Top

Optie A:

Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
Optie B:

Deel de link per e-mail
Link delen

vorige hoofdstuk Test versus model

volgende hoofdstuk Hip

Tip

Swipe om te navigeren naar een ander hoofdstuk

2018 | OriginalPaper | Hoofdstuk

4. Low back

eerste hoofdstuk lezen

Auteurs: Dr. Arianne Verhagen, Drs. Jeroen Alessie

Uitgeverij: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Gepubliceerd in: Evidence based diagnostics of musculoskeletal disorders in primary care

» Toegang tot de volledige tekst krijgen

Abstract

Based on a case study, in this chapter I discuss the clinical reasoning of a physiotherapist when a patient with low back pain is consulting him/her. The chapter starts with general information of low back pain, known risk factors and prognosis. In addition, I discuss the existing evidence on validity of history taking, physical examination, specific tests if necessary and diagnostic imaging and their value within the diagnostic process of subgroups of patients with low back pain. As this chapter is the first of all eight chapters we will discuss some issues more explicit compared to the other chapters.

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Hier inloggen

Met onderstaand(e) abonnement(en) heeft u direct toegang:

Evidence based diagnostics of musculoskeletal disorders in primary care

Meer informatie

Abelmanesh F, Jalali A, Shirvani A, Pakmanesh K, Pourafkari M, Raissi GR, Shr Y. The diagnostic accuracy of gluteal triggerpoints to differentiate radicular from nonradicular low back pain. Clin J Pain. 2016;32:666–72. CrossRef

Ahn K, Jhun HJ. New physical examination tests for lumbar spondylolisthesis and instability: low midline sill sign and interspinous gap change during lumbar flexion-extension motion. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2015;16:97. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Barzouhi A el, Vleggeert-Lankamp CL, Lycklama à Nijeholt GJ, Kallen BF van der, Hout WB van den, Jacobs WC, Koes BW, Peul WC; Leiden-The Hague Spine Intervention Prognostic Study Group. Magnetic resonance imaging in follow-up assessment of sciatica. N Engl J Med. 2013 Mar 14;368(11):999–1007.

Battie MC, Videman T, Parent E. Lumbar disc degeneration: epidemiology and genetic influences. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2004;29(23):2679–90.

Berg L, Neckelmann G, Gjertsen O, Hellum C, Johnsen LG, Eide GE, Espeland A. Reliability of MRI findings in candidates for lumbar disc prosthesis. Neuroradiol. 2012;54(7):699–707. CrossRef

Boden SD, Davis DO, Dina TS, Patronas NJ, Wiesel SW. Abnormal magnetic-resonance scans of the lumbar spine in asymptomatic subjects. A prospective investigation. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1990;50(72):403–8. CrossRef

Bons SCS, Borg MAJP, Donk M van den, Koes BW, Kuipers T, Ostelo RWJG, Schaafstra A, Spinnewijn WEM, Verburg-Oorthuizen AFE, Verweij HA. NHG-standaard aspecifieke lagerugpijn 2017. www.nhg.org/standaarden.

Burge R, Dawson-Hughes B, Solomon DH, Wong JB, King A, Tosteson A. Incidence and economic burden of osteoporosis-related fractures in the United States, 2005–2025. J Bone Miner Res. 2007;50(22):465–75. CrossRef

Burgstaller JM, Schüffler PJ, Buhmann JM, Andreisek G, Winklhofer S, Grande F del, Mattle M, Brunner F, Karakoumis G, Steurer J, Held U; LSOS Study Group. Is there an association between pain and magnetic resonance imaging parameters in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis? Spine 2016;41(17):E1053–62.

Capra F, Vanti C, Donati R, Tombetti S, O’Reilly C, Pillastrini P. Validity of the straight leg raise test for patients with sciatic pain with or without lumbar pain using magnetic resonance imaging results as a reference standard. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2011;34:231–8. CrossRefPubMed

Cook C, Brown C, Michael K, Isaacs R, Howes C, Richardson W, Roman M, Hegedus E. The clinical value of a cluster of patient history and observational findings as a diagnostic support tool for lumbar spine stenosis. Physiother Res Int. 2011;16(3):170–8. PubMed

Coster S, Bruijn SFTM de, Tavy DLJ. Diagnostic value of history, physical examination and needleelectromyography in diagnosing lumbosacral radiculopathy. J Neurol. 2010;257:332–7.

