Abstract
In this study, four components of the Stroop effect were examined for manual word and vocal responses. The components were lexical, semantic relatedness, semantic relevance, and response set membership. The results showed that all four components were present in the vocal response task. However, in the manual word response task, the only component that produced significant interference on its own was response set membership. These results do not support predictions made by recent translation models (see W. R. Glaser & M. O. Glaser [1989] and Sugg & McDonald [1994]). A possible solution was suggested that located two sites for Stroop interference. The lexical, semantic relatedness, and semantic relevance effects were located in the lexical system, whereas the response set membership effect was located at a response selection stage.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Cohen, J. (1988)Statistical power analysis for behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). New York: Academic Press.
Dulaney, C. L., &Rogers, W. A. (1994). Mechanisms underlying reduction in Stroop interference with practice for young and old adults.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition,20, 470–484.
Dyer, F. N. (1973). The Stroop phenomenon and its use in the study of perceptual, cognitive, and response processes.Memory & Cognition,1, 106–120.
Flowers, J. H., &Stoup, C. M. (1977). Selective attention between words, shapes and colors in speeded classification and vocalization tasks.Memory & Cognition,5, 299–307.
Fox, L., Shor, R. E., &Steinman, R. J. (1971). Semantic gradients and interference in naming color, spatial direction, and numerosity.Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,91, 59–65.
Glaser, W. R., &Glaser, M. O. (1989). Context effects in Stroop-like word and picture processing.Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,118, 13–42.
Hock, H. S., &Egeth, H. (1970). Verbal interference with encoding in a perceptual classification task.Journal of Experimental Psychology,83, 299–303.
Howell, D. C. (1992). Statistical methods for psychology (3rd ed.). Boston: PWS-Kent.
Jensen, A. R., &Rohwer, W. D., Jr. (1966). The Stroop color-word test: A review. Acta Psychologica,25, 36–93.
Klein, G. S. (1964). Semantic power measured through the interference of words with color-naming. American Journal of Psychology,77, 576–588.
Kornblum, S., Hasbroucq, T., &Osman, A. (1990). Dimensional overlap: Cognitive basis for stimulus-response compatibility—A model and taxonomy.Psychological Review,97, 253–270.
Kornblum, S., &Lee, J.-W. (1995). Stimulus-response compatibility with relevant and irrelevant stimulus dimensions that do and do not overlap with the response.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance,21, 855–875.
Kučera, H., &Francis, W. (1967).Computational analysis of presentday American English. Providence: Brown University Press.
La Heij, W. (1988). Components of Stroop-like interference in picture naming.Memory & Cognition,16, 400–410.
La Heij, W., Van der Heijden, A. H., &Schreuder, R. (1985). Semantic priming and Stroop-like interference in word-naming tasks.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance,11, 62–80.
Loftus, G. R., &Masson M. E. J. (1994). Using confidence intervals in within-subject designs.Psychonomic Bulletin & Review,1, 476–490.
Lupker, S. J., &Katz, A. N. (1981). Input, decision, and response factors in picture-word interference.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning & Memory,7, 269–282.
MacLeod, C. M. (1991). Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review.Psychological Bulletin,109, 163–203.
MacLeod, C. M., &Dunbar, K. (1988). Training and Stroop-like interference: Evidence for a continuum of automaticity.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition,14, 126–135.
McClain, L. (1983). Effects of response type and set size on Stroop color-word performance.Perceptual & Motor Skills,56, 735–743.
Neumann, O. (1980).Selection of information and control of action. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
Palef, S. R., &Olson, D. R. (1975). Spatial and verbal rivalry in a Stroop-like task.Canadian Journal of Psychology,29, 201–209.
Pritchatt, D. (1968). An investigation into some of the underlying associative verbal processes of the Stroop color effect.Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,20, 351–359.
Redding, G. M., &Gerjets, D. A. (1977). Stroop effects: Interference and facilitation with verbal and manual responses.Perceptual & Motor Skills,45, 11–17.
Stirling, N. (1979). Stroop interference: An input and an output phenomenon.Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,31, 121–132.
Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions.Journal of Experimental Psychology,18, 643–662.
Sugg, M. J., &McDonald, J. E. (1994). Time course of inhibition in color-response and word-response versions of the Stroop task.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance,20, 647–675.
Virzi, R. A., &Egeth H. E. (1985). Toward a translational model of Stroop interference.Memory & Cognition,13, 304–319.
Wang, H., &Proctor, R. W. (1996). Stimulus-response compatibility as a function of stimulus code and response modality.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance,22, 1201–1217.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
—Accepted by previous associate editor Michael E. J. Masson
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sharma, D., McKenna, F.P. Differential components of the manual and vocal Stroop tasks. Mem Cogn 26, 1033–1040 (1998). https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03201181
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03201181