A Community-Based Study of Quality of Life and Depression among Older Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design and Sample
2.2. Assessment Instruments
2.2.1. WHOQOL-BREF
2.2.2. GDS
2.2.3. Other Variables
2.3. Statistical Analyses
2.4. Ethical Aspects
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristics
3.2. Depression in the Elderly Population
3.3. Quality of Life in the Elderly Population
3.4. Correlation between the QOL and Depression
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | N | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Age (years) | ||
60–69 | 583 | 49.9 |
70–79 | 427 | 36.6 |
80 or above | 158 | 13.5 |
Gender-female | 612 | 52.4 |
Education | ||
No formal education | 91 | 7.8 |
Primary school | 236 | 20.2 |
Junior high school | 378 | 32.4 |
Senior high school/technical secondary school | 262 | 22.4 |
Post-secondary and above | 201 | 17.2 |
Monthly income (in RMB) | ||
Less 1000 ($154.7) | 208 | 17.9 |
1000–2999 | 530 | 45.7 |
3000 ($464.1) and above | 421 | 36.3 |
Currently married | 943 | 80.7 |
Currently working | 78 | 6.7 |
Self-reported insomnia | 372 | 31.8 |
Self-reported chronic diseases | 780 | 66.8 |
Body Mass index (Kg/m2) | ||
<18.5 | 51 | 4.4 |
18.5–23.9 | 522 | 44.7 |
24.0–27.9 | 481 | 41.2 |
≥28.0 | 114 | 9.8 |
Variable | Depression | Non-Depression | χ2 | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | |||
Total | 305 | 26.1 | 863 | 73.9 | ||
Age (years) | ||||||
60–69 | 131 | 43.0 | 452 | 52.4 | 8.728 | 0.013 |
70–79 | 123 | 40.3 | 304 | 35.2 | ||
80 or above | 51 | 16.7 | 107 | 12.4 | ||
Gender-female | 163 | 53.4 | 449 | 52.0 | 0.181 | 0.671 |
Education | ||||||
No formal education | 36 | 11.8 | 55 | 6.4 | 11.932 | 0.008 |
Primary school | 68 | 22.3 | 168 | 19.5 | ||
Junior high school | 91 | 29.8 | 287 | 33.3 | ||
Senior high school/technical secondary school | 59 | 19.3 | 203 | 23.5 | ||
Post-secondary and above | 51 | 16.7 | 150 | 17.4 | ||
Monthly income (in RMB) | ||||||
Less 1000 ($154.7) | 73 | 24.3 | 135 | 15.7 | 12.087 | 0.002 |
1000–2999 | 120 | 39.9 | 410 | 47.8 | ||
3000 ($464.1) and above | 108 | 35.9 | 313 | 36.5 | ||
Missing | 4 | 5 | ||||
Currently married | 235 | 77.0 | 708 | 82.0 | 3.608 | 0.057 |
Currently working | 18 | 5.9 | 60 | 7.0 | 0.399 | 0.527 |
Self-reported insomnia | 121 | 39.7 | 251 | 29.1 | 11.638 | 0.001 |
Self-reported chronic diseases | 201 | 65.9 | 579 | 67.1 | 0.144 | 0.705 |
Body Mass index (Kg/m2) | ||||||
<18.5 | 14 | 4.6 | 37 | 4.3 | 1.820 | 0.611 |
18.5–23.9 | 140 | 45.9 | 382 | 44.3 | ||
24.0–27.9 | 115 | 37.7 | 366 | 42.4 | ||
≥28.0 | 36 | 11.8 | 78 | 9.0 |
WHOQOL-BREF Items/Domains | Direction of Scaling | Mean Raw Item Score | Standard Deviation (SD) |
---|---|---|---|
Q1 Overall QOL | + | 3.55 | 0.69 |
Q2 General health | + | 3.42 | 0.76 |
Domain 1: Physical Health | |||
Q3 Physical pain | − | 2.48 | 0.79 |
Q4 Dependence medication | − | 2.63 | 0.85 |
Q10 Energy | + | 3.16 | 0.71 |
Q15 Mobility | + | 3.18 | 0.80 |
Q16 Sleep and rest | + | 3.31 | 0.89 |
Q17 Activities of daily living | + | 3.51 | 0.68 |
Q18 Working capacity | + | 3.45 | 0.70 |
Domain 2: Psychological Health | |||
Q5 Life enjoyment | + | 3.12 | 0.55 |
Q6 Meaningfulness of life | + | 3.21 | 0.59 |
Q7 Concentration | + | 3.11 | 0.64 |
Q11 Body appearance | + | 3.25 | 0.58 |
Q19 Self-esteem | + | 3.65 | 0.63 |
Q26 Negative feelings | − | 2.33 | 0.84 |
Domain 3: Social Relationships | |||
Q20 Personal relationship | + | 3.60 | 0.63 |
Q21 Sexual activity | + | 3.25 | 0.84 |
Q22 Social support | + | 3.58 | 0.60 |
Domain 4: Environment | |||
Q8 Safety | + | 3.30 | 0.59 |
Q9 Physical environment | + | 3.31 | 0.61 |
Q12 Financial resources | + | 3.21 | 0.81 |
Q13 Daily information | + | 3.20 | 0.66 |
Q14 Leisure | + | 3.07 | 0.82 |
Q23 Home environment | + | 3.72 | 0.67 |
Q24 Access to health care | + | 3.65 | 0.64 |
Q25 Transport | + | 3.55 | 0.69 |
WHOQOL-BREF Domains | Item Amount | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | SD | Poor QOL | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | ||||||
Physical Health | 7 | 10.7 | 100.0 | 59.00 | 12.4 | 198 | 17.0 |
Psychological Health | 6 | 4.2 | 100.0 | 58.41 | 10.9 | 136 | 11.6 |
Social Relationships | 3 | 16.7 | 100.0 | 61.92 | 11.5 | 336 | 28.8 |
Environment | 8 | 21.9 | 100.0 | 59.37 | 11.2 | 141 | 12.1 |
WHOQOL-BREF Domains (Every 1-Point Increase) | Depression (Mean ± SD) | Non-Depression (Mean ± SD) | Crude Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | p-Value | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | p-Value * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Physical Health | 48.80 ± 11.71 | 62.59 ± 10.44 | 0.928 (0.910–0.946) | <0.001 | 0.928 (0.908–0.948) | <0.001 |
Psychological Health | 49.84 ± 10.54 | 61.44 ± 9.31 | 0.906 (0.879–0.934) | <0.001 | 0.903 (0.873–0.933) | <0.001 |
Social Relationships | 55.03 ± 11.20 | 64.36 ± 10.63 | 1.016 (0.994–1.038) | 0.147 | 1.007 (0.984–1.031) | 0.567 |
Environment | 51.85 ± 11.28 | 62.03 ± 9.82 | 0.966 (0.944–0.989) | 0.004 | 0.972 (0.948–0.997) | 0.030 |
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Cao, W.; Guo, C.; Ping, W.; Tan, Z.; Guo, Y.; Zheng, J. A Community-Based Study of Quality of Life and Depression among Older Adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 693. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13070693
Cao W, Guo C, Ping W, Tan Z, Guo Y, Zheng J. A Community-Based Study of Quality of Life and Depression among Older Adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(7):693. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13070693
Chicago/Turabian StyleCao, Wenjun, Chongzheng Guo, Weiwei Ping, Zhijun Tan, Ying Guo, and Jianzhong Zheng. 2016. "A Community-Based Study of Quality of Life and Depression among Older Adults" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 7: 693. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13070693