Abstract
Introduction: Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is a major health problem worldwide. This metabolic disease is indicated by high blood glucose levels due to insufficient insulin production by the pancreas. An inflammatory response occurs as a result of the immune response to high blood glucose levels as well as the presence of inflammatory mediators produced by adipocytes and macrophages in fat tissue. This low and chronic inflammation damages the pancreatic beta cells and leads to insufficient insulin production, which results in hyperglycemia.
Hyperglycemia in diabetes is thought to cause dysfunction of the immune response, which fails to control the spread of invading pathogens in diabetic subjects. Therefore, diabetic subjects are known to more susceptible to infections. The increased prevalence of T2D will increase the incidence of infectious diseases and related comorbidities.
Objective: This review provides an overview of the immunological aspect of T2D and the possible mechanisms that result in increased infections in diabetics.
Conclusion: A better understanding of how immune dysfunctions occur during hyperglycemia can lead to novel treatments and preventions for infectious diseases and T2D comorbidities, thus improving the outcome of infectious disease treatment in T2D patients.
Keywords: Type 2 diabetes, hyperglycemia, immune dysfunction, comorbidity, infection, treatment outcome.
Current Diabetes Reviews
Title:Type 2 Diabetes and its Impact on the Immune System
Volume: 16 Issue: 5
Author(s): Afiat Berbudi*, Nofri Rahmadika , Adi Imam Tjahjadi and Rovina Ruslami
Affiliation:
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung,Indonesia
Keywords: Type 2 diabetes, hyperglycemia, immune dysfunction, comorbidity, infection, treatment outcome.
Abstract:
Introduction: Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is a major health problem worldwide. This metabolic disease is indicated by high blood glucose levels due to insufficient insulin production by the pancreas. An inflammatory response occurs as a result of the immune response to high blood glucose levels as well as the presence of inflammatory mediators produced by adipocytes and macrophages in fat tissue. This low and chronic inflammation damages the pancreatic beta cells and leads to insufficient insulin production, which results in hyperglycemia.
Hyperglycemia in diabetes is thought to cause dysfunction of the immune response, which fails to control the spread of invading pathogens in diabetic subjects. Therefore, diabetic subjects are known to more susceptible to infections. The increased prevalence of T2D will increase the incidence of infectious diseases and related comorbidities.
Objective: This review provides an overview of the immunological aspect of T2D and the possible mechanisms that result in increased infections in diabetics.
Conclusion: A better understanding of how immune dysfunctions occur during hyperglycemia can lead to novel treatments and preventions for infectious diseases and T2D comorbidities, thus improving the outcome of infectious disease treatment in T2D patients.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Berbudi Afiat *, Rahmadika Nofri , Tjahjadi Imam Adi and Ruslami Rovina , Type 2 Diabetes and its Impact on the Immune System, Current Diabetes Reviews 2020; 16 (5) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573399815666191024085838
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573399815666191024085838 |
Print ISSN 1573-3998 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-6417 |
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Moderate Wine Consumption in the Prevention of Metabolic Syndrome and its Related Medical Complications
Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets Importance and Limitations of Chemotherapy Among the Available Treatments for Gastrointestinal Tumours
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry The Health-promoting Potential of Edible Mushroom Proteins
Current Pharmaceutical Design Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation in Diabetic Retinopathy: Potential Approaches to Delay Neuronal Loss
Current Neuropharmacology Fibromyalgia and Related Syndromes Characterised by Stress Intolerance and Pain Hypersensitivity: Do We Need a New Nosology?
Current Rheumatology Reviews Neuroimaging of Serotonin System in Anxiety Disorders
Current Pharmaceutical Design Craniofacial Anomalies: From Development to Molecular Pathogenesis
Current Molecular Medicine High Glucose Enhances Neurotoxicity and Inflammatory Cytokine Secretion by Stimulated Human Astrocytes
Current Alzheimer Research Editorial [Hot Topic: Pain - Unmet Need and Emerging Targets & Therapies (Guest Editor: Sivaram Pillarisetti)]
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Roles of Tumor Microenvironment in Hepatocelluar Carcinoma
Current Cancer Therapy Reviews Drug-Induced Anemia and Other Red Cell Disorders: A Guide in the Age of Polypharmacy
Current Clinical Pharmacology HumDLoc: Human Protein Subcellular Localization Prediction Using Deep Neural Network
Current Genomics Evolution of Exenatide as a Diabetes Therapeutic
Current Diabetes Reviews Meet Our Editorial Board Member
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry The Host Complement System and Arbovirus Pathogenesis
Current Drug Targets Omega-3 Fatty Acid Treatment Combined with Chemotherapy to Prevent Toxicity, Drug Resistance, and Metastasis in Cancer
Current Drug Targets Effect of Different Dentifrices, Bleaching with 35% Hydrogen Peroxide, and Red Wine on Surface Color and Roughness of Bovine Enamel
Current Dentistry The PIK3CA Gene as a Mutated Target for Cancer Therapy
Current Cancer Drug Targets Bevacizumab Allows Preservation of Liver Function and its Regenerative Capacity after Major Hepatectomy
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Interferon gama induced Tryptophan Degradation Neuropsychiatric and Immunological Consequences
Current Drug Metabolism