References
Abbott HG, Kress JB. Preconditioning in the prevention of knee injuries. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 50: 326–333, 1969
Agre JC, Baxter TL. Musculoskeletal profile of male collegiate soccer players. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 68: 147–150, 1987
Appen L, Duncan PW. Strength relationship of the knee musculature: effect of gravity and sport. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 7: 232–235, 1986
Bauman CL, Knapik JJ, Jones BH. An approach to musculoskeletal profiling of women in sports. In Cantu & Gillespie (Eds) Sports medicine, sports sciences: bridging the gap, pp. 61–72, DC Heath & Co, Lexington, 1982
Bender JA, Pierson JK, Kaplan HM, Johnson AJ. Factors affecting the occurrence of knee injuries. Journal of the Association for Physical and Mental Rehabilitation 18: 130–134, 1964
Burkett LN. Causative factors in hamstring strains. Medicine and Science in Sports 2: 39–42, 1970
Cahili BR, Griffith EH. Effect of preconditioning on the incidence and severity of high school football knee injuries. American Journal of Sports Medicine 6: 180–184, 1978
Campbell DE, Glenn W. Foot-pounds of torque of the normal knee and the rehabilitated postmeniscectomy knee. Physical Therapy 59: 418–421, 1979
Clark JL, Challop RS, McCabe EB. Predicting lower-extremity injuries in high school football players. Journal of the American Medical Association 217: 1552–1553, 1971
Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences, pp. 215–271, Academic Press, New York, 1977
Cooper DL, Fair J. Hamstring strains. Physician and Sportsmedicine 6 (8): 104, 1978
Cowan D, Jones B, Tomlinson P, Robinson J, Polly D. The epidemiology of physical training injuries in US Army infantry trainees: methodology, population, and risk factors. US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine Technical Report No. T4-89, 1988
Cureton TK. Flexibility as an aspect of physical fitness. Research Quarterly 12: 381–390, 1941
Edwards AL. Experimental design in psychological research, pp. 69–89, pp. 112–125, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., New York, 1972
Ekstrand J, Wiktorsson M, Oberg B, Gillquist J. Lower extremity goniometrie measurements: a study to determine their reliability. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 63: 171–175, 1982
Ekstrand J, Gillquist J. The avoidability of soccer injuries. International Journal of Sports Medicine 4: 124–128, 1983
Ekstrand J, Gillquist J. The frequency of muscle tightness and injuries in soccer players. American Journal of Sports Medicine 10: 75–78, 1982
Engebretsen L, Benum P, Fasting O, Molster A, Strand T. A prospective, randomized study of three surgical techniques for treatment of acute ruptures of the anterior cruciate ligament. American Journal of Sports Medicine 18: 585–590, 1990
Ferguson AB, Bender J. The ABC’s of athletic injuries and conditioning, Kreiger Publishing Co., Huntington, 1964
Fleck SJ, Falkel JE. Value of resistance training for the reduction of sports injuries. Sports Medicine 3: 61–68, 1986
Garrett WE. Strains and sprains in athletes. Postgraduate Medicine 73: 200–209, 1983
Garrick JG. Sports medicine. Pediatric Clinics of North America 24: 737–747, 1977
Godshall RW. The predictability of athletic injuries: an eight-year study. Journal of Sports Medicine 3: 50–54, 1975
Goldfuss AJ, Morehouse CA, Le Veau BF. Effect of muscular tension on knee stability. Medicine and Science in Sports 5: 267–271, 1973
Grace TG, Sweetser ER, Nelson MA, Ydens LR Skipper BJ. Isokinetic muscle imbalance and knee joint injury. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 66A: 734–740, 1984
Grana WA, Moretz JA. Ligamentous laxity in secondary school athletes. Journal of the American Medical Association 240: 1975–1976, 1978
Grimby G, Gustafsson E, Peterson L, Renstrom P. Quadriceps function and training after knee ligament surgery. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 12: 70–75, 1980
Hasgood S, Solomonow M, Baratta R, Zhou BH, D’Amorosa R. The effect of joint velocity on the contribution of the antagonist musculature to knee stiffness and laxity. American Journal of Sports Medicine 18: 182–187, 1990
Heiser TM, Weber J, Sullivan G, Clarke P, Jacobs RR. Prophylaxis and management of hamstring muscle injuries in intercollegiate football players. American Journal of Sports Medicine 12: 368–370, 1984
Hennekens CH, Buring JE. Epidemiology in medicine, pp. 260–264, Little, Brown and Co., Boston, 1987
Hejna WF, Rosenberg A, Buturusis DJ, Krieger A. The prevention of sports injuries in high school students through strength training. National Strength and Conditioning Association Journal 4: 28–31, 1982
Hislop HH, Penine JJ. The isokinetic concept of exercise. Physical Therapy 47: 114–117, 1967
Jackson DW, Jarrett H, Bailey D, Kausek J, Swanson J, et al. Injury prediction in the young athlete: a preliminary report. American Journal of Sports Medicine 6: 6–14, 1978
Kannus P, Jarvinen M. Conservatively treated tears of the anterior cruciate ligament. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 69A: 1007–1012, 1987
Kirby RL, Simms FC, Symington VJ, Garner JB. Flexibility and musculoskeletal symptomatology in female gymnasts and age-matched controls. American Journal Sports Medicine 9: 160–164, 1981
Klafs CE, Arnheim DD. Modern principles of athletic training, CV Mosby Co., St Louis, 1973
Klein KK. Flexibility-strength and balance in athletics. Athletic Training 6: 62–65, 1971
Klein KK. Muscle strength and the knee. Physician and Sports-medicine 2 (12): 29–31, 1974
