LKG | ||||||||||
Time | 0.078 | 0.026 | 3.08 | 0.002** | 0.31 | – 0.048 | 0.004 | – 12.41 | 0.001*** | – 0.41 |
High-arousal negative | – 0.980 | 0.051 | – 19.22 | 0.001*** | – 1.92 | – 0.003 | 0.008 | – 0.32 | 0.747 | – 0.03 |
Low-arousal negative | – 0.728 | 0.051 | – 14.27 | 0.001*** | – 1.43 | 0.016 | 0.008 | 1.98 | 0.048* | 0.20 |
Positive | 1.361 | 0.051 | 26.69 | 0.001*** | 2.67 | – 0.004 | 0.008 | – 0.55 | 0.585 | – 0.06 |
Time:high-arousal negative | 0.094 | 0.044 | 2.12 | 0.035* | 0.21 | – 0.001 | 0.007 | – 0.21 | 0.833 | – 0.01 |
Time:low-arousal negative | 0.053 | 0.044 | 1.20 | 0.231 | 0.12 | 0.006 | 0.007 | 0.81 | 0.417 | 0.03 |
Time:positive | – 0.011 | 0.044 | – 0.25 | 0.801 | – 0.03 | – 0.004 | 0.007 | – 0.57 | 0.569 | – 0.02 |
MG | ||||||||||
Time | 0.125 | 0.025 | 4.91 | 0.001*** | 0.19 | – 0.022 | 0.004 | – 5.96 | 0.001*** | – 0.62 |
High-arousal negative | – 1.172 | 0.054 | – 21.78 | 0.001*** | – 2.14 | 0.001 | 0.008 | 0.01 | 0.993 | 0.01 |
Low-arousal negative | – 0.768 | 0.054 | – 14.28 | 0.001*** | – 1.41 | 0.027 | 0.008 | 3.49 | 0.001*** | 0.35 |
Positive | 1.554 | 0.054 | 28.90 | 0.001*** | 2.85 | – 0.005 | 0.008 | – 0.70 | 0.484 | – 0.07 |
Time:high-arousal negative | 0.157 | 0.044 | 3.56 | 0.004*** | 0.14 | – 0.005 | 0.006 | – 0.78 | 0.435 | 0.08 |
Time:low-arousal negative | 0.115 | 0.044 | 2.60 | 0.009** | 0.10 | – 0.013 | 0.006 | – 1.94 | 0.053 | – 0.19 |
Time:positive | – 0.194 | 0.044 | – 4.40 | 0.001*** | – 0.17 | – 0.002 | 0.006 | – 0.27 | 0.785 | – 0.03 |
CG | ||||||||||
Time | – 0.026 | 0.027 | – 0.95 | 0.342 | – 0.03 | – 0.001 | 0.004 | – 0.33 | 0.739 | – 0.03 |
High-arousal negative | – 1.215 | 0.056 | – 21.65 | 0.001*** | – 2.14 | – 0.003 | 0.008 | – 0.33 | 0.745 | – 0.03 |
Low-arousal negative | – 0.930 | 0.056 | – 16.57 | 0.001*** | – 1.64 | 0.023 | 0.008 | 2.78 | 0.006** | 0.29 |
Positive | 1.707 | 0.056 | 30.40 | 0.001*** | 3.00 | – 0.004 | 0.008 | – 0.53 | 0.594 | – 0.06 |
Time:high-arousal negative | 0.047 | 0.047 | 1.01 | 0.311 | 0.03 | – 0.008 | 0.007 | – 1.23 | 0.221 | – 0.13 |
Time:low-arousal negative | 0.077 | 0.047 | 1.66 | 0.098 | 0.05 | 0.006 | 0.007 | 0.90 | 0.368 | 0.09 |
Time:positive | – 0.050 | 0.047 | – 1.06 | 0.287 | – 0.03 | – 0.003 | 0.007 | – 0.52 | 0.603 | – 0.06 |