Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: Child Psychiatry & Human Development 6/2014

01-12-2014 | Original Article

Longitudinal Course of Diagnosed Depression from Ages 15 to 20 in a Community Sample: Patterns and Parental Risk Factors

Auteurs: T. Agerup, S. Lydersen, J. Wallander, A. M. Sund

Gepubliceerd in: Child Psychiatry & Human Development | Uitgave 6/2014

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

The primary aim was to examine the associations of hypothesized maternal and paternal risk factors with course of depression diagnosis in a community sample from ages 15–20. In addition, we describe longitudinal stability and change in depression diagnosis over this period. In the Youth and Mental Health study 242 adolescents completed questionnaires and the Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime interview at ages 15 and 20, and risk factors were measured by parent report including the Adult Self Report. Both groups who remained depressed and who recovered were more likely to have mothers with internalizing problems. Paternal internalizing problems was also significantly associated with course of depression. These findings suggest treatment of depression in adolescents and young adults may benefit from consideration of the parents’ internalizing symptoms.
Literatuur
1.
go back to reference Jonsson U et al (2011) Mental health outcome of long-term and episodic adolescent depression: 15-year follow-up of a community sample. J Affect Disord 130(3):395–404PubMedCrossRef Jonsson U et al (2011) Mental health outcome of long-term and episodic adolescent depression: 15-year follow-up of a community sample. J Affect Disord 130(3):395–404PubMedCrossRef
2.
go back to reference Kasen S et al (2001) Childhood depression and adult personality disorder: alternative pathways of continuity. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58(3):231–236PubMedCrossRef Kasen S et al (2001) Childhood depression and adult personality disorder: alternative pathways of continuity. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58(3):231–236PubMedCrossRef
3.
go back to reference Sund AM (2004) Development of depressive symptoms in early adolescence: the youth and mental health study. NTNU: [Trondheim]. p. 1 b. (flere pag.) Sund AM (2004) Development of depressive symptoms in early adolescence: the youth and mental health study. NTNU: [Trondheim]. p. 1 b. (flere pag.)
5.
go back to reference Hankin BL et al (1998) Development of depression from preadolescence to young adulthood: emerging gender differences in a 10-year longitudinal study. J Abnorm Psychol 107(1):128–140PubMedCrossRef Hankin BL et al (1998) Development of depression from preadolescence to young adulthood: emerging gender differences in a 10-year longitudinal study. J Abnorm Psychol 107(1):128–140PubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Costello EJ, Erkanli A, Angold A (2006) Is there an epidemic of child or adolescent depression? J Child Psychol Psychiatry 47(12):1263–1271 Costello EJ, Erkanli A, Angold A (2006) Is there an epidemic of child or adolescent depression? J Child Psychol Psychiatry 47(12):1263–1271
7.
go back to reference Prenoveau JM et al (2011) Are anxiety and depression just as stable as personality during late adolescence? Results from a three-year longitudinal latent variable study. J Abnorm Psychol 120(4):832–843PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Prenoveau JM et al (2011) Are anxiety and depression just as stable as personality during late adolescence? Results from a three-year longitudinal latent variable study. J Abnorm Psychol 120(4):832–843PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Lewinsohn PM et al (2003) The symptomatic expression of major depressive disorder in adolescents and young adults. J Abnorm Psychol 112(2):244–252PubMedCrossRef Lewinsohn PM et al (2003) The symptomatic expression of major depressive disorder in adolescents and young adults. J Abnorm Psychol 112(2):244–252PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Lemstra M et al (2008) A systematic review of depressed mood and anxiety by SES in youth aged 10–15 years. Can J Public Health 99(2):125–129PubMed Lemstra M et al (2008) A systematic review of depressed mood and anxiety by SES in youth aged 10–15 years. Can J Public Health 99(2):125–129PubMed
10.
go back to reference Haarasilta L et al (2001) The 12-month prevalence and characteristics of major depressive episode in a representative nationwide sample of adolescents and young adults. Psychol Med 31(7):1169–1179PubMed Haarasilta L et al (2001) The 12-month prevalence and characteristics of major depressive episode in a representative nationwide sample of adolescents and young adults. Psychol Med 31(7):1169–1179PubMed
11.
