Top

Mindfulness

Tip

Swipe om te navigeren naar een ander artikel

Gepubliceerd in:

16-12-2022 | ORIGINAL PAPER

Linking Mothers’ Self-Compassion and Parenting Feelings to Their Child’s Behavior Problems

Auteurs: Esther Cohen, Efrat Ramot Naaman

Gepubliceerd in: Mindfulness | Uitgave 1/2023

Abstract

Objectives

This study attempted to deepen the understanding of the nature of the associations between parents’ self-compassion and specific parenting feelings, and how they both relate to behavior difficulties in their children. A tentative theoretically constructed pathway model was examined, leading from mothers, through their parenting feelings, to the child’s externalizing and internalizing behavior difficulties. An alternative model was also checked examining the role of self-compassion as a mediator of the association between parenting feelings and children’s behavior difficulties.

Method

Participants included 453 Israeli mothers and their children, aged 8–17 years. Mothers completed questionnaires assessing self-compassion, parenting feelings, and their child’s behavior difficulties. The children completed self-reports on their behavior difficulties.

Results

The data showed significant correlations, all at the 0.05 level, among mothers’ self-compassion, their parenting feelings, and their child’s externalizing and internalizing difficulties. The main structural equation model indicated a high level of fit with the empirical data; all fit indices exceeded the required threshold. Mothers’ self-compassion contributed to each of their parenting feeling. Happiness in parenting contributed significantly to lower ratings of externalizing and internalizing difficulties in the child; anxiety and sadness contributed significantly to higher reports of both internalizing and externalizing behavior difficulties; and feelings of anger contributed to higher ratings of externalizing difficulties. Mothers’ self-compassion did not mediate the association between mothers’ parenting feelings and their child’s behavior difficulties. It contributed significantly to their children’s behavior difficulties only through mothers’ parenting feelings.

Conclusions

Maternal parenting feelings have important implications for their child’s psychological difficulties. Self-compassion contributes to parenting feelings. Future research is needed to clarify this contribution.

vorige artikel Who Sticks with Meditation? Rates and Predictors of Persistence in a Population-based Sample in the USA

volgende artikel Efficacy of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy Compared to Diet Modification Alone for Dysphagia in Persons with Multiple Sclerosis

Bailey, E. N., & Marker, C. D. (2021). Papa was a rollin’ stone: How father’s psychological distress impacts child’s internalizing and externalizing symptoms. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30(8), 1223–1235. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-020-01613-5 CrossRef

Beck, C. T. (1999). Maternal depression and child behaviour problems: A meta-analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 29(3), 623–629. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.1999.00943.x CrossRef

Bornstein, M. H., Putnick, D. L., & Suwalsky, J. T. D. (2018). Parenting cognitions-parenting practices-child adjustment? The standard model. Development and Psychopathology, 30(2), 399–416. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579417000931 CrossRef

Bradley, E. G., Hurwitz, S. D., Harvey, E. A., Hodgson, S., & Perugini, E. M. (2013). Factor analytic structure and validity of the Parental Feelings Inventory: A brief report. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 22(6), 801–806. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-012-9634-9 CrossRef

Burstein, M., Ginsburg, G. S., & Tein, J. Y. (2010). Parental anxiety and child symptomatology: An examination of additive and interactive effects of parent psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38(7), 897–909. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-010-9415-0 CrossRef

Carreras, J., Carter, A. S., Heberle, A., Forbes, D., & Gray, S. A. (2019). Emotion regulation and parent distress: Getting at the heart of sensitive parenting among parents of preschool children experiencing high sociodemographic risk. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28(11), 2953–2962. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01471-z CrossRef

Cham, H., Reshetnyak, E., Rosenfeld, B., & Breitbart, W. (2017). Full information maximum likelihood estimation for latent variable interactions with incomplete indicators. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 52(1), 12–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2016.1245600 CrossRef

Costa, N. M., Weems, C. F., Pellerin, K., & Dalton, R. (2006). Parenting stress and childhood psychopathology: An examination of specificity to internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 28(2), 113–122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-006-7489-3 CrossRef

