Incidence of Reading Disability in a Population-Based Birth Cohort, 1976–1982, Rochester, Minn

doi:10.4065/76.11.1081

Mayo Clinic Proceedings

Volume 76, Issue 11, November 2001, Pages 1081-1092

https://doi.org/10.4065/76.11.1081 Get rights and content

Objective

To report the incidence of reading disability among school-aged children.

Subjects and Methods

In this population-based, retrospective birth cohort study, subjects included all 5718 children born between 1976 and 1982 who remained in Rochester, Minn, after the age of 5 years. Based on records from all public and nonpublic schools, medical facilities, and private tutorial services and on results of all individually administered IQ and achievement tests, extensive medical, educational, and socioeconomic information were abstracted. Reading disability was established with use of research criteria based on 4 formulas (2 regression-based discrepancy, 1 non–regression-based discrepancy, and 1 low achievement).

Results

Cumulative incidence rates of reading disability varied from 5.3% to 11.8% depending on the formula used. Boys were 2 to 3 times more likely to be affected than girls, regardless of the identification methods applied.

Conclusions

In this population-based birth cohort, reading disability was common among school-aged children and significantly more frequent among boys than girls, regardless of definition.

Section snippets

Study Setting

The city of Rochester, Minn, is approximately 90 miles southeast of Minneapolis-St Paul. The 1990 population totaled 70,745 residents who were 96% white and fairly young (72% ≤45 years old). Eighty-two percent of adults graduated from high school, and the population is primarily middle class. The work force is predominantly employed in the health care, computer, and related service industries. With the exception of the place of employment, the characteristics of the Rochester population are

Incidence

Cumulative incidence rates, for boys and girls combined, with or without comorbid conditions, by age 19 years vary according to the RD method applied. Results are as follows (Figure 2): 5.3% (95% CI, 4.7%-5.9%) by the RFM; 6.7% (95% CI, 6.0%-7.4%) by the RFSh; 8.9% (95% CI, 8.1%-9.6%) by the DS method; and 11.8% (95% CI, 10.9%-12.7%) by the LA method. Cumulative incidence rates for boys and girls are given in Figure 3.

Age- and sex-specific incidence rates for each of the 4 methods are given in

DISCUSSION

The cumulative incidence data, based on the population-based Rochester birth cohort, suggest that RD is relatively common among school-aged children. Between 5.3% and 11.8% of children were identified as having RD by 19 years of age (depending on classification method used). Also, boys were at 2 to 3 times the risk of having RD as girls, regardless of the identification method applied. These findings differ from those of Shaywitz et al¹² who have suggested that the risk for RD is not

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: This project was supported by research grants HD29745 and AR30582 from the National Institutes of Health.

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Original ArticleIncidence of Reading Disability in a Population-Based Birth Cohort, 1976–1982, Rochester, Minn

Objective

Subjects and Methods

Results

Conclusions

Section snippets

Study Setting

Incidence

DISCUSSION

J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry

J Clin Epidemiol

Mayo Clin Proc

Mayo Clin Proc

J Am Acad Child Psychiatry

Learning disabilities

Future Child

Research initiatives in learning disabilities: contributions from scientists supported by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development

J Child Neurol

The Dyslexic Child

Learning disabilities in the United States: advocacy, science, and the future of the field

J Learn Disabil

Dyslexia

N Engl J Med

Sex differences in the functional organization of the brain for language

Nature

Dyslexia: cultural diversity and biological unity

Science

Etiology of individual differences in reading performance: a test of sex limitation

Behav Genet

Attainment and adjustment in two geographical areas, II: the prevalence of specific reading retardation

Br J Psychiatry

Male prevalence for reading disability is found in a large sample of black and white children free from ascertainment bias

J Int Neuropsychol Soc

Prevalence of reading disability in boys and girls: results of the Connecticut Longitudinal Study

JAMA

Population studies in Rochester and Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1900–1968

Cognitive profiles of reading disability: comparisons of discrepancy and low achievement definitions

J Educ Psychol

Discrepancy compared to low achievement definitions of reading disability: results from the Connecticut Longitudinal Study

J Learn Disabil

Original Article
Incidence of Reading Disability in a Population-Based Birth Cohort, 1976–1982, Rochester, Minn