go back to reference Pettit JW et al (2010) Developmental relations between depressive symptoms, minor hassles, and major events from adolescence through age 30 years. J Abnorm Psychol 119(4):811–824PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Pettit JW et al (2010) Developmental relations between depressive symptoms, minor hassles, and major events from adolescence through age 30 years. J Abnorm Psychol 119(4):811–824PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Twenge JM, Nolen-Hoeksema S (2002) Age, gender, race, socioeconomic status, and birth cohort differences on the children’s depression inventory: a meta-analysis. J Abnorm Psychol 111(4):578–588PubMedCrossRef Twenge JM, Nolen-Hoeksema S (2002) Age, gender, race, socioeconomic status, and birth cohort differences on the children’s depression inventory: a meta-analysis. J Abnorm Psychol 111(4):578–588PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, p XXVII, 886s American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, p XXVII, 886s
14.
go back to reference Barbe RP et al (2005) Clinical differences between suicidal and nonsuicidal depressed children and adolescents. J Clin Psychiatry 66(4):492–498PubMedCrossRef Barbe RP et al (2005) Clinical differences between suicidal and nonsuicidal depressed children and adolescents. J Clin Psychiatry 66(4):492–498PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Jaffee SR et al (2002) Differences in early childhood risk factors for juvenile-onset and adult-onset depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 59(3):215–222PubMedCrossRef Jaffee SR et al (2002) Differences in early childhood risk factors for juvenile-onset and adult-onset depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 59(3):215–222PubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Sund AM, Larsson B, Wichstrom L (2011) Prevalence and characteristics of depressive disorders in early adolescents in Central Norway. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Mental Health 5(1):28CrossRef Sund AM, Larsson B, Wichstrom L (2011) Prevalence and characteristics of depressive disorders in early adolescents in Central Norway. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Mental Health 5(1):28CrossRef
18.
go back to reference Vander Stoep A et al (2012) Identifying comorbid depression and disruptive behavior disorders: comparison of two approaches used in adolescent studies. J Psychiatr Res 46(7):873–881PubMedCrossRef Vander Stoep A et al (2012) Identifying comorbid depression and disruptive behavior disorders: comparison of two approaches used in adolescent studies. J Psychiatr Res 46(7):873–881PubMedCrossRef
20.
go back to reference Kraepelin E (1921) Einführung in die Psychiatrische Klinik. Verlag von Johann Ambrosius Barth, Leipzig Kraepelin E (1921) Einführung in die Psychiatrische Klinik. Verlag von Johann Ambrosius Barth, Leipzig
21.
go back to reference Wichers M et al (2012) Disentangling the causal inter-relationship between negative life events and depressive symptoms in women: a longitudinal twin study. Psychol Med 42(9):1801–1814PubMedCrossRef Wichers M et al (2012) Disentangling the causal inter-relationship between negative life events and depressive symptoms in women: a longitudinal twin study. Psychol Med 42(9):1801–1814PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Wilkinson PO et al (2013) The role of gene-environment correlations and interactions in middle childhood depressive symptoms. Dev Psychopathol 25(1):93–104PubMedCrossRef Wilkinson PO et al (2013) The role of gene-environment correlations and interactions in middle childhood depressive symptoms. Dev Psychopathol 25(1):93–104PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Bronfenbrenner U (1986) Ecology of the family as a context for human development: Research perspectives. Dev Psychol 22(6):723CrossRef Bronfenbrenner U (1986) Ecology of the family as a context for human development: Research perspectives. Dev Psychol 22(6):723CrossRef
24.
go back to reference Huurre T, Junkkari H, Aro H (2006) Long-term psychosocial effects of parental divorce: a follow-up study from adolescence to adulthood. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 256(4):256–263PubMedCrossRef Huurre T, Junkkari H, Aro H (2006) Long-term psychosocial effects of parental divorce: a follow-up study from adolescence to adulthood. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 256(4):256–263PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference Gilman SE et al (2003) Family disruption in childhood and risk of adult depression. Am J Psychiatry 160(5):939–946PubMedCrossRef Gilman SE et al (2003) Family disruption in childhood and risk of adult depression. Am J Psychiatry 160(5):939–946PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Wells VE, Deykin EY, Klerman GL (1985) Risk factors for depression in adolescence. Psychiatry Dev 3(1):83–108 Wells VE, Deykin EY, Klerman GL (1985) Risk factors for depression in adolescence. Psychiatry Dev 3(1):83–108
27.