Knapik JJ, Wright JE, Mawdsley RH, Braun JM. Isokinetic, isometric and isotonic strength relationships. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 64: 77–80, 1983
Knapik JJ, Bauman CL, Jones BH, Harris JM, Vaughan L. Preseason strength and flexibility imbalances associated with athletic injuries in female collegiate athletes. American Journal of Sports Medicine 19: 76–81, 1991
Knight KL. Strength imbalances and knee injury. Physician and Sportsmedicine 8(1): 140, 1980
Knuttgen HG, Kraemer WJ. Terminology and measurement in exercise performance. Journal of Applied Sports Science Research 1: 1–10, 1987
Laird DE. Comparison of quad to ham strength ratios of an intercollegiate soccer team. Athletic Training 16: 66–67, 1981
Liemohn W. Factors related to hamstring strains. Journal of Sports Medicine and Sports Medicine 18: 71–76, 1978
Lysens R, Steverlynck A, van der Auweele Y, Lefevre J, Renson L, et al. The predictability of sports injuries. Sports Medicine 1: 6–10, 1984
Merrifield HH, Cowan FJ. Groin strain injuries in ice hockey. Journal of Sports Medicine 1: 41–42, 1973
Meeuwisse WH, Fowler PJ. Frequency and predictability of sports injuries in intercollegiate athletes. Canadian Journal of Sports Sciences 13: 35–42, 1988
Mira AJ, Markley K, Greer RB. A critical analysis of quadriceps function after femoral shaft fracture in adults. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 62A: 61–67, 1980
Moretz JA, Walters R, Smith L. Flexibility as a predictor of knee injuries in college football players. Physician and Sportsmedicine 10 (7): 93–97, 1982
Murray MP, Gardner GM, Mollinger LA, Sepie SB. Strength of isometric and isokinetic contractions. Physical Therapy 60: 412–419, 1980
Nicholas JA, Strizak AM, Veras G. A study of thigh muscle weakness in different pathological states of the lower extremity. American Journal of Sports Medicine 4: 241–248, 1976
Nicholas JA. Injuries to knee ligaments. Relationship to looseness and tightness in football players. Journal of the American Medical Association 212: 2236–2239, 1970
Nosse LJ. Assessment of selected reports on the strength relationship of the knee musculature. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 4: 78–85, 1982
Pope DF, Cole KJ, Brand RA. Physiologic loading of the anterior cruciate ligament does not activate quadriceps or hamstrings in the anesthetized cat. American Journal of Sports Medicine 18: 595–599, 1990
Pope MH, Johnson RJ, Brown DW, Tigne C. The role of the musculature in injuries to the medical collateral ligament. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 61A: 398–402, 1979
Powell KE, Kohl HW, Caspersen CJ, Blair SN. An epidemiological perspective on the causes of running injuries. Physician and Sportsmedicine 14: 100–114, 1986
Prietto CA, Caiozzo VJ. The in vivo force-velocity relationship of the knee flexors and extensors. American Journal of Sports Medicine 17: 607–611, 1989
Radin EL. Role of muscles in protecting athletes from injury. Acta Medica Scandinavia 711 (Suppl.): 143–147, 1986
Sandberg R, Balfors B, Nilsson B, Westlin N. Operative versus non-operative treatment of recent injuries to ligaments of the knee. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 69A: 1120–1126, 1987
Shelbourne KD, Whitaker J, McCarroll JR, Rettig AC, Hirschman LD. Anterior cruciate ligament injury: evaluation of intraarticular reconstruction of acute tears without repair. American Journal of Sports Medicine 18: 484–488, 1990
Splain SH, Rolnick A. Sports injuries at a nonscholarship university. Physician and Sportsmedicine 12: 55–60, 1984
Stafford MG, Grana WA. Hamstring/quadriceps ratios in college football players: a high velocity evaluation. American Journal of Sports Medicine 12: 209–211, 1984
Steele VA, White JA. Injury prediction in female gymnasts. British Journal of Sports Medicine 20: 31–33, 1986
Stone MH. Muscle conditioning and muscle injuries. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 22: 457–462, 1990
Warren RF, Otis JT, Murray SM, Kroll M. Torque-velocity relationships of the knee extensor and flexor muscles in individuals sustaining injuries of the anterior cruciate ligament. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 13: 117, 1981
White AA, Raphael IG. The effect of quadriceps loads and knee position on strain measurements of tibial collateral ligament. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica 43: 176–187, 1972
Wyatt MP, Edwards AM. Comparison of quadriceps and hamstring torque values during isokinetic exercise. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 3: 48–56, 1981
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
The views, opinions, and/or findings contained in this report are those of the authors and should not be construed as an official Department of the Army position, policy or decision, unless so designated by other official documentation. Human subjects participated in this study after giving their free and informed voluntary consent. Investigators adhered to AR 70-25 and USAMRDC Regulation 70-25 on Use of Volunteers in Research.
Citations of commercial organisations and trade names in this report do not constitute an official Department of the Army endorsement or approval of the products or services of these organisations.
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Knapik, J., Jones, B.H., Bauman, C.L. et al. Strength, Flexibility and Athletic Injuries. Sports Medicine 14, 277–288 (1992). https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199214050-00001
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199214050-00001