De Los Reyes, A., & Kazdin, A. E. (2005). Informant discrepancies in the assessment of childhood psychopathology: A critical review, theoretical framework, and recommendations for further study. Psychological Bulletin, 131(4), 483–509. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.131.4.483 CrossRef

Del Vecchio, T., & O’Leary, S. G. (2008). Predicting maternal discipline responses to early child aggression: The role of cognitions and affect. Parenting: Science and Practice, 8(3), 240–256. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295190802204827 CrossRef

Delaney, M. C. (2018). Caring for the caregivers: Evaluation of the effect of an eight-week pilot Mindful Self-Compassion (MSC) training program on nurses’ compassion fatigue and resilience. PLoS ONE, 13(11), e0207261. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0207261

Denham, S. A., Workman, E., Cole, P. M., Weissbrod, C., Kendziora, K. T., & Zahn-Waxler, C. (2000). Prediction of externalizing behavior problems from early to middle childhood: The role of parental socialization and emotion expression. Development and Psychopathology, 12(1), 23–45. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400001024 CrossRef

Diedrich, A., Grant, M., Hofmann, S. G., Hiller, W., & Berking, M. (2014). Self-compassion as an emotion regulation strategy in major depressive disorder. Behavioral Research and Therapy, 58, 43–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2014.05.006 CrossRef

Dieleman, L. M., Soenens, B., De Pauw, S. S., Prinzie, P., Vansteenkiste, M., & Luyten, P. (2020). The role of parental reflective functioning in the relation between parents’ self-critical perfectionism and psychologically controlling parenting towards adolescents. Parenting, 20(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295192.2019.1642087 CrossRef

Dix, T. (1991). The affective organization of parenting: Adaptive and maladaptive processes. Psychological Bulletin, 110(1), 3–25. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.110.1.3 CrossRef

Eisenberg, N., Cumberland, A., & Spinrad, T. L. (1998). Parental socialization of emotion. Psychological Inquiry, 9(4), 241–273. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0904_1 CrossRef

Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Shepard, S. A., Guthrie, I. K., Murphy, B. C., & Reiser, M. (1999). Parental reactions to children’s negative emotions: Longitudinal relations to quality of children’s social functioning. Child Development, 70(2), 513–534. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00037 CrossRef

Enders, C. K. (2010). Applied missing data analysis. Guilford Press.

Essau, C. A., Olaya, B., Anastassiou-Hadjicharalambous, X., Pauli, G., Gilvarry, C., Bray, D., O’callaghan, J., & Ollendick, T. H. (2012). Psychometric properties of the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire from five European countries. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 21(3), 232–245. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.1364 CrossRef

Ewert, C., Vater, A., & Schröder-Abé, M. (2021). Self-Compassion and Coping: A Meta-Analysis. Mindfulness, 12(5), 1063–1077. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01563-8 CrossRef

Felder, J. N., Lemon, E., Shea, K., Kripke, K., & Dimidjian, S. (2016). Role of self-compassion in psychological well-being among perinatal women. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 19(4), 687–690. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-016-0628-2 CrossRef

Finlay-Jones, A. L. (2017). The relevance of self-compassion as an intervention target in mood and anxiety disorders: A narrative review based on an emotion regulation framework. Clinical Psychologist, 21(2), 90–103. https://doi.org/10.1111/cp.12131 CrossRef

Gerber, Z., Tolmacz, R., & Doron, Y. (2015). Self-compassion and forms of concern for others. Personality and Individual Differences, 86, 394–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.06.052 CrossRef

Geurtzen, N., Scholte, R. H., Engels, R. C., Tak, Y. R., & van Zundert, R. M. (2015). Association between mindful parenting and adolescents’ internalizing problems: Non-judgmental acceptance of parenting as core element. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(4), 1117–1128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-014-9920-9 CrossRef

Gilbert, P. (2014). The origins and nature of compassion focused therapy. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 53(1), 6–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12043 CrossRef

Goodman, R. (1999). The extended version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire as a guide to child psychiatric caseness and consequent burden. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40(5), 791–799. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00494 CrossRef

Goodman, A., Lamping, D. L., & Ploubidis, G. B. (2010). When to use broader internalising and externalising subscales instead of the hypothesised five subscales on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ): Data from British parents, teachers and children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38(8), 1179–1191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-010-9434-x CrossRef