go back to reference Purper-Ouakil D, Michel G, Mouren-Simeoni MC (2002) Vulnerability to depression in children and adolescents: update and perspectives. Encephale 28(3 Pt 1):234–240PubMed Purper-Ouakil D, Michel G, Mouren-Simeoni MC (2002) Vulnerability to depression in children and adolescents: update and perspectives. Encephale 28(3 Pt 1):234–240PubMed
28.
go back to reference Greszta E (2006) Family environment risk factors of depression in adolescence. Psychiatr Pol 40(4):719–730PubMed Greszta E (2006) Family environment risk factors of depression in adolescence. Psychiatr Pol 40(4):719–730PubMed
29.
go back to reference Tyrka AR et al (2008) Childhood parental loss and adult psychopathology: effects of loss characteristics and contextual factors. Int J Psychiatry Med 38(3):329–344PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Tyrka AR et al (2008) Childhood parental loss and adult psychopathology: effects of loss characteristics and contextual factors. Int J Psychiatry Med 38(3):329–344PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Crawford TN et al (2001) Internalizing symptoms in adolescents: gender differences in vulnerability to parental distress and discord. J Res Adolesc 11(1):95–118CrossRef Crawford TN et al (2001) Internalizing symptoms in adolescents: gender differences in vulnerability to parental distress and discord. J Res Adolesc 11(1):95–118CrossRef
31.
go back to reference Pelkonen M, Marttunen M, Aro H (2003) Risk for depression: a 6-year follow-up of finnish adolescents. J Affect Disord 77(1):41–51PubMedCrossRef Pelkonen M, Marttunen M, Aro H (2003) Risk for depression: a 6-year follow-up of finnish adolescents. J Affect Disord 77(1):41–51PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Nomura Y et al (2002) Family discord, parental depression, and psychopathology in offspring: ten-year follow-up. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 41(4):402–409PubMedCrossRef Nomura Y et al (2002) Family discord, parental depression, and psychopathology in offspring: ten-year follow-up. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 41(4):402–409PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Elovainio M et al (2012) Socioeconomic status and the development of depressive symptoms from childhood to adulthood: a longitudinal analysis across 27 years of follow-up in the Young Finns study. Soc Sci Med 74(6):923–929PubMedCrossRef Elovainio M et al (2012) Socioeconomic status and the development of depressive symptoms from childhood to adulthood: a longitudinal analysis across 27 years of follow-up in the Young Finns study. Soc Sci Med 74(6):923–929PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Lahelma E et al (2006) Multiple measures of socioeconomic circumstances and common mental disorders. Soc Sci Med 63(5):1383–1399PubMedCrossRef Lahelma E et al (2006) Multiple measures of socioeconomic circumstances and common mental disorders. Soc Sci Med 63(5):1383–1399PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Wight RG, Botticello AL, Aneshensel CS (2006) Socioeconomic context, social support, and adolescent mental health: a multilevel investigation. J Youth Adolesc 35(1):115–126CrossRef Wight RG, Botticello AL, Aneshensel CS (2006) Socioeconomic context, social support, and adolescent mental health: a multilevel investigation. J Youth Adolesc 35(1):115–126CrossRef
36.
go back to reference Elder GH et al (1992) Families under economic pressure. J Fam Issues 13(1):5–37CrossRef Elder GH et al (1992) Families under economic pressure. J Fam Issues 13(1):5–37CrossRef
37.
go back to reference Falconier MK, Epstein NB (2011) Female-demand/male-withdraw communication in Argentinian couples: A mediating factor between economic strain and relationship distress. Pers Relationsh 18(4):586–603CrossRef Falconier MK, Epstein NB (2011) Female-demand/male-withdraw communication in Argentinian couples: A mediating factor between economic strain and relationship distress. Pers Relationsh 18(4):586–603CrossRef
38.
