Promoting Adolescent Health and Well-Being Through Outdoor Youth Programs: Results From a Multisite Australian Study
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18666/JOREL-2018-V10-I1-8087Keywords:
Australia, outdoor youth programs, well-being, adolescent, methodologyAbstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which participation in structured outdoor programs is associated with improvements in adolescent health and well-being. Students (n = 160) were recruited from three secondary schools in Victoria, Australia. Adolescents completed online surveys 3 weeks before camp (Time 1), 1 week before camp (Time 2), and 1 week after camp (Time 3). Positive changes were observed on some indicators of emotional well-being (fear and self-efficacy), as well as peer and school connectedness. No camp effects were found for depression, aggression, well-being, friend connectedness, teacher connectedness, and nature connectedness. Results support the view that structured outdoor programs may have a beneficial effect on well-being. However, effects were not ubiquitous (they were domain specific), which warrants further investigation.
References
American Camps Association. (2005). Directions: Youth development outcomes of the camp experience. Retrieved from http://www.acacamps.org/resource-library/research/directions-youth-development-outcomes-camp-experience
Bandura, A. (1994). Self-efficacy. In V. S. Ramachaudran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of human behavior (Vol. 4, pp. 71-81). New York: Academic Press. (Reprinted from: H. Friedman [Ed.], Encyclopedia of mental health. San Diego: Academic Press, 1998).
Bowen, D. J., Neill, J. T., & Crisp, S. J. R. (2016). Wilderness adventure therapy effects on the mental health of youth participants. Evaluation and Program Planning, 58 49–59.
Bragg, R., Wood, C., Barton, J., & Pretty, J. (2013). Measuring connection to nature in children aged 8 - 12: A robust methodology for the RSPB. Retrieved from https://www.rspb.org.uk/Images/methodology-report_tcm9-354606.pdf
Camp Enterprise. (2016). Feedback Questionnaire. Retrieved from http://campenterprise.ca/applications-and-forms/feedback-questionnaire/
Camp Kawartha. (2016). 2016 Summer Camp Feedback Survey. Retrieved from http://survey.constantcontact.com/survey/a07ecuc7heuiplnhxfm/a018fivvmcrtv/questions
Clarke, P. J., Marshall, V. W., Ryff, C., & Wheaton, B. (2001). Measuring Psychological Well-Being in the Canadian Study of Health and Aging. International Psychogeriatrics, 13(1), 79-90.
Cohen, J. (1992). Statistical Power Analysis. Current Directions in Psychological Science.
DeMille, S. M., Comart, C., & Tucker, A. (2014). Body Composition Changes in an Outdoor Behavioral Healthcare Program. Ecopsychology, 6 (3), 174-182.
Ellis, L. K., & Rothbart, M. K. (2001). Revision of the Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire. Paper presented at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Poster retrieved from http://www.bowdoin.edu/~sputnam/rothbart-temperament-questionnaires/pdf/lesa-ellis-srcd-poster-reprint.pdf
Foland, J. L. (2009). Body image and body valuation in female participants of an outdoor education program. State University of New York College at Cortland.
Gabrielsen, L. E., Fernee, C. R., Aasen, G. O., & Eskedal, L. T. (2016). Why Randomized Trials Are Challenging Within Adventure Therapy Research: Lessons Learned in Norway. Journal of Experiential Education, Vol. 39(1) 5 –14.
Garcia, D., Nima, A. A., & Kjell, O. N. E. (2014). The affective profiles, psychological well-being, and harmony: environmental mastery and self-acceptance predict the sense of a harmonious life. Peer J., 2(e259). doi:10.7717/peerj.259
Garst, B. A., & Bruce, F. A. (2003). Identifying 4-H camping outcomes using a standardized evaluation process across multiple 4-H educational centers. Journal of Extension, 41. Retrieved from https://joe.org/joe/2003june/rb2.php
Gassner, M., Kahlid, A., & Russel, K. (2006). Investigating the Long-Term Impact of Adventure Education: A Restrospective Study of Outward Bound Singapore's Classic 21-day Challenge Course. Research in Outdoor Education.
Glover, T., Chapeskie, A., Mock, S., Mannel, R., & , & Feldberg, H. (2011). The Canadian summer camp research project: examining the outcomes of the Canadian summer camp experience.
Grocott, A. C., & Hunter, J. A. (2009). Increases in global and domain specific self-esteem following a 10 day developmental voyage. Soc Psychol Educ, 12, 443–459. doi:10.1007/s11218-008-9088-5
Gustafsson, P. E., Szczepanski, A., Nelson, N., & Gustafsson, P. E. (2011). Effects of an outdoor education intervention on the mental health of schoolchildren. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 1–17.
Harper, N. (2010). Future Paradigm or False Idol: A Cautionary Tale of Evidence-Based Practice for Adventure Education and Therapy. Journal of Experiential Education, 33(1), 38-55.
Hartmeyer, R., & Mygind, E. (2016). A retrospective study of social relations in a Danish primary school class taught in ‘udeskole’. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 16:1, 78-89. doi:10.1080/14729679.2015.1086659
Hattie, J., Marsh, H. W., Neill, J. T., & Richards, G. E. (1997). Adventure Education and Outward Bound: Out-of-Class Experiences That Make a LastingDifference. Review of Educational Research, 67 (1), 43-87.