Gouveia, M. J., Carona, C., Canavarro, M. C., & Moreira, H. (2016). Self-compassion and dispositional mindfulness are associated with parenting styles and parenting stress: The mediating role of mindful parenting. Mindfulness, 7(3), 700–712. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-016-0507-y CrossRef

Hajal, N. J., & Paley, B. (2020). Parental emotion and emotion regulation: A critical target of study for research and intervention to promote child emotion socialization. Developmental Psychology, 56(3), 403–417. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000864 CrossRef

Halamová, J., Kanovský, M., Petrocchi, N., Moreira, H., López, A., Barnett, M. D., Yang, E., Benda, J., Brähler, E., Zeng, X., & Zenger, M. (2020). Factor structure of the Self-Compassion Scale in 11 international samples. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 54(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481756.2020.1735203 CrossRef

Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Publications.‏

Himmerich, S. J., & Orcutt, H. K. (2021). Examining a brief self-compassion intervention for emotion regulation in individuals with exposure to trauma. Psychological Trauma: Theory Research Practice and Policy, 13(8), 907–910. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001110 CrossRef

Hunsley, J., & Mash, E. J. (2011). Evidence-based assessment. In D. H. Barlow (Ed.), Oxford library of psychology: The Oxford handbook of clinical psychology (pp. 76–97). Oxford University Press.

Jefferson, F. A., Shires, A., & McAloon, J. (2020). Parenting self-compassion: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Mindfulness, 11(9), 2067–2088. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01401-x CrossRef

Johnson, A. M., Hawes, D. J., Eisenberg, N., Kohlhoff, J., & Dudeney, J. (2017). Emotion socialization and child conduct problems: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 54, 65–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.04.001 CrossRef

Jones, J. H., Call, T. A., Wolford, S. N., & McWey, L. M. (2021). Parental stress and child outcomes: The mediating role of family conflict. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 30(3), 746–756. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-021-01904-8 CrossRef

Karakasidou, E., Pezirkianidis, C., Galanakis, M., & Stalikas, A. (2017). Validity, reliability and factorial structure of the Self Compassion Scale in the Greek population. Journal of Psychology and Psychotherapy, 7(313), 2161–487. https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0487.1000313 CrossRef

Kulawiak, P. R., Wilbert, J., Schlack, R., & Börnert-Ringleb, M. (2020). Prediction of child and adolescent outcomes with broadband and narrowband dimensions of internalizing and externalizing behavior using the child and adolescent version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. PLoS ONE, 15(10), e0240312. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240312 CrossRef

Kurtz-Nelson, & McIntyre, L. L. (2017). Optimism and positive and negative feelings in parents of young children with developmental delay. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 61(7), 719–725. https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12378 CrossRef

Larsson, H., Viding, E., Rijsdijk, F. V., & Plomin, R. (2008). Relationships between parental negativity and childhood antisocial behavior over time: A bidirectional effects model in a longitudinal genetically informative design. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36(5), 633–645. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-007-9151-2 CrossRef

Laskey, B. J., & Cartwright-Hatton, S. (2009). Parental discipline behaviours and beliefs about their child: Associations with child internalizing and mediation relationships. Child Care Health and Development, 35(5), 717–727. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2009.00977.x CrossRef

Lathren, C. R., Rao, S. S., Park, J., & Bluth, K. (2021). Compassion and current close interpersonal relationships: A scoping literature review. Mindfulness, 12(5), 1078–1093. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01566-5 CrossRef

Lovejoy, M. C., Graczyk, P. A., O’Hare, E., & Neuman, G. (2000). Maternal depression and parenting behavior: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 20(5), 561–592. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7358(98)00100-7 CrossRef

Luyckx, K., Tildesley, E. A., Soenens, B., Andrews, J. A., Hampson, S. E., Peterson, M., & Duriez, B. (2011). Parenting and trajectories of children’s maladaptive behaviors: A 12-year prospective community study. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 40(3), 468–478. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2011.563470 CrossRef

MacBeth, A., & Gumley, A. (2012). Exploring compassion: A meta-analysis of the association between self-compassion and psychopathology. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(6), 545–552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2012.06.003 CrossRef