go back to reference Diareme S et al (2006) Emotional and behavioural difficulties in children of parents with multiple sclerosis: a controlled study in Greece. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 15(6):309–318PubMedCrossRef Diareme S et al (2006) Emotional and behavioural difficulties in children of parents with multiple sclerosis: a controlled study in Greece. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 15(6):309–318PubMedCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Grant KE, Compas BE (1995) Stress and anxious-depressed symptoms among adolescents: searching for mechanisms of risk. J Consult Clin Psychol 63(6):1015–1021PubMedCrossRef Grant KE, Compas BE (1995) Stress and anxious-depressed symptoms among adolescents: searching for mechanisms of risk. J Consult Clin Psychol 63(6):1015–1021PubMedCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Oppenheim-Gluckman H et al (2005) Personal experience of adolescents with a brain-injured parent: preliminary study. Annales de Readaptation et de Medecine Physique 48(9):650–661PubMedCrossRef Oppenheim-Gluckman H et al (2005) Personal experience of adolescents with a brain-injured parent: preliminary study. Annales de Readaptation et de Medecine Physique 48(9):650–661PubMedCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Kaasbøll J, Lydersen S, Indredavik MS (2012) Psychological symptoms in children of parents with chronic pain-the HUNT study. Pain 153(5):1054–1062PubMedCrossRef Kaasbøll J, Lydersen S, Indredavik MS (2012) Psychological symptoms in children of parents with chronic pain-the HUNT study. Pain 153(5):1054–1062PubMedCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Compas BE et al (1994) When mom or dad has cancer—markers of psychological distress in cancer-patients, spouses, and children. Health Psychol 13(6):507–515PubMedCrossRef Compas BE et al (1994) When mom or dad has cancer—markers of psychological distress in cancer-patients, spouses, and children. Health Psychol 13(6):507–515PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Welch AS, Wadsworth ME, Compas BE (1996) Adjustment of children and adolescents to parental cancer. Parents’ and children’s perspectives. Cancer 77(7):1409–1418PubMedCrossRef Welch AS, Wadsworth ME, Compas BE (1996) Adjustment of children and adolescents to parental cancer. Parents’ and children’s perspectives. Cancer 77(7):1409–1418PubMedCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Romer G, Schulte-Markwort M, Riedesser P (2002) Children of somatically ill parents as exemplified by children whose mothers have cancer. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 62(6):537–542CrossRef Romer G, Schulte-Markwort M, Riedesser P (2002) Children of somatically ill parents as exemplified by children whose mothers have cancer. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 62(6):537–542CrossRef
45.
go back to reference Korneluk YG, Lee CM (1998) Children’s adjustment to parental physical illness. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 1(3):179–193PubMedCrossRef Korneluk YG, Lee CM (1998) Children’s adjustment to parental physical illness. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 1(3):179–193PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Rice F, Harold G, Thapar A (2002) The genetic aetiology of childhood depression: a review. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 43(1):65–79PubMedCrossRef Rice F, Harold G, Thapar A (2002) The genetic aetiology of childhood depression: a review. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 43(1):65–79PubMedCrossRef
47.
go back to reference Avenevoli S et al (2008) Epidemiology of depression in children and adolescents. In: Abela JRZ, Hankin BL (eds) Handbook of depression in children and adolescents. Guildford Press, New York, pp 6–32 Avenevoli S et al (2008) Epidemiology of depression in children and adolescents. In: Abela JRZ, Hankin BL (eds) Handbook of depression in children and adolescents. Guildford Press, New York, pp 6–32
48.
go back to reference Kahn RS, Brandt D, Whitaker RC (2004) Combined effect of mothers’ and fathers’ mental health symptoms on children’s behavioral and emotional well-being. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 158(8):721–729PubMedCrossRef Kahn RS, Brandt D, Whitaker RC (2004) Combined effect of mothers’ and fathers’ mental health symptoms on children’s behavioral and emotional well-being. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 158(8):721–729PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Gere MK et al (2013) Fathers’ mental health as a protective factor in the relationship between maternal and child depressive symptoms. Depress Anxiety 30(1):31–38PubMedCrossRef Gere MK et al (2013) Fathers’ mental health as a protective factor in the relationship between maternal and child depressive symptoms. Depress Anxiety 30(1):31–38PubMedCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Weissman MM et al (1997) Offspring of depressed parents. 10 years later. Arch Gen Psychiatry 54(10):932–940PubMedCrossRef Weissman MM et al (1997) Offspring of depressed parents. 10 years later. Arch Gen Psychiatry 54(10):932–940PubMedCrossRef
51.
