Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
Young Adult Outcome of Hyperactive Children: Adaptive Functioning in Major Life Activities
Section snippets
Participants
This study compared the adaptive outcomes of a group rigorously diagnosed as hyperactive (H) in childhood (n = 158) with a community control (CC) group (n = 81) followed concurrently for ≥13 years. The selection criteria for these groups have been previously reported in this journal (Barkley et al., 1990). The hyperactive (H) group (mean = 21.1 years, SD = 1.3) was significantly older at follow-up than the community control (CC) group (mean = 20.5, SD = 0.6) because of the delayed recruitment
Educational, Occupational, and Financial Outcomes
For these three outcome domains, the categorical outcomes of the groups are presented in Table 1 whereas the dimensional outcomes are shown in Table 2. Twenty-six percent of the CC group were college students exclusively, 47% were working and were students, 7% were neither working nor in school, and 20% were working only and not in school. The figures for the H group were 5%, 18%, 22%, and 54%, respectively. The two groups differed significantly in these respects, with more of the H group
DISCUSSION
Previous follow-up studies found that hyperactive children experienced significant educational impairment by young adulthood (Mannuzza et al., 1993, Mannuzza et al., 1998; Weiss and Hechtman, 1993). We found this as well. More H than CC group members had been retained in grade, had been suspended from high school, and had received special education services. The H group completed fewer years of education and had a lower grade point average and class ranking than the CC group. Of the H group,
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This project was supported by a grant (MH42181) from the National Institute of Mental Health . The contents of this article, however, are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of this institute.
Disclosure: Dr. Barkley works periodically as a consultant to Eli Lilly, Pfizer, Shire, and Janssen-Ortho and gives occasional lectures that may be supported by these companies. He also is principal investigator of a grant from Eli Lilly. He receives royalties from The Guilford Press for his books, videos, and newsletter. The other authors have no financial relationships to disclose.