Mansbach-Kleinfeld, I., Apter, A., Farbstein, I., Levine, S. Z., & Ponizovsky, A. M. (2010). A population-based psychometric validation study of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire-Hebrew version. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 1, 151. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2010.00151 CrossRef

Marsh, H. W., Hau, K. T., & Wen, Z. (2004). In search of golden rules: Comment on hypothesis-testing approaches to setting cutoff values for fit indexes and dangers in overgeneralizing Hu and Bentler’s (1999) findings. Structural Equation Modeling, 11(3), 320–341. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15328007sem1103_2 CrossRef

Moed, A., Dix, T., Anderson, E. R., & Greene, S. M. (2017). Expressing negative emotions to children: Mothers’ aversion sensitivity and children’s adjustment. Journal of Family Psychology, 31(2), 224–233. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000239 CrossRef

Monteiro, F., Fonseca, A., Pereira, M., Alves, S., & Canavarro, M. C. (2019). What protects at-risk postpartum women from developing depressive and anxiety symptoms? The role of acceptance-focused processes and self-compassion. Journal of Affective Disorders, 246, 522–529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.12.124 CrossRef

Moreira, H., Gouveia, M. J., Carona, C., Silva, N., & Canavarro, M. C. (2015). Maternal attachment and children’s quality of life: The mediating role of self-compassion and parenting stress. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(8), 2332–2344. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-014-0036-z CrossRef

Muris, P., Meesters, C., Eijkelenboom, A., & Vincken, M. (2004). The self-report version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: Its psychometric properties in 8-to 13-year-old non-clinical children. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43(4), 437–448. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-014-0036-z CrossRef

Muthén, L.K. & Muthén, B.O. (2018). Mplus user’s guide (8th ed.). Muthén & Muthén.

Muthén, B. O., Muthén, L. K., & Asparouhov, T. (2016). Regression and mediation analysis using Mplus. Muthén & Muthén.

Neff, K. D. (2003). Development and validation of a scale to measure self compassion. Self and Identity, 2(3), 223–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860390209035 CrossRef

Neff, K. D. (2009). The role of self-compassion in development: A healthier way to relate to oneself. Human Development, 52(4), 211–214. https://doi.org/10.1159/000215071 CrossRef

Neff, K. D. (2011). Compassion, self-esteem, and well-being. Social and Personality Psychology Compassion, 5(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00330.x CrossRef

Neff, K. D. (2012). The science of self-compassion. In C. K. Germer & R. D. Siegel (Eds.), Wisdom and compassion in psychotherapy: Deepening mindfulness in clinical practice (pp. 79–92). The Guilford Press.

Neff, K. D. (2016). The Self-Compassion Scale is a valid and theoretically coherent measure of self-compassion. Mindfulness, 7(1), 264–274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-015-0479-3 CrossRef

Neff, K. D. (2020). Commentary on Muris and Otgaar (2020): Let the empirical evidence speak on the Self-Compassion Scale. Mindfulness, 11(8), 1900–1909. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01411-9 CrossRef

Neff, K. D., & Faso, D. J. (2015). Self-compassion and well-being in parents of children with autism. Mindfulness, 6(4), 938–947. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-014-0359-2 CrossRef

Neff, K. D., & McGehee, P. (2010). Self-compassion and psychological resilience among adolescents and young adults. Self and Identity, 9(3), 225–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860902979307 CrossRef

Niclasen, J., Teasdale, T. W., Andersen, A. M. N., Skovgaard, A. M., Elberling, H., & Obel, C. (2012). Psychometric properties of the Danish Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire: The SDQ assessed for more than 70,000 raters in four different cohorts. PLoS ONE, 7(2), e32025. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0032025 CrossRef

Ohan, J. L., Leung, D. W., & Johnston, C. (2000). The parenting sense of competence scale: Evidence of a stable factor structure and validity. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 32(4), 251–261. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0087122 CrossRef

Peters, G. J. Y. (2014). The alpha and the omega of scale reliability and validity: Why and how to abandon Cronbach’s alpha and the route towards more comprehensive assessment of scale quality. European Health Psychologist, 16(2), 56–69.

