Top

Mindfulness

Tip

Swipe om te navigeren naar een ander artikel

Gepubliceerd in:

05-08-2021 | ORIGINAL PAPER

Measuring Mindfulness in Emergency Telecommunicators: A Preliminary Study of a Revised Observing Construct

Auteurs: Anthony N. Reffi, Benjamin Laman-Maharg, Joy S. Pawirosetiko, Michelle M. Lilly

Gepubliceerd in: Mindfulness | Uitgave 9/2021

Abstract

Objectives

There is mixed psychometric evidence for the Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire’s (FFMQ) Observing factor (FFMQ-Observing). Recent efforts to improve this construct produced a new Observing Scale consisting of three factors: Body Observing, Emotion Awareness, and External Perception. Using a sample of mostly nonmeditating emergency telecommunicators (TCs), this study explored this new Observing Scale’s factor structure, its viability as a replacement for the FFMQ-Observing factor, and its convergent validity.

Methods

The FFMQ and additional mindfulness items from the new Observing Scale were administered via an online survey to emergency TCs (N = 242, M_age = 41.84, SD = 9.80, range = 18–72). We performed exploratory factor analysis (EFA) on the Observing Scale, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on a novel five-factor model integrating the Observing Scale with the FFMQ (excluding FFMQ-Observing), and correlations among the Observing Scale, the FFMQ, and mindfulness-based practices.

Results

EFA suggested four factors for the Observing Scale: Internal Body Observing, External Body Observing, Emotion Awareness, and External Perception. CFA failed to validate our integrated model, but the Observing Scale was positively correlated with the FFMQ and mindfulness-based practices.

Conclusions

This study provides preliminary support for an improved Observing Scale, while suggesting a novel, four-factor structure in emergency TCs. Although the Observing Scale was not compatible with the FFMQ, this may reflect measurement error rather than model misspecification given evidence of content overlap and distinctive forms of Body Observing. Future attempts to validate the new Observing Scale in larger samples are encouraged before it may be recommended as an alternative to the FFMQ-Observing factor.

vorige artikel Trait Mindfulness Moderates the Association Between Stressor Exposure and Perceived Stress in Law Enforcement Officers

volgende artikel Yesterday I Died

Alsubaie, M., Abbott, R., Dunn, B., Dickens, C., Keil, T. F., Henley, W., & Kuyken, W. (2017). Mechanisms of action in mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) and mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) in people with physical and/or psychological conditions: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 55, 74–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.04.008 CrossRefPubMed

Baer, R. A., Samuel, D. B., & Lykins, E. L. (2011). Differential item functioning on the five facet mindfulness questionnaire is minimal in demographically matched meditators and nonmeditators. Assessment, 18(1), 3–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191110392498 CrossRefPubMed

Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., & Allen, K. B. (2004). Assessment of mindfulness by self-report: The Kentucky inventory of mindfulness skills. Assessment, 11(3), 191–206. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191104268029 CrossRefPubMed

Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13(1), 27–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191105283504 CrossRefPubMed

Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Lykins, E., Button, D., Krietemeyer, J., Sauer, S., Walsh, E., Duggan, D., & Williams, J. M. G. (2008). Construct validity of the five facet mindfulness questionnaire in meditating and nonmeditating samples. Assessment, 15(3), 329–342. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191107313003

Bandalos, D. L., & Finney, S. J. (2001). Item parceling issues in structural equation modeling. In G.A. Marcoulides & R.E. Schumacker (Eds.), New developments and techniques in structural equation modeling (p. 269-296) . Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.

Barnes, S. M., & Lynn, S. J. (2010). Mindfulness skills and depressive symptoms: A longitudinal study. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 30(1), 77–91. https://doi.org/10.2190/IC.30.1.e CrossRef

Bergomi, C., Tschacher, W., & Kupper, Z. (2013). The assessment of mindfulness with self-report measures: Existing scales and open issues. Mindfulness, 4(3), 191–202. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-012-0110-9 CrossRef

Bohlmeijer, E., ten Klooster, P. M., Fledderus, M., Veehof, M., & Baer, R. (2011). Psychometric properties of the five facet mindfulness questionnaire in depressed adults and development of a short form. Assessment, 18(3), 308–320. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191111408231 CrossRefPubMed

Brown, D. B., Bravo, A. J., Roos, C. R., & Pearson, M. R. (2015). Five facets of mindfulness and psychological health: Evaluating a psychological model of the mechanisms of mindfulness. Mindfulness, 6(5), 1021–1032. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-014-0349-4 CrossRefPubMed

Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality Social Psychology, 84(4), 822–848. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822 CrossRefPubMed

Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K.A. Bollen & J.S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136-162), SAGE Publications, Inc.