Denteneer L, Stassijns G, Hertogh W de, Truijen S, Deale U van. Inter- and intrarater reliability of clinical tests associated with functional lumbar segmental instability and motor control impairment in patients with low bak pain: a systematic review. Arch Phys Med Rehab. 2017;98:151–64.

Deyo RA, Weinstein JN. Low back pain. NEJM 2001;344(5):393–71.

Downie A, Williams CM, Henschke N, Hancock MJ, Ostelo RWJG, Vet HCW de, Macaskill P, Irwig L, Tulder MW van, Koes BW, Maher CG. Red flags to screen for malignancy and fracture in patients with low back pain: systematic review. BMJ 2013;347:f7095.

Endean A, Palmer KT, Coggon D. Potential of magnetic resonance imaging findings to refine case definition for mechanical low back pain in epidemiological studies: a systematic review. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2011 Jan 15;36(2):160–9.

Ensrud KE. Epidemiology of fracture risk with advanced age. Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2013;68(10):1236–42. CrossRef

Ettinger B, Black DM, Nevitt MC, et al. Contribution of vertebral deformities to chronic back pain and disability. The study of osteoporotic fractures research group. J Bone Miner Res. 1992;50(7):449–56.

Ferrari S, Manni T, Bonetti F, Villafane JH, Vanti C. A literature review of clinical tests for lumbar instability in low back pain: validity and applicability in clinical practice. Chiropractic & Manual Therapies. 2015;23:14. CrossRef

Genevay S, Atlas SJ. Lumbar spinal stenosis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2010;24:253–65. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Goode AP, Carey TS, Jordan JM. Low back pain and lumbar spine osteoarthritis: how are they related? Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2013;15(2):305. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Grondahl LHJ, Fawcett L, Nazareth M, Smith R, Spencer S, Heneghan N, Rushton A. Diagnostic utility of patient history and physical examination data to detect spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis in athletes with low back pain: a systematic review. Man Ther. 2016;24:7–17. CrossRef

Hancock MJ, Koes B, Ostelo R, Peul W. Diagnostic accuracy of the clinical examination in identifying the level of herniation in patients with sciatica. Spine. 2011;36:E712–9. CrossRefPubMed

Hancock MJ, Maher CG, Latimer J, Spindler MF, McAuley JH, Laslett M, Bogduk N. Systematic review of tests to identify the disc, SIJ or facet joint as the source of low back pain Eur Spine J. 2007;16:1539–50. PubMedPubMedCentral

Haskins R, Osmotherly PG, Rivett DA. Diagnostic clinical prediction rules for specific subtypes of low back pain: a systematic review. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2015;45(2):61–76, A1–4.

Hayden JA, Dunn KM, Windt DA van der, Shaw WS. What is the prognosis of back pain? Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2010;24(2):167–79.

Henschke N, Maher CG, Ostelo RW, Vet HC de, Macaskill P, Irwig L. (2013) Red flags to screen for malignancy in patients with low-back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Feb 28;2:CD008686.

Henschke N, Maher CG, Refshauge KM, Herbert RD, Cumming RG, Bleasel J, et al. Prevalence and screening for serious spinal pathology in patients presenting to primary care settings with acute low back pain. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60:3072–80. CrossRefPubMed

Hicks GE, Fritz JM, Delitto A, Mishock J. Interrater reliability of clinical examination measures for identification of lumbar segmental instability. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2003;84(12):1858–64. CrossRefPubMed

Hilfiker R, Bachmann L, Heitz C, et al. Value of predictive instruments to determine persisting restriction of function in patients with subacute non-specific low back pain. Systematic review. Eur Spine J. 2007;16:1755–75. CrossRefPubMed

Hill JC, Dunn KM, Lewis M, Mullis R, Main CJ, Foster NE, Hay EM. A primary care back pain screening tool: identifying patient subgroups for initial treatment. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;50(59):632–41. CrossRef

Hill JC, Whitehurst DG, Lewis M, et al. Comparison of stratified primary care management for low back pain with current best practice (STarT Back): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2011;378:1560–71. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Hoy D, Bain C, Williams G, March L, Brooks P, Blyth F, Woolf A, Vos T, Buchbinder R. A systematic review of the global prevalence of low back pain. Arhtritis Rheum. 2012;64(6):2028–37. CrossRef

Hoy D, March L, Brooks P, Blyth F, Woolf A, Bain C, Williams G, Smith E, Vos T, Barendregt J, Murray C, Burstein R, Buchbinder R. The global burden of low back pain: estimates from the global burden of disease 2010 Study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;50(73):968–74. CrossRef

Itz CJ, Geurts JW, Kleef M van, Nelemans P. Clinical course of non-specific low back pain: a systematic review of prospective cohort studies set in primary care. Eur J Pain 2013;17:5–15.

Iversen T, Solberg TK, Romner B, Wilsgaard T, Nygaard O, Waterloo K, Brox JI, Ingebrigtsen T. Accuracy of physical examination for chroniclumbar radiculopathy. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2013;14:206. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Jarvik JG, Deyo RA. Diagnostic evaluation of low back pain with emphasis on imaging. Ann Intern Med. 2002 Oct 1;137(7): 586–97.

Jellema P, Windt DA van der, Horst HE van der, Stalman WA, Bouter LM. Prediction of an unfavourable course of low back pain in general practice: comparison of four instruments. Br J Gen Pract. 2007;57:15–22. PubMedPubMedCentral

Kalichman L, Cole R, Kim DH, et al. Spinal stenosis prevalence and association with symptoms: the Framingham Study. Spine J. 2009;9:545–50. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Kalichman L, Li L, Kim DH, Guermazi A, Berkin V, O’Donnell CJ, et al. Facet joint osteoarthritis and low back pain in the community-based population. Spine. 2008;33(23):2560–5. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Karel YH, Verkerk K, Endenburg S, Metselaar S, Verhagen AP. Effect of routine diagnostic imaging for patients with musculoskeletal disorders: A meta-analysis. Eur J Intern Med. 2015;26(8):585–95. CrossRefPubMed

Kasai Y, Morishita K, Kawakita E, Kondo T, Uchida A. A new evaluation method for lumbar spinal instability: passive lumbar extension test. Phys Ther. 2006;86:1661–7. CrossRefPubMed

Kent PM, Keating JL. Can we predict poor recovery from recent-onset nonspecific low back pain? A systematic review. Man Ther. 2008;13(1):12–28. PubMed

Kim SJ, Lee TH, Lim SM. Prevalence of disc degeneration in asymptomatic Korean subjects, part 1: lumbar spine. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2013;53:31–8. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Kim J-H, Rijn RM van, Wassenaar M, Tulder MW van, Koes BW, Boer M de, Ginai A, Ostelo RWGJ, Windt DAMW van der, Verhagen AP. Diagnostic imaging for diagnosing lumbar disc herniation in adults with low back pain or sciatica: a meta-analysis. Subm.

Knutsson F. The instability associated with disk degeneration in the lumbar spine. Acta Radiol. 1944;50(25):593–609.

Konno S, Hayashino Y, Fukuhara S, Kikuchi S, Kaneda K, Seichi A, Chiba K, Satomi K, Nagata K, Kawai S. Development of a clinical diagnosis support tool to identify patients with lumbar spinal stenosis. Eur Spine J. 2007;16(11):1951–7. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Konstantinou K, Dunn KM. Sciatica: review of epidemiological studies and prevalence estimates. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2008;33:2464–72.

Laslett M. Evidence-based diagnosis and treatment of the painful sacroiliac joint. J Man Manip Ther. 2008;16(3):142–52. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Lin C-WC, Verwoerd A, Maher CG, Verhagen AP, Pinto RZ, Luijsterburg PA, Hancock MJ. Eligibility criteria of trials investigating conservative treatments for radiating leg pain related to back pain. Eur J Pain 2013.

Linden MW van der, Westert GP, Bakker DH de, Schellevis FG. Tweede nationale studie naar ziekten en verrichtingen in de huisartspraktijk: klachten en aandoeningen in de bevolking en in de huisartspraktijk. Utrecht/Bilthoven: NIVEL/RIVM; 2004.

