Abstract
Three hypotheses—thebound-change hypothesis, drift-rate-change hypothesis, andtwo-stageprocessing hypothesis—are proposed to account for data from a perceptual discrimination task in which three different response deadlines were involved and three different payoffs were presented prior to each individual trial. The aim of the present research was to show (1) how the three different hypotheses incorporate response biases into a sequential sampling decision process, (2) how payoffs and deadlines affect choice probabilities, and (3) the hypotheses’ predictions of response times and choice probabilities. The two-stage-processing hypothesis gave the best account, especially for the choice probabilities, whereas the drift-rate-change hypothesis had problems predicting choice probabilities as a function of deadlines. nt]mis|This research was supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Grant Di 506/6-2 to the first author.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ashby, F. G. (1983). A biased random walk model for two choice reaction times.Journal of Mathematical Psychology,27, 277–297.
Bamber, D. (1969). Reaction times and error rates for “same”-“different” judgments of multidimensional stimuli.Perception & Psychophysics,6, 169–174.
Bohil, C. J., &Maddox, W. T. (2003a). On the generality of optimal versus objective classifier feedback effects on decision criterion learning in perceptual categorization.Memory & Cognition,31, 181–198.
Bohil, C. J., &Maddox, W. T. (2003b). A test of the optimal classifier’s independence assumption in perceptual categorization.Perception & Psychophysics,65, 478–493.
Busemeyer, J. R., &Diederich, A. (2002). Survey of decision field theory.Mathematical Social Sciences,43, 345–370.
Diederich, A. (1995). Intersensory facilitation of reaction time: Evaluation of counter and diffusion coactivation models.Journal of Mathematical Psychology,39, 197–215.
Diederich, A. (1997). Dynamic stochastic models for decision making with time constraints.Journal of Mathematical Psychology,41, 260–274.
Diederich, A., &Busemeyer, J. R. (2003). Simple matrix methods for analyzing diffusion models of choice probability, choice response time, and simple response time.Journal of Mathematical Psychology,47, 304–322.
Edwards, W. (1965). Optimal strategies for seeking information: Models for statistics, choice reaction times, and human information processing.Journal of Mathematical Psychology,2, 312–329.
Green, D. M., Smith, A. F., &von Gierke, S. M. (1983). Choice reaction time with a random foreperiod.Perception & Psychophysics,34, 195–208.
Green, D. M., &Swets, J. A. (1966).Signal detection and psychophysics. New York: Wiley.
Heath, R. A. (1981). A tandem random walk model for psychological discrimination.British Journal of Mathematical & Statistical Psychology,34, 76–92.
Heath, R. A. (1992). A general nonstationary diffusion model for twochoice decision making.Mathematical Social Sciences,23, 283–309.
Karlin, S., &Taylor, H. M. (1975).A first course in stochastic processes (2nd ed.). New York: Academic Press.
Kornbrot, D. E. (1988). Random walk models of binary choice: The effect of deadlines in the presence of asymmetric payoffs.Acta Psychologica,69, 109–127.
Krueger, L. E. (1978). A theory of perceptual matching.Psychological Review,85, 278–304.
Laming, D. (1968).Information theory of choice reaction times. New York: Academic Press.
Link, S. W., &Heath, R. A. (1975). A sequential theory of psychological discrimination.Psychometrika,40, 77–105.
Luce, R. D. (1986).Response times. New York: Oxford University Press.
Maddox, W. T. (2002). Toward a unified theory of decision criterion learning in perceptual categorization.Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior,78, 567–595.
Maddox, W. T., &Bohil, C. J. (2003). A theoretical framework for understanding the simultaneous base-rate and payoff manipulations on decision criterion learning in perceptual categorization.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition,29, 307–320.
Maddox, W. T., &Bohil, C. J. (2004). Probability matching, accuracy maximization, and a test of the optimal classifier’s independence assumption in perceptual categorization.Perception & Psychophysics,66, 104–118.
Maddox, W. T., &Dodd, J. L. (2001). On the relation between base-rate and cost-benefit learning in simulated medical diagnosis.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition,27, 1367–1384.
Rapoport, A., &Burkheimer, G. J. (1971). Models for deferred decision making.Journal of Mathematical Psychology,8, 508–538.
Ratcliff, R. (1978). A theory of memory retrieval.Psychological Review,85, 59–108.
Ratcliff, R. (1980). A note on modeling accumulation of information when the rate of accumulation changes over time.Journal of Mathematical Psychology,21, 178–184.
Ratcliff, R. (1981). A theory of order relations in perceptual matching.Psychological Review,88, 552–572.
Ratcliff, R., &Rouder, J. N. (2000). A diffusion model account of masking in two-choice letter identification.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance,26, 127–140.
Ruthruff, E. (1996). A test of the deadline model for speed-accuracy tradeoffs.Perception & Psychophysics,58, 56–64.
Swensson, R. G. (1972). The elusive tradeoff: Speed vs accuracy in visual discrimination tasks.Perception & Psychophysics,12, 16–32.
Swets, J. A., Tanner, W. P., Jr., &Birdsall, T. G. (1961). Decision processes in perception.Psychological Review,68, 301–340.
Townsend, J. T., &Ashby, F. G. (1983).Stochastic modeling of elementary psychological processes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tuckwell, H. C. (1995).Elementary applications of probability theory: With an introduction to stochastic differential equations (2nded.). London: Chapman & Hall.
Van Zandt, T., Colonius, H., &Proctor, R. W. (2000). A comparison of two response time models applied to perceptual matching.Psychonomic Bulletin & Review,7, 208–256.
Wickens, T. D. (2002).Elementary signal detection theory. New York: Oxford University Press.
Yellot, J. I. (1971). Correction for fast guessing and the speed—accuracy tradeoff in choice reaction time.Journal of Mathematical Psychology,8, 159–199.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Electronic supplementary material
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Diederich, A., Busemeyer, J.R. Modeling the effects of payoff on response bias in a perceptual discrimination task: Bound-change, drift-rate-change, or two-stage-processing hypothesis. Perception & Psychophysics 68, 194–207 (2006). https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193669
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193669