go back to reference Bahali K et al (2011) Parental psychological symptoms and familial risk factors of children and adolescents who exhibit school refusal. East Asian Arch Psychiatry 21(4):164–169PubMed Bahali K et al (2011) Parental psychological symptoms and familial risk factors of children and adolescents who exhibit school refusal. East Asian Arch Psychiatry 21(4):164–169PubMed
52.
go back to reference Williamson DE et al (1995) A case-control family history study of depression in adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 34(12):1596–1607PubMedCrossRef Williamson DE et al (1995) A case-control family history study of depression in adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 34(12):1596–1607PubMedCrossRef
53.
go back to reference Goldstein RB et al (1994) Psychiatric disorders in relatives of probands with panic disorder and/or major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 51(5):383–394PubMedCrossRef Goldstein RB et al (1994) Psychiatric disorders in relatives of probands with panic disorder and/or major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 51(5):383–394PubMedCrossRef
54.
go back to reference Kane P, Garber J (2004) The relations among depression in fathers, children’s psychopathology, and father-child conflict: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 24(3):339–360PubMedCrossRef Kane P, Garber J (2004) The relations among depression in fathers, children’s psychopathology, and father-child conflict: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 24(3):339–360PubMedCrossRef
55.
go back to reference Beardslee WR, Gladstone TRG, O’Connor EE (2011) Transmission and prevention of mood disorders among children of affectively Ill parents: a review. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 50(11):1098–1109PubMedCrossRef Beardslee WR, Gladstone TRG, O’Connor EE (2011) Transmission and prevention of mood disorders among children of affectively Ill parents: a review. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 50(11):1098–1109PubMedCrossRef
56.
go back to reference Reeb BT, Conger KJ, Wu EY (2010) Paternal depressive symptoms and adolescent functioning: the moderating effect of gender and father hostility. Fathering 8(1):131–142PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Reeb BT, Conger KJ, Wu EY (2010) Paternal depressive symptoms and adolescent functioning: the moderating effect of gender and father hostility. Fathering 8(1):131–142PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
57.
go back to reference Weitzman M, Rosenthal DG, Liu YH (2011) Paternal depressive symptoms and child behavioral or emotional problems in the United States. Pediatrics 128(6):1126–1134PubMedCrossRef Weitzman M, Rosenthal DG, Liu YH (2011) Paternal depressive symptoms and child behavioral or emotional problems in the United States. Pediatrics 128(6):1126–1134PubMedCrossRef
58.
go back to reference Dinya E, Csorba J, Grosz Z (2012) Are there temperament differences between major depression and dysthymic disorder in adolescent clinical outpatients? Compr Psychiatry 53(4):350–354PubMedCrossRef Dinya E, Csorba J, Grosz Z (2012) Are there temperament differences between major depression and dysthymic disorder in adolescent clinical outpatients? Compr Psychiatry 53(4):350–354PubMedCrossRef
59.
go back to reference Sund AM, Larsson B, Wichstrom L (2001) Depressive symptoms among young Norwegian adolescents as measured by the Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (MFQ). Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 10(4):222–229PubMedCrossRef Sund AM, Larsson B, Wichstrom L (2001) Depressive symptoms among young Norwegian adolescents as measured by the Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (MFQ). Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 10(4):222–229PubMedCrossRef
60.
go back to reference Kaufman J et al (1997) Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): initial reliability and validity data. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36(7):980–988PubMedCrossRef Kaufman J et al (1997) Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): initial reliability and validity data. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36(7):980–988PubMedCrossRef
61.
go back to reference Angold A et al (1987) Parent and child reports of depressive symptoms in children at low and high risk of depression. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 28(6):901–915PubMedCrossRef Angold A et al (1987) Parent and child reports of depressive symptoms in children at low and high risk of depression. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 28(6):901–915PubMedCrossRef
62.
go back to reference Costello EJ, Angold A (1988) Scales to assess child and adolescent depression: checklists, screens, and nets. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 27(6):726–737PubMedCrossRef Costello EJ, Angold A (1988) Scales to assess child and adolescent depression: checklists, screens, and nets. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 27(6):726–737PubMedCrossRef
63.
go back to reference Costello EJ et al (1991) Mood variability in adolescents: a study of depressed, nondepressed and comorbid patients. J Affect Disord 23(4):199–212PubMedCrossRef Costello EJ et al (1991) Mood variability in adolescents: a study of depressed, nondepressed and comorbid patients. J Affect Disord 23(4):199–212PubMedCrossRef
64.
go back to reference Daviss WB et al (2006) Criterion validity of the mood and feelings questionnaire for depressive episodes in clinic and non-clinic subjects. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 47(9):927–934PubMedCrossRef Daviss WB et al (2006) Criterion validity of the mood and feelings questionnaire for depressive episodes in clinic and non-clinic subjects. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 47(9):927–934PubMedCrossRef
65.
go back to reference Goodyer IM et al (1997) Short-term outcome of major depression: II. Life events, family dysfunction, and friendship difficulties as predictors of persistent disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36(4):474–480PubMedCrossRef Goodyer IM et al (1997) Short-term outcome of major depression: II. Life events, family dysfunction, and friendship difficulties as predictors of persistent disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36(4):474–480PubMedCrossRef
66.
go back to reference Shaffer D et al (1983) A childrens global assessment Scale (Cgas). Arch Gen Psychiatry 40(11):1228–1231PubMedCrossRef Shaffer D et al (1983) A childrens global assessment Scale (Cgas). Arch Gen Psychiatry 40(11):1228–1231PubMedCrossRef
67.
go back to reference Achenbach TM, Rescorla LA, Manual for the ASEBA Adult Forms & Profiles (2003) Manual for the ASEBA adult forms & profiles. University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth and Families, Burlington, VT Achenbach TM, Rescorla LA, Manual for the ASEBA Adult Forms & Profiles (2003) Manual for the ASEBA adult forms & profiles. University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth and Families, Burlington, VT
68.
go back to reference Carpenter JR, Kenward MG (2013) Multiple imputation and its application, 1st edn. Wiley, ChichesterCrossRef Carpenter JR, Kenward MG (2013) Multiple imputation and its application, 1st edn. Wiley, ChichesterCrossRef
69.
go back to reference Garber J, Cole DA (2010) Intergenerational transmission of depression: a launch and grow model of change across adolescence. Dev Psychopathol 22(4):819–830PubMedCrossRef Garber J, Cole DA (2010) Intergenerational transmission of depression: a launch and grow model of change across adolescence. Dev Psychopathol 22(4):819–830PubMedCrossRef
70.
go back to reference Kouros CD, Garber J (2010) Dynamic associations between maternal depressive symptoms and adolescents’ depressive and externalizing symptoms. J Abnorm Child Psychol 38(8):1069–1081PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Kouros CD, Garber J (2010) Dynamic associations between maternal depressive symptoms and adolescents’ depressive and externalizing symptoms. J Abnorm Child Psychol 38(8):1069–1081PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
71.
go back to reference Kessler RC (2006) The epidemiology of depression among women. In: Keyes CLM, Goodman SH (eds) Women and depression: a handbook for the social, behavior, and biomedical sciences. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp 22–40CrossRef Kessler RC (2006) The epidemiology of depression among women. In: Keyes CLM, Goodman SH (eds) Women and depression: a handbook for the social, behavior, and biomedical sciences. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp 22–40CrossRef
72.
go back to reference Goodman SH, Tully E (2008) Children of depressed mothers implications for the etiology, treatment, and prevention of depression in children and adolescents. In: Abela JRZ, Hankin BL (eds) Handbook of depression in children and adolescents. The Guildford Press, New York, pp 415–440 Goodman SH, Tully E (2008) Children of depressed mothers implications for the etiology, treatment, and prevention of depression in children and adolescents. In: Abela JRZ, Hankin BL (eds) Handbook of depression in children and adolescents. The Guildford Press, New York, pp 415–440
73.