Lindsay R, Silverman SL, Cooper C, Hanley DA, Barton I, Broy SB, et al. Risk of new vertebral fracture in the year following a fracture. JAMA. 2001;285(3):320–3. CrossRefPubMed

Lurie J, Tomkins-Lane C. Management of lumbar stenosis. BMJ. 2016;352:h6234. CrossRefPubMed

Lurie JD, Tosteson AN, Tosteson TD, Carragee E, Carrino JA, Kaiser J, Sequeiros RT, Lecomte AR, Grove MR, Blood EA, Pearson LH, Weinstein JN, Herzog R. Reliability of readings of magnetic resonance imaging features of lumbar spinal stenosis. Spine. 2008a;33(14):1605–10. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Lurie JD, Tosteson AN, Tosteson TD, Carragee E, Carrino JA, Kaiser J, Sequeiros RT, Lecomte AR, Grove MR, Blood EA, Pearson LH, Herzog R, Weinstein JN. Reliability of magnetic resonance imaging readings for lumbar disc herniation in the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial (SPORT). Spine. 2008b;33(9):991–8. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Maas ET, Juch JNS, Ostelo RWJG, Groeneweg JG, Kallewaard JW, Koes BW, Verhagen AP, Hygen FJPM, Tulder MW van. Systematic review of patients history and physical examination to diagnose chronic low back pain originating from the facet joint. Eur J Pain 2017;21:403–14.

Manchikanti L, Singh V. Review of chronic low back pain of facet origin. Pain Physician. 2002;5(1):83–101. PubMed

Manchikanti L, Singh V, Pampati V, Damron KS, Beyer CD, Barnhill RC. Is there correlation of facet joint pain in lumbar and cervical spine? An evaluation of prevalence in combined chronic low back and neck pain. Pain Physician. 2002;5:365–71. PubMed

Mehling WE, Gopisetty V, Bartmess E, Acree M, Pressman A, Goldberg H, Hecht FM, Carey T, Avins AL. The prognosis of acute low back pain in primary care in the United States. Spine. 2012;37:678–84. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Muraki S, Akune T, Oka H, Ishimoto Y, Nagata K, Yoshida M, et al. Incidence and risk factors for radiographic lumbar spondylosis and lower back pain in Japanese men and women: the ROAD study. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2012;20(7):712–8. CrossRefPubMed

M’Kumbuzi VRP, Ntawukuriryayo JT, Haminana JD, Munyandamutsa J, Nzakizwanimana E. Accuracy of the straight leg raise and slump test in detecting lumbar disc herniation: a pilot study. Cent Afr J Med. 2012;58(1–4):5–11. PubMed

NIVEL: https://www.nivel.nl/nl/NZR/incidenties-en-prevalenties.

O’Sullivan PB. Lumbar segmental ‘instability’: clinical presentation and specific stabilizing exercise management. Man Ther. 2000;5:2–12. CrossRefPubMed

Petersen T, Laslett M, Juhl C. Clinical classification in low back pain: best-evidence diagnostic rules based on systematic reviews. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2017 May 12;18(1):188.

Raastad J, Reiman M, Coeytaux R, Ledbetter L, Goode AP. The association between lumbar spine radiographic features and low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2015;44:571–85. CrossRefPubMed

Rabin A, Shashua A, Pizem K, Dar G. The interrater reliability of physical examination tests that may predict the outcome or suggest the need for lumbar stabilization exercises. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2013;43(2):83–90. CrossRefPubMed

Ravenna MM, Hoffman SL, Dillen LR van. Low interrater reliability of examiners performing the prone instability test: a clinical test for lumbar shear instability. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2011;92(6):913–9.

Rijn RM van, Wassenaar M, Verhagen AP, Ostelo RW, Ginai AZ, Boer MR de, et al. Computed tomography for the diagnosis of lumbar spinal pathology in adult patients with low back pain or sciatica: a diagnostic systematic review. Eur Spine J. 2012;21(2):228–39.

Scheele J, Schepper EI de, Meurs JB van, Hofman A, Koes BW, Luijsterburg PA, et al. Association between spinal morning stiffness and lumbar disc degeneration: the Rotterdam Study. Osteoarthritis and cartilage 2012;20(9):982–7.

Schepper EI de, Damen J, Meurs JB van, Ginai AZ, Popham M, Hofman A, et al. The association between lumbar disc degeneration and low back pain: the influence of age, gender, and individual radiographic features. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2010;35(5):531–6.

Schepper EI de, Overdevest GM, Suri P, Peul WC, Oei EH, Koes BW, Bierma-Zeinstra SM, Luijsterburg PA. Diagnosis of lumbar spinal stenosis: an updated systematic review of the accuracy of diagnostic tests. Spine 2013 Apr 15;38(8):E469–81.

Shiri R, Lallukka T, Karppinen J, Viikari-Juntura E. Obesity as a risk factor for sciatica: a meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol. 2014 Apr 15;179(8):929–37.

Shultz S, Averell K, Eickelman A, Sanker H, Burrowbridge Donaldson M. Diagnostic accuracy of self-report and subjective history in the diagnosis of low back pain with non-specific lower extremity symptoms: a systematic review. Man Ther. 2015;20:18–27. CrossRefPubMed

Silverman SL, Minshall ME, Shen W, Harper KD, Xie S; Health-Related Quality of Life Subgroup of the Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation Study. The relationship of health-related quality of life to prevalent and incident vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: results from the multiple outcomes of raloxifene evaluation study. Arthritis Rheum. 2001;44:2611–9.

Simopoulos TT, Manchikanti L, Singh V, Gupta S, Hameed H, Diwan S, Cohen SP. A systematic evaluation of prevalence and diagnostic accuracy of sacroiliac joint interventions. Pain Physician. 2012;15(3):E305–44. PubMed

Spijker-Huiges A, Groenhof F, Winters JC, Wijhe M van, Groenier KH, Meer K van der. Radiating low back pain in general practice: incidence, prevalence, diagnosis, and long-term clinical course of illness. Scand J Prim Health Care 2015;33(1):27–32.

Staal JB, Hendriks EJM, Heijmans M, Kiers H, Lutgers-Boomsma AM, Rutten G, Tulder MW van, Boer J den, Ostelo R, Custers JWH. KNGF-richtlijn Lagerugpijn. 2013.

Stynes S, Konstantinou K, Dunn KM. Classification of patients with low back-related leg pain: a systematic review. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2016 May 23;17:226.

Suri P, Rainville J, Katz JN, Jouve C, Hartigan C, Limke J, Pena E, Li L, Swaim B, Hunter DJ. The accuracy of the physical examination for the diagnosis of midlumbar and lowlumbar nerve root impingement. Spine. 2010;36:63–73. CrossRef

Taylor JB, Goode AP, George SZ, Cook CE. Incidence and risk factors for first time incident low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Spine J. 2014;14:2299–319. CrossRefPubMed

Tulder MW van, Assendelft WJJ, Koes BW, Bouter LM. Spinal radiographic findings and nonspecific low back pain: a systematic review of observational studies. Spine 1997;22(4):427–34.

Tulder M van, Becker A, Bekkering T, Breen A, Real MT del, Hutchinson A, et al; COST B13 Working Group on Guidelines for the Management of Acute Low Back Pain in Primary Care. Chapter 3. European guidelines for the management of acute nonspecific low back pain in primary care. Eur Spine J. 2006;15:S169–91.

Underwood M. Diagnosing acute nonspecific low back pain: time to lower the red flags? Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60:2855–7. CrossRefPubMed

Urban LM, MacNeil BJ. Diagnostic accuracy of the slump test for identifying neuropathic pain in the lower limb. JOSPT. 2015;8:596–603. CrossRef

Vanelderen P, Szadek K, Cohen SP, Witte J de, Lataster A, Patijn J, Mekhail N, Kleef M van, Zundert J van. Sacroiliac joint pain. Pain Pract. 2010;10(5):470–8.

Verhagen AP, Downie A, Maher C, Koes BW. Most red flags for malignancy in low back pain guidelines lack empirical support; a systematic review. Pain. 2017;158(10):1860–8. CrossRefPubMed

Verhagen AP, Downie A, Popal N, Maher C, Koes BW. Red flags presented in current low back pain guidelines: a review. Eur Spine J. 2016;25(9):2788–802. CrossRefPubMed

Verkerk K, Luijsterburg PA, Miedema HS, Pool-Goudswaard A, Koes BW. Prognostic factors for recovery in chronic nonspecific low back pain: a systematic review. Phys Thr. 2012;92(9):1093–108. CrossRef

Verwoerd AJ, Luijsterburg PA, Lin CW, Jacobs WC, Koes BW, Verhagen AP. Systematic review of prognostic factors predicting outcome in non-surgically treated patients with sciatica. Eur J Pain. 2013;17(8):1126–37. CrossRefPubMed

Verwoerd AJH, Mens J, Barzouhi A el, Peul WC, Koes BW, Verhagen AP. A diagnostic study in patients with sciatica establishing the importance of localisation of worsening ofpain during coughing, sneezing and straining to assess nerve root compression on MRI. Eur Spine J. 2016;25:1389–92. CrossRefPubMed

Verwoerd AJH, Peul WC, Willemse SP, Koes BW, Vleggeert-Lankamp CLAM, Barzouhi A el, Luijsterburg PAJ, Verhagen AP. Diagnostic accuracy of history taking to assess lumbosacral nerve root compression. Spine J. 2014;14:2028–37.

Vroomen PC, Krom MC de, Wilmink JT, Kester AD, Knottnerus JA. Diagnostic value of history and physical examination in patients suspected of lumbosacral nerve root compression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002;72:630–4.

Waddell G. Diagnostic triage. The back pain revolution. Londen: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier; 2006.

Wassenaar M, Rijn RM van, Tulder MW van, Verhagen AP, Windt DA van der, Koes BW, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging for diagnosing lumbar spinal pathology in adult patients with low back pain or sciatica: a diagnostic systematic review. Eur Spine J. 2012;21(2):220–7.

Watters WC, Bono CM, Gilbert TJ, et al. An evidence-based clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis. Spine J. 2009 May 15.

Wertli MM, Eugster R, Held U, Steurer J, Kofmehl R, Weiser S. Catastrophizong–a prognostic factor for outcome in patients with low back pain: a systematic review. Spine J. 2014a Mar 6. pii: S1529–9430(14)00243–5.

Wertli MM, Rasmussen-Barr E, Weiser S, Bachmann LM, Brunner F. The role of fear avoidance beliefs as a prognostic factor for outcome in patients with nonspecific low back pain: a systematic review. Spine J. 2014b May 1;14(5):816–36.

Williams CM, Henschke N, Maher CG, van Tulder MW, Koes BW, Macaskill P, Irwig L. Red flags to screen for vertebral fracture in patients presenting with low-back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jan 31;1:CD008643.

Windt DA van der, Simons E, Riphagen II, Ammendolia C, Verhagen AP, Laslett M, Devillé W, Deyo RA, Bouter LM, Vet HC de, Aertgeerts B. Physical examination for lumbar radiculopathy due to disc herniation in patients with low-back pain: a systematic review. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Feb 17;2:CD007431.

Wolfer LR, Derby R, Lee JF, Lee SH. Systematic review of lumbar provocation discography in asymptomatic subjects with a meta-analysis of false-positive rates. Pain Physician. 2008;11(4):513–38. PubMed

Zhang Y, Jordan JM. Epidemiology of osteoarthritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2008;34:515–29. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Zoete A de, Ostelo R, Knol DL, Algra PR, Wilmink JT, Tulder MW van. Diagnostic accuracy of lumbosacral spine magnetic resonance image reading by chiropractors, chiropractic radiologists and medical radiologists. Spine 2015;40:E653–60.

Titel

Low back

Boek

Evidence based diagnostics of musculoskeletal disorders in primary care

Print ISBN: 978-90-368-2145-2

Elektronisch ISBN: 978-90-368-2146-9

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-368-2146-9

DOI

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-368-2146-9_4

Auteurs:

Dr. Arianne Verhagen
Drs. Jeroen Alessie

Uitgeverij

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Volgnummer

Hoofdstuknummer

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Tip

Swipe om te navigeren naar een ander hoofdstuk

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Met onderstaand(e) abonnement(en) heeft u direct toegang:

Evidence based diagnostics of musculoskeletal disorders in primary care