Introduction
Autonomy Support and Controlling Parenting: Self-determination Perspective
Parenting Behavior, Adolescents’ Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction, and Depressive Symptoms
Parenting Behavior Reported by Adolescents vs. Parents
Current Study
Methods
Participants
Procedure
Measures
Adolescents’ perceptions of mother’s autonomy support and controlling parenting
Mothers’ self-report of autonomy support and controlling parenting
Basic psychological needs satisfaction
Depressive symptoms
Mothers’ and adolescents’ reported parent–child relationship satisfaction
Family socioeconomic status
Statistical Analyses
Results
Means, Standard Deviations, and Correlations Among Variables: Mother–child Agreement for Parenting Behavior
Variables | Possible range | T1 | T2 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | M | SE | Observed range | Skewness | Kurtosis | N | M | SE | Observed range | Skewness | Kurtosis | ||
Mother’s self-report | |||||||||||||
Autonomy support | 1.00–7.00 | 407 | 4.95 | 0.03 | 2.75–7.00 | 0.35 | 0.45 | 369 | 4.98 | 0.04 | 2.50–6.83 | −0.08 | 0.32 |
Controlling parenting | 1.00–7.00 | 405 | 2.51 | 0.04 | 1.00–6.08 | 0.35 | −0.36 | 371 | 2.44 | 0.05 | 1.00–6.58 | 0.54 | −0.03 |
Adolescents’ self-report | |||||||||||||
Perceived Autonomy support | 1.00–7.00 | 404 | 5.14 | 0.05 | 1.42–7.00 | −0.31 | −0.13 | 367 | 5.25 | 0.06 | 1.33–7.00 | −0.38 | −0.17 |
Perceived Controlling parenting | 1.00–7.00 | 397 | 2.23 | 0.05 | 1.00–7.00 | 1.22 | 1.71 | 364 | 2.17 | 0.06 | 1.00–7.00 | 1.29 | 1.59 |
Basic psychological needs satisfaction | 1.00–5.00 | 403 | 3.49 | 0.03 | 1.00–5.00 | −0.26 | 0.66 | 371 | 3.56 | 0.04 | 1.33–5.00 | −0.20 | 0.35 |
Depressive symptoms | 1.00–3.00 | 406 | 1.59 | 0.02 | 1.00–2.78 | 0.67 | 0.31 | 371 | 1.58 | 0.02 | 1.00–2.89 | 0.65 | 0.31 |
T1 | T2 | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reported by mothers | Reported by adolescents | Reported by mothers | Reported by adolescents | ||||||||||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | |
T1 | |||||||||||||||
Reported by mothers | |||||||||||||||
1. Autonomy support | ⎯ | ||||||||||||||
2. Controlling parenting | −0.46* | ⎯ | |||||||||||||
Reported by adolescents | |||||||||||||||
3. Perceived autonomy support | 0.35* | −0.21* | ⎯ | ||||||||||||
4. Perceived control parenting | −0.22* | 0.33* | −0.52* | ⎯ | |||||||||||
5. Basic psychological needs satisfaction | 0.12 | −0.05 | 0.49* | −0.31* | ⎯ | ||||||||||
6. Depressive symptoms | −0.13 | 0.08 | −0.32* | 0.24* | −0.62* | ⎯ | |||||||||
T2 | |||||||||||||||
Reported by mothers | |||||||||||||||
7. Autonomy support | 0.76* | −0.43* | 0.35* | −0.23* | 0.19* | −0.15 | ⎯ | ||||||||
8. Controlling parenting | −0.40* | 0.76* | 0.19* | 0.30* | −0.05 | 0.08 | −0.45* | ⎯ | |||||||
Reported by adolescents | |||||||||||||||
9. Perceived autonomy support | 0.32* | −0.18 | 0.75* | −0.43* | 0.46* | −0.31* | 0.39* | −0.16 | ⎯ | ||||||
10. Perceived control parenting | −0.22* | 0.24* | −0.42* | 0.65* | −0.24* | 0.18 | −0.19* | 0.27* | −0.49* | ⎯ | |||||
11. Basic psychological needs satisfaction | 0.19* | −0.04 | 0.41* | −0.31* | 0.71* | −0.51* | 0.27* | −0.06 | 0.56* | −0.30* | ⎯ | ||||
12. Depressive symptoms | −0.16 | 0.09 | −0.31* | 0.30* | −0.52* | 0.66* | −0.21* | 0.09 | −0.42* | 0.34* | −0.63* | ⎯ | |||
Demographic Variables | |||||||||||||||
13. Adolescents’ sex (Male = 0, Female = 1) | −0.04 | −0.14 | 0.08 | −0.15 | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.07 | −0.15 | 0.13 | −0.20* | 0.05 | 0.01 | ⎯ | ||
14. Adolescents’ age | 0.04 | −0.06 | 0.06 | −0.10 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.03 | −0.06 | 0.11 | −0.06 | 0.07 | −0.01 | 0.07 | ⎯ | |
15. Mothers’ age | 0.06 | −0.07 | −0.06 | −0.01 | 0.03 | −0.01 | 0.13 | −0.10 | −0.03 | 0.00 | 0.01 | −0.02 | 0.06 | 0.12 | ⎯ |
16. Family socioeconomic status | −0.06 | 0.00 | −0.07 | −0.02 | 0.07 | −0.10 | −0.01 | 0.01 | −0.05 | −0.02 | 0.08 | −0.13 | 0.05 | 0.10 | 0.04 |
Associations between Parenting Behavior Reported by Mothers and Adolescents and Depressive Symptoms: Mediation of Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction
Predictor variable (T1) | (T2) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Basic psychological needs satisfaction | Depressive symptoms | |||||||
R2 = 0.52 | R2 = 0.47 | |||||||
B [95%CI] | SE B | β | p | B [95%CI] | SE B | β | p | |
Reported by mothers | ||||||||
Autonomy support | 0.14 [0.05, 22] | 0.05 | 0.13 | <0.01 | −0.04 [−0.08, 0.00] | 0.02 | −0.07 | 0.07 |
Controlling parenting | 0.07 [−0.01, 0.14] | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.07 | −0.01 [−0.04, 0.03] | 0.02 | −0.02 | 0.66 |
Reported by adolescents | ||||||||
Perceived autonomy support | 0.00 [−0.07, 0.07] | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.99 | 0.01 [−0.03, 0.04] | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.73 |
Perceived control parenting | −0.06 [−0.13, 0.00] | 0.03 | −0.09 | 0.06 | 0.04 [0.01, 0.08] | 0.02 | 0.12 | 0.02 |
Basic psychological needs satisfaction | 0.62 [0.52, 0.73] | 0.05 | 0.60 | <0.01 | −0.08 [−0.14, −0.02] | 0.03 | −0.15 | <0.01 |
Depressive symptoms | −0.21 [−0.39, −0.03] | 0.09 | −0.11 | 0.02 | 0.55 [0.45, 0.65] | 0.05 | 0.54 | <0.01 |