go back to reference Lovejoy MC et al (2000) Maternal depression and parenting behavior: a meta-analytic review. Clin Psychol Rev 20(5):561–592PubMedCrossRef Lovejoy MC et al (2000) Maternal depression and parenting behavior: a meta-analytic review. Clin Psychol Rev 20(5):561–592PubMedCrossRef
74.
go back to reference Kane P, Garber J (2009) Parental depression and child externalizing and internalizing symptoms: unique effects of fathers’ symptoms and perceived conflict as a mediator. J Child Fam Stud 18(4):465–472CrossRef Kane P, Garber J (2009) Parental depression and child externalizing and internalizing symptoms: unique effects of fathers’ symptoms and perceived conflict as a mediator. J Child Fam Stud 18(4):465–472CrossRef
75.
go back to reference Langton EG et al (2011) An emerging income differential for adolescent emotional problems. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 52(10):1081–1088PubMedCrossRef Langton EG et al (2011) An emerging income differential for adolescent emotional problems. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 52(10):1081–1088PubMedCrossRef
76.
go back to reference Sperlich S, Arnhold-Kerri S, Geyer S (2011) What accounts for depressive symptoms among mothers? The impact of socioeconomic status, family structure and psychosocial stress. Int J Public Health 56(4):385–396PubMedCrossRef Sperlich S, Arnhold-Kerri S, Geyer S (2011) What accounts for depressive symptoms among mothers? The impact of socioeconomic status, family structure and psychosocial stress. Int J Public Health 56(4):385–396PubMedCrossRef
77.
go back to reference Turney K (2012) Pathways of disadvantage: explaining the relationship between maternal depression and children’s problem behaviors. Soc Sci Res 41(6):1546–1564PubMedCrossRef Turney K (2012) Pathways of disadvantage: explaining the relationship between maternal depression and children’s problem behaviors. Soc Sci Res 41(6):1546–1564PubMedCrossRef
78.
go back to reference Canals J et al (2002) Predictors of depression at eighteen. A 7-year follow-up study in a Spanish nonclinical population. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 11(5):226–233PubMedCrossRef Canals J et al (2002) Predictors of depression at eighteen. A 7-year follow-up study in a Spanish nonclinical population. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 11(5):226–233PubMedCrossRef
79.
go back to reference Leadbeater B, Thompson K, Gruppuso V (2012) Co-occurring trajectories of symptoms of anxiety, depression, and oppositional defiance from adolescence to young adulthood. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 41(6):719–730PubMedCrossRef Leadbeater B, Thompson K, Gruppuso V (2012) Co-occurring trajectories of symptoms of anxiety, depression, and oppositional defiance from adolescence to young adulthood. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 41(6):719–730PubMedCrossRef
80.
go back to reference Sheeber L, Hops H, Davis B (2001) Family processes in adolescent depression. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 4(1):19–35PubMedCrossRef Sheeber L, Hops H, Davis B (2001) Family processes in adolescent depression. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 4(1):19–35PubMedCrossRef
81.
go back to reference Weissman MM, Jensen P (2002) What research suggests for depressed women with children. J Clin Psychiatry 63(7):641–+ Weissman MM, Jensen P (2002) What research suggests for depressed women with children. J Clin Psychiatry 63(7):641–+
82.
go back to reference Weissman MM et al (2006) Offspring of depressed parents: 20 years later. Am J Psychiatry 163(6):1001–1008PubMedCrossRef Weissman MM et al (2006) Offspring of depressed parents: 20 years later. Am J Psychiatry 163(6):1001–1008PubMedCrossRef
Metagegevens
Titel
Longitudinal Course of Diagnosed Depression from Ages 15 to 20 in a Community Sample: Patterns and Parental Risk Factors
Auteurs
T. Agerup
S. Lydersen
J. Wallander
A. M. Sund
Publicatiedatum
01-12-2014
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Child Psychiatry & Human Development / Uitgave 6/2014
Print ISSN: 0009-398X
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3327
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-014-0444-8

Andere artikelen Uitgave 6/2014

Child Psychiatry & Human Development 6/2014 Naar de uitgave