Podsakoff, P. M., McKenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2012). Sources of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to control it. Annual Review of Psychology, 63(1), 539–569. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100452 CrossRef

Psychogiou, L., Legge, K., Parry, E., Mann, J., Nath, S., Ford, T., & Kuyken, W. (2016). Self-compassion and parenting in mothers and fathers with depression. Mindfulness, 7(4), 896–908. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-016528-6 CrossRef

Rhoades, K. A., Grice, C., & Del Vecchio, T. (2017). Barriers to mothers’ implementation of non-harsh discipline techniques: Anger, impulsivity, and situational demands. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(11), 3179–3191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0801-x CrossRef

Robinson, S., Hastings, R. P., Weiss, J. A., Pagavathsing, J., & Lunsky, Y. (2018). Self-compassion and psychological distress in parents of young people and adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 31(3), 454–458. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12423 CrossRef

Rueger, S. Y., Katz, R. L., Risser, H. J., & Lovejoy, M. C. (2011). Relations between parental affect and parenting behaviors: A meta-analytic review. Parenting Science and Practice, 11(1), 1-33‏. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295192.2011.539503 CrossRef

Sanders, M. R., Turner, K. M., & Metzler, C. W. (2019). Applying self-regulation principles in the delivery of parenting interventions. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 22(1), 24–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-019-00287-z CrossRef

Shenaar-Golan, V., Wald, N., & Yatzkar, U. (2021). Parenting a child with mental health problems: The role of self-compassion. Mindfulness, 12(11), 2810–2819. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-021-01744-z CrossRef

Sirois, F. M., Bögels, S., & Emerson, L. M. (2019). Self-compassion improves parental well-being in response to challenging parenting events. The Journal of Psychology, 153(3), 327–341. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2018.1523123 CrossRef

Spinrad, T. L., Morris, A. S., & Luthar, S. S. (2020). Introduction to the special issue: Socialization of emotion and self-regulation: Understanding processes and application. Developmental Psychology, 56(3), 385–389. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000904 CrossRef

Teti, D. M., & Cole, P. M. (2011). Parenting at risk: New perspectives, new approaches. Journal of Family Psychology, 25(5), 625–634. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025287 CrossRef

Torbet, S., Proeve, M., & Roberts, R. M. (2019). Self-compassion: A protective factor for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder. Mindfulness, 10(12), 2492–2506. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-019-01224-5 CrossRef

Wilson, A. C., Mackintosh, K., Power, K., & Chan, S. W. (2019). Effectiveness of self-compassion related therapies: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Mindfulness, 10(6), 979–995. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-1037-6 CrossRef

Yaffe, Y., Shenaar‑Golan, V. & Yatzkar, U. (2022). Validation of the parental feelings inventory with parents of adolescent clinical sample. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal . https://doi.org/10.1007/s10560-022-00820-0

Youngstrom, E., Izard, C., & Ackerman, B. (1999). Dysphoria-related bias in maternal ratings of children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67(6), 905–916. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.67.6.905 CrossRef

Zessin, U., Dickhäuser, O., & Garbade, S. (2015). The relationship between self-compassion and well-being: A meta-analysis. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 7(3), 340–364. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12051 CrossRef

Titel: Linking Mothers’ Self-Compassion and Parenting Feelings to Their Child’s Behavior Problems
Auteurs: Esther Cohen
Efrat Ramot Naaman
Publicatiedatum: 16-12-2022
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Mindfulness / Uitgave 1/2023
Print ISSN: 1868-8527
Elektronisch ISSN: 1868-8535
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-022-02043-x

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Tip

Swipe om te navigeren naar een ander artikel

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Objectives

Method

Results

Conclusions

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 1/2023

The Impact of a Short Body–Focused Meditation on Body Ownership and Interoceptive Abilities

Nirbhay N. Singh: an Appreciation

Efficacy of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy Compared to Diet Modification Alone for Dysphagia in Persons with Multiple Sclerosis

Exploring the Influence of a Mindfulness Intervention on the Experiences of Mothers with Infants in Neonatal Intensive Care Units

Trait Mindfulness is Associated with Self-Disclosure and Responsiveness During Social Interactions with New Acquaintances

Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Fatigue in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial