Skip to main content
Log in

Gender as a Risk Factor for Adverse Events to Medications

  • Leading Article
  • Published:
Drugs Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Domecq C, Naranjo CA, Ruiz I, et al. Sex-related variations in the frequency and characteristics of adverse drug reactions. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1980; 18: 362–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Department of Health and Human Services. New drug and antibiotic regulations: section 314.80, post marketing reporting of adverse drug experiences. Fed Regist 1985; 50(30): 7500–1

    Google Scholar 

  3. Naranjo CA, Ruiz I, Busto U, et al. Drug surveillance of hospitalized patients: the University of Chile experience. Abstracts of the 7th International Congress on Pharmacology; 1978: Paris. England: Pergamon Press, 1978: 949

    Google Scholar 

  4. Briefings on JCAHO (Joint Commission on the Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations) 1991; 2 (5): 1-3

  5. Classen DC, Pestotnik SL, Evans S, et al. Computerized surveillance of adverse drug events in hospitalized patients. JAMA 1991; 266: 2847–51

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Caranasos GJ, Stewart RB, Cluff LE. Drug-induced illness leading to hospitalization. JAMA 1974; 228: 713–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Miller RR. Hospital admissions due to adverse drug reactions: a report from the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program. Arch Intern Med 1974; 134: 219–3

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Leape LL, Brennan TA, Laird N, et al. The nature of adverse events in hospitalized patients: results of the Harvard Medical Practice Study II. N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 377–84

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Philips MS. Qualiy assurance through adverse drug reaction reporting: improving hypnotic prescribing. Hosp Pharm 1990; 25: 246–8

    Google Scholar 

  10. Hurwitz N. Prediposing factors in adverse reactions to drugs. Br Med J 1969; 1: 536–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Klein L, Klein M, Sturm H, et al. The frequency of adverse drug reactions as dependent upon age, sex and duration of hospitalization. Int J Clin Pharmacol 1976; 13: 187–95

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Botiger LE. Adverse drug reactions: an analysis of 310 consecutive reports to the Swedish drug reaction committee. J Clin Pharmacol 1973; 13: 373–82

    Google Scholar 

  13. Vakil BJ, Kuklarni RD, Chabria NL, et al. Intense surveillance of adverse drug reactions. J Clin Pharmacol 1987; 15: 435–41

    Google Scholar 

  14. Rabkin J, Quitkin F, Harrison W, et al. Adverse reactions to monoamine oxidase inhibitors: part I. A comparative study. J Clin Psychopharm 1984; 4: 270–8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Simpson JM, Bateman DN, Rawlins MD. Using the adverse reactions register to study the effects of age and sex on adverse drug reactions. Stat Med 1987; 6: 863–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Braude MC. Drugs and drug interactions in the elderly woman. In: Ray BA, Braude MC, editors. Women and drugs: a new era for research. NIDA Research Monograph 65. Rockville: Department of Health and Human Services, 1986: 58–64

    Google Scholar 

  17. Hamilton JA, Yonkers KA. Sex differences in pharmacokinetics of psychotropic medications. Part 1: Physiological basis for effects. In: Jensvold MJ, Halbreich U, Hamilton JA, editors. Psychopharmacology of women: sex, gender and hormonal considerations. 1st ed., Vol. 1. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1995

    Google Scholar 

  18. Wald A, Van Thiel DH, Hoechstetter L, et al. Gastrointestinal transit: the effect of the menstrual cycle. Gastroenterology 1981; 80: 1497–1500

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Horowitz M, Maddern GJ, Chatterton BE. The normal menstrual cycle has no effect on gastric emptying. Br J Obstet Gynecol 1985; 92: 743–74

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Datz FLI, Christian PE, Moore J. Gender-related differences in gastric emptying. Nucl Med 1987; 28: 384–91

    Google Scholar 

  21. Yonkers KA, Kando JC, Cole JO, et al. Gender differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of psychotropic medication. Am J Psychiatry 1992; 149: 587–95

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Gur RC, Gur RE, Obrist WD, et al. Sex and handedness differences in crebral blood flow during rest and cognitive activity. Science 1982; 217: 659–61

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Riester EF, Pantuck EJ, Pantuck CB, et al. Antipyrine metabolism during the menstrual cycle. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1980; 28: 384–91

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Fraser HS, Macklaw JL, Bulpitt CJ, et al. Environmental effects on antipyrine half-life in man. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1977; 22: 799–808

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. O’Malley K, Crooks J, Duke E, et al. Effect of age and sex on human drug metabolism. Br Med J 1971; 3: 607–9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Walle T, Walle UK, Cowart TD, et al. Pathway-selective sex diffrences in the metabolic clarance of propranolol in human subjects. Clin Phamacol Ther 1989; 46: 257–63

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Frezza M, DiPadova C, Pozzato G, et al. High blood alcohol levels in women. N Engl J Med 1990; 322: 95–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Ashley MJ, Olin JS, LeRiche WH, et al. Morbidity in alcoholics: evidence for accelerated development of physical disease in women. Arch Intern Med 1977; 137: 883–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Jones BM, Jones MK. Alcohol effects in women during the menstrual cycle. Ann NY Acad Sci 1977: 576-87

  30. Jochemsen R, Vander Graaf M, Boeijinga JK, et al. Influence of sex, menstrual cycle and oral contraceptives on the disposition of nitrazepam. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1982; 13: 319–24

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Klaiber EL, Broverman DM, Vogel W, et al. Estrogen therapy for severe persistent depressions in women. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1979; 36: 550–4

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Conrad CD, Hamilton JA. Recent premenstrual decline in lithium concentration: clinical correlates and treatment implications. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1986; 26: 852–3

    Google Scholar 

  33. Kimmel S, Gonsalves L, Young D, et al. Fluctuating levels of antidepressants. J Psychosom Obstet Gynecol 1992: 13: 277–80

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Stewart DE, Fairman M, Barbadoro S, et al. Follicular and late luteal phase serum fluoxetine levels in women suffering from late luteal phase dysphoric disroder. Biol Psychiatry 1994; 36: 201–2

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Yassa R, Jeste DV. Gender differences in tardive dyskinesia: a critical review of the literature. Schizophrenia Bull 1992; 18: 701–15

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Seeman MV. Interaction of sex, age, and neuroleptic dose. Compr Psychiatry 1983; 24(2): 125–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Hamilton J. Forging a women’s health resource agenda (conference proceedings). Clinical pharmacology panel report. In: Blumenthal SJ, Parry B, Sherwin B, editors. Washington, DC: National Women’s Health Resource Center, 1991: 1–27

    Google Scholar 

  38. Ellinwood EH, Easier ME, Linnoila M, et al. Effects of oral contraceptives on diazepam-induced psychomotor impairment. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1983; 35: 360–6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Kroboth PD, Smith RB, Stoehr GP, et al. Pharmacodynamic evaluation of the benzodiazepine-oral contraceptive interaction. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1985; 38: 525–32

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Abernathy DR, Geenblatt DJ, Shader RI. Imipramine disposition in users of oral contraceptive steroids. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1984; 35(6): 792–7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Mishell DR. Contraception. N Engl J Med 1989; 320: 777–87

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Allgulander C. Psychoactive drug use in a general population sample, Sweden: correlates with perceived health, psychiatric diagnoses, and mortality in an automated record-linkage study. Am J Public Health 1989; 79: 1006–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Borda I, Jick H, Slone D, et al. Studies of drug usage in five Boston hospitals. JAMA 1967; 202: 170–4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Cooperstock R. Sex differences in the use of mood-modifying drugs: an explanatory model. J Health Soc Behav 1971; 12: 238–44

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Hohmann AA. Gender bias in psychotropic drug prescribing in primary care. Med Care 1988; 27: 478–90

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Svardstad BL, Clearly PD, Mechanic D, et al. Gender differences in the aquisition of prescribed drugs: an epidemiological study. Med Care 1987; 25: 1089–98

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Ashton H. Psychotropic-drug prescribing for women. Br J Psychiatry 1991; 148: 30–5

    Google Scholar 

  48. Hopf G, Mathis B. Adverse reactions reporting and age. Lancet 1988; 2: 1079–80

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Food and Drug Administration. General considerations for the clinical evaluation of drugs. Publication no. MEW (FDA) 77-3040. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1977

  50. Halbreich U, Carson SW. Drug studies in women of childbearing age: eithical and methodological considerations. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1989; 9: 328–33

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Guideline for the study of and evaluation of gender differences in the clinical evaluation of drugs. Publication no. 93D-0236. Washington, DC: Food and Drug Administration, 1994

    Google Scholar 

  52. Yonkers KA, Harrison W. The inclusion of women in psychopharmacologic trials. J Clin Psychopharm 1993; 13(6): 380–2

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Kando, J.C., Yonkers, K.A. & Cole, J.O. Gender as a Risk Factor for Adverse Events to Medications. Drugs 50, 1–6 (1995). https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-199550010-00001

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-199550010-00001

Keywords

Navigation