Hayhurst, J., Hunter, J. A., Kafka, S., & Boyes, M. (2015). Enhancing resilience in youth through a 10-day developmental voyage. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 15:1, 40-52. doi:10.1080/14729679.2013.843143
Henderson, K. A. (2012). Peer Relationships and Camps. ACA Briefing Papers Series. Retrieved from http://www.acacamps.org/volunteers/care/carebriefings
Kafka, S., Hunter, J. A., Hayhurst, J., Boyes, M., Thomson, R. L., Clarke, H., . . . O’Brien, K. S. (2012). A 10-day developmental voyage: converging evidence from three studies showing that self-esteem may be elevated andmaintained without negative outcomes. Soc Psychol Educ, 15, 571–601. doi:10.1007/s11218-012-9177-3
Karcher, M. J. (2003). The Hemingway: Measure of Adolescent Connectedness: Validation studies. ERIC no. ED477969; ERIC/CASS no. CG032433 (Invited).
Lewinsohn, P. M., Gotlib, I. H., Lewinsohn, M., Seeley, J. R., & Allen, N. B. (1998). Gender Differences in Anxiety Disorders and Anxiety Symptoms in Adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107(1), 109-117.
Mills, E. J., Chan, A., Wu, P., Vail, A., Guyatt, G. H., & Altman, D. G. (2009). Design, analysis, and presentation of crossover trials. Trials, 10(27). doi:10.1186/1745-6215-10-27
Monahan, K., Oesterle, S., & Hawkins, D. J. (2010). Predictors and Consequences of School Connectedness: The Case for Prevention. The Prevention Researcher, 17(3).
Mutz, M., & Muller, J. (2016). Mental health benefits of outdoor adventures: Results from two pilot studies. Journal of Adolescence. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.03.009
Neill, J. T., & Dias, K. L. (2001). Adventure Education and Resilience: The Double-Edged Sword. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 1 (2)(35-42).
Neill, J. T., Marsh, H. W., & Richards, G. E. (2003). The Life Effectiveness Questionnaire: Development and psychometrics. . University of Western Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. Retrieved from http://www.wilderdom.com/pdf/NeillinpreparationLEQPsychometricsDec2002.pdf
Nisbet, E. K. L., Zelenski, J. M., & Murphy, S. A. (2009). The Nature Relatedness Scale: Linking individuals’ connection with nature to environmental concern and behaviour. Environment and Behavior, 41, 715- 740.
Opper, B., Maree, J. G., Fletcher, L., & Sommerville, J. (2014). Efficacy of outdoor adventure education in developing emotional intelligence during adolescence. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 24:2, 193-196.
Paxton, T., & McAvoy, L. H. (2000, May 23–27, 1999). Social psychological benefits of a wilderness adventure program. Paper presented at the Wilderness science in a time of change conference, Missoula, MT.
Propst, D., & Koesler, R. A. (1998). Bandura Goes Outdoors: Role of Self-Efficacy in the Outdoor Leadership Development Process. Leisure Sciences, 20, 319-344.
Richie, S. D., Wabano, M. J., Russell, K., Enosse, L., & Young, N. L. (2014). Promoting resilience and wellbeing through an outdoor intervention designed for Aboriginal adolescents. Rural and Remote Health, 14: 2523.
Robinson, T. (2013). Relationships that emerged through participation in a Year 9 experiential education program. Australian Journal of Outdoor Education, 17(1), 54-64.
Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,, 69 719-727.
Sachs, J. T., & Miller, S. R. (1992). The Impact of a Wilderness Experience on the Social Interactions and Social Expectations of Behaviorally Disordered Adolescents. Behavioral Disorders, 17(2), 89-98.
Sammet, K. (2010). Relationships Matter: Adolescent Girls and Relational Development in Adventure Education. Journal of Experiential Education, 33(2), 151–165.
Schwarzer, R., & Jerusalem, M. (1995). Generalized Self-Efficacy scale. In J. Weinman, S. Wright, & M. Johnston (Eds.), Measures in health psychology: A user’s portfolio. Causal and control beliefs (pp. 35-37). Windsor, UK: NFER-NELSON.
Scrutton, R. A. (2015). Outdoor adventure education for children in Scotland: quantifying the benefits. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 15(2), 123-137. doi:10.1080/14729679.2013.867813
Seifert, T. A. (2005). The Ryff Scales of Psychological Well-Being. Centre of Inquiry Assessment Notes. Retrieved from http://www.liberalarts.wabash.edu/ryff-scales/
Slaney, G., Salmon, J., & Weinstein, P. (2012). Can a school based programme in a natural environment reduce BMI in overweight adolescents? Medical Hypotheses, 79, 68-70.
Uhls, Y. T., Michikyan, M., Morris, J., Garcia, D., Small, G. W., Zgourou, E., & Greenfield, P. M. (2014). Five days at outdoor education camp without screens improves preteen skills with nonverbal emotion cues. Computers and Human Behavior, 39, 387–392.
Ventura, A. K., & Garst, B. A. (2013). Residential summer camp: a new venue for nutrition education and physical activity promotion. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 10 (64), 1-9.
Ward, W., & Hobbs, W. (2006). Changes in Perceptions of Fear in a Short-Term, College Outdoor Adventure Program. Journal of Experiential Education, 28(3), 274-278.
Williams, I. R., & Allen, N. B. (2012). National Survey of Australian Outdoor Youth Programs. Summary Report of the Outdoor Youth Programs Research