Buchheld, N., Grossman, P., & Walach, H. (2001). Measuring mindfulness in insight meditation (Vipassana) and meditation-based psychotherapy: The development of the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI). Journal for Meditation and Meditation Research, 1(1), 11–34

Cardaciotto, L., Herbert, J. D., Forman, E. M., Moitra, E., & Farrow, V. (2008). The assessment of present-moment awareness and acceptance: The Philadelphia Mindfulness Scale. Assessment, 15(2), 204–223. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191107311467 CrossRefPubMed

Carpenter, J. K., Conroy, K., Gomez, A. F., Curren, L. C., & Hofmann, S. G. (2019). The relationship between trait mindfulness and affective symptoms: a meta-analysis of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ). Clinical Psychology Review, 74(101785). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2019.101785

Cash, M., & Whittingham, K. (2010). What facets of mindfulness contribute to psychological well-being and depressive, anxious, and stress-related symptomatology? Mindfulness, 1(3), 177–182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-010-0023-4 CrossRef

Cattell, R. B. (1966). The scree plot test for the number of factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1, 140–161. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr0102_10 CrossRef

Cattell, R. B., & Vogelmann, S. (1977). A comprehensive trial of the Scree and KG criteria for determining the number of factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 12, 289–325. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr1203_2 CrossRefPubMed

Cebolla, A., García-Palacios, A., Soler, J., Guillen, V., Baños, R., & Botella, C. (2012). Psychometric properties of the Spanish validation of the five facets of mindfulness questionnaire (FFMQ). The European Journal of Psychiatry, 26(2), 118–126. https://doi.org/10.4321/S0213-61632012000200005 CrossRef

Chadwick, P., Hember, M., Symes, J., Peters, E., Kuipers, E., & Dagnan, D. (2008). Responding mindfully to unpleasant thoughts and images: Reliability and validity of the Southampton mindfulness questionnaire (SMQ). British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 47(4), 451–455. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466508X314891 CrossRefPubMed

Christopher, M. S., Neuser, N. J., Michael, P. G., & Baitmangalkar, A. (2012). Exploring the psychometric properties of the five facet mindfulness questionnaire. Mindfulness, 3(2), 124–131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-011-0086-x CrossRef

Conway, J. M., & Huffcutt, A. I. (2003). A review and evaluation of exploratory factor analysis practices in organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 6(2), 147–168. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428103251541 CrossRef

Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.7275/jyj1-4868

Curtiss, J., & Klemanski, D. H. (2014). Factor analysis of the five facet mindfulness questionnaire in a heterogeneous clinical sample. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 36(4), 683–694. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-014-9429-y CrossRef

Curtiss, J., Klemanski, D. H., Andrews, L., Ito, M., & Hofmann, S. G. (2017). The conditional process model of mindfulness and emotion regulation: An empirical test. Journal of Affective Disorders, 212, 93–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.01.027 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Davidson, R. J. (2016). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and the prevention of depressive relapse: Measures, mechanisms, and mediators. JAMA Psychiatry, 73(6), 547–548. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.0135 CrossRefPubMed

de Winter, J. C. F., & Dodou, D. (2012). Factor recovery by principal axis factoring and maximum likelihood factor analysis as a function of factor pattern and sample size. Journal of Applied Statistics, 39(4), 695–710. https://doi.org/10.1080/02664763.2011.610445 CrossRef

Enders, C. K., & Bandalos, D. L. (2001). The relative performance of full information maximum likelihood estimation for missing data in structural equation models. Structural Equation Modeling, 8(3), 430–457. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0803_5 CrossRef

Feldman, G., Hayes, A., Kumar, S., Greeson, J., & Laurenceau, J.-P. (2007). Mindfulness and emotion regulation: The development and initial validation of the cognitive and affective mindfulness scale-revised (CMS-R). Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 29(3), 177–190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-006-9035-8 CrossRef

Feng, X. J., Krägeloh, C. U., Billington, D. R., & Siegert, R. J. (2018). To what extent is mindfulness as presented in commonly used mindfulness questionnaires different from how it is conceptualized by senior ordained Buddhists? Mindfulness, 9(2), 441–460. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0788-9 CrossRef

Fernandez, A. C., Wood, M. D., Stein, L. A., & Rossi, J. S. (2010). Measuring mindfulness and examining its relationship with alcohol use and negative consequences. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 24(4), 608–616. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021742 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Fridman, J., Barrett, L. F., Wormwood, J. B., & Quigley, K. S. (2019). Applying the theory of constructed emotion to police decision making. Frontiers in Psychology, 10(1946). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01946

Goldberg, S. B., Tucker, R. P., Greene, P. A., Davidson, R. J., Wampold, B. E., Kearney, D. J., & Simpson, T. L. (2018). Mindfulness-based interventions for psychiatric disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 59, 52–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.10.011 CrossRefPubMed

Grossman, P. (2019). On the porosity of subject and object in ‘mindfulness’ scientific study: Challenges to ‘scientific’ construction, operationalization and measurement of mindfulness. Current Opinion in Psychology, 28, 102–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.11.008 CrossRefPubMed

Gu, J., Strauss, C., Crane, C., Barnhofer, T., Karl, A., Cavanagh, K., & Kuyken, W. (2016). Examining the factor structure of the 39-item and 15-item versions of the five facet mindfulness questionnaire before and after mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for people with recurrent depression. Psychological Assessment, 28(7), 791. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000263 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Guttman, L. (1954). Some necessary conditions for common-factor analysis. Psychometrika, 19, 149–161. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02289162

Hair, J. F., Jr., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2009). Multivariate data analysis: a global perspective. Pearson Education, Inc.

Frank E Harrell Jr, with contributions from Charles Dupont and many others. (2020). Hmisc: Harrell Miscellaneous. R package version 4.4–1, https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=Hmisc

Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., & Wilson, K. G. (1999). Acceptance and commitment therapy: An experiential approach to behavior change. Guilford Press.

Horn, J. L. (1965). A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis. Psychometrika, 30, 179–185. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02289447 CrossRefPubMed

Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118 CrossRef

Jamshidian, M., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). ML estimation of mean and covariance structures with missing data using complete data routines. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 24(1), 21–24. https://doi.org/10.3102/10769986024001021 CrossRef

Kabat-Zinn, J. (1990). Full catastrophe living: Using the wisdom of your body and mind to face stress, pain and illness. Delta.

Kabat-Zinn, J., Lipworth, L., & Burney, R. (1985). The clinical use of mindfulness meditation for the self-regulation of chronic pain. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 8(2), 163–190. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00845519 CrossRefPubMed

Kaiser, H. F. (1960). The application of electronic computers to factor analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20, 141–151. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316446002000116 CrossRef

Kaiser, H. F. (1970). A second generation Little Jiffy. Psychometrika, 35, 401–417. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02291817 CrossRef

Kiken, L. G., Garland, E. L., Bluth, K., Palsson, O. S., & Gaylord, S. A. (2015). From a state to a trait: Trajectories of state mindfulness in meditation during intervention predict changes in trait mindfulness. Personality and Individual Differences, 81, 41–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.12.044 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Lavender, J. M., Gratz, K. L., & Tull, M. T. (2011). Exploring the relationship between facets of mindfulness and eating pathology in women. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 40(3), 174–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2011.555485 CrossRefPubMed

Lilja, J. L., Lundh, L. G., Josefsson, T., & Falkenström, F. (2013). Observing as an essential facet of mindfulness: A comparison of FFMQ patterns in meditating and non-meditating individuals. Mindfulness, 4(3), 203–212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-012-0111-8 CrossRef

Lilly, M. M., & Allen, C. E. (2015). Psychological inflexibility and psychopathology in 9–1-1 TCs. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28(3), 262–266. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22004 CrossRefPubMed

Lilly, M., Calhoun, R., Painter, I., Beaton, R., Stangenes, S., Revere, D., Baseman, J., & Meischke, H. (2019). Destress emergency—an online mindfulness-based intervention in reducing stress among emergency medical dispatchers: A randomised controlled trial. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 76(10), 705–711. CrossRefPubMed

Lilly, M. M., & Pierce, H. (2013). PTSD and depressive symptoms in 911 TCs: The role of peritraumatic distress and world assumptions in predicting risk. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 5(2), 135–141. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026850 CrossRef

Linehan, M. (1993). Skills training manual for treating borderline personality disorder. Guilford Press.

Little, R. J. (1988). A test of missing completely at random for multivariate data with missing values. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 83(404), 1198–1202. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1988.10478722 CrossRef

MacCallum, R. C., Browne, M. W., & Sugawara, H. M. (1996). Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. Psychological Methods, 1(2), 130. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.1.2.130 CrossRef

Neuser, N. J. (2010). Examining the factors of mindfulness: a confirmatory factor analysis of the five facet mindfulness questionnaire (Doctoral dissertation, Pacific University).

Park, T., Reilly-Spong, M., & Gross, C. R. (2013). Mindfulness: A systematic review of instruments to measure an emergent patient-reported outcome (PRO). Quality of Life Research, 22(10), 2639–2659. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-013-0395-8 CrossRefPubMed

Pierce, H., & Lilly, M. M. (2012). Duty-related trauma exposure in 911 TCs: Considering the risk for posttraumatic stress. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25(2), 211–215. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21687 CrossRefPubMed

Pituch, K. A., & Stevens, J. P. (2016). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences: Analyses with SAS and IBM’s SPSS. Routledge.

Raphiphatthana, B., Jose, P. E., & Kielpikowski, M. (2016). How do the facets of mindfulness predict the constructs of depression and anxiety as seen through the lens of the tripartite theory? Personality and Individual Differences, 93, 104–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.08.005 CrossRef

Revelle, W. (2020). psych: procedures for psychological, psychometric, and personality research. Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois. R package version 2.0.8, https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=psych

Revelle, W., & Rocklin, T. (1979). Very simple structure: An alternative procedure for estimating the optimal number of interpretable factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 14(4), 403–414. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr1404_2

Rosseel, Y. (2012). “lavaan: an R package for structural equation modeling.” Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1–36. http://www.jstatsoft.org/v48/i02/

Rudkin, E., Medvedev, O. N., & Siegert, R. J. (2018). The five-facet mindfulness questionnaire: Why the observing subscale does not predict psychological symptoms. Mindfulness, 9(1), 230–242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0766-2 CrossRef

Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23–74.

Siegling, A. B., & Petrides, K. V. (2016). Zeroing in on mindfulness facets: Similarities, validity, and dimensionality across three independent measures. PLoS ONE, 11(4), e0153073. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153073 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Steiner, D. L. (1994). Figuring out factors: The use and misuse of factor analysis. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 39(3), 135–140. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674379403900303 CrossRef

Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics. Pearson Education, Inc.

Van Dam, N. T., van Vugt, M. K., Vago, D. R., Schmalzl, L., Saron, C. D., Olendzki, A., Meissner, T., Lazar, S. W., Kerr, C. E., Gorchov, J., Fox, K. C. R., Field, B. A., Britton, W. B., Brefczynski-Lewis, J. A., & Meyer, D. E. (2018). Mind the hype: A critical evaluation and prescriptive agenda for research on mindfulness and meditation. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 13(1), 36–61. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617709589 CrossRefPubMed

Velicer, W. F. (1976). Determining the number of components from the matrix of partial correlations. Psychometrika, 41(3), 321–327. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02293557

Williams, M. J., Dalgleish, T., Karl, A., & Kuyken, W. (2014). Examining the factor structures of the five facet mindfulness questionnaire and the self-compassion scale. Psychological Assessment, 26(2), 407. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035566 CrossRefPubMed

Worthington, R. L., & Whittaker, T. A. (2006). Scale development research: A content analysis and recommendations for best practices. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(6), 806–838. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000006288127 CrossRef

Titel: Measuring Mindfulness in Emergency Telecommunicators: A Preliminary Study of a Revised Observing Construct
Auteurs: Anthony N. Reffi
Benjamin Laman-Maharg
Joy S. Pawirosetiko
Michelle M. Lilly
Publicatiedatum: 05-08-2021
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Mindfulness / Uitgave 9/2021
Print ISSN: 1868-8527
Elektronisch ISSN: 1868-8535
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-021-01708-3

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Tip

Swipe om te navigeren naar een ander artikel

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Objectives

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 9/2021

Gender Differences in the Associations Between Mindfulness, Self-Compassion, and Perceived Stress Reactivity

Shame, Self-Compassion, and Valued Living Among Survivors of Interpersonal Violence

Self-Compassion, Wellbeing, and Distress in Adolescents and Young Adults with Chronic Medical Conditions: the Mediating Role of Emotion Regulation Difficulties

Mindfulness-Based Compassionate Living (MBCL): a Qualitative Study into the Added Value of Compassion in Recurrent Depression

Trait Mindfulness Moderates the Association Between Stressor Exposure and Perceived Stress in Law Enforcement Officers

Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Positive Clinical Outcome in Panic Disorder: a 5-year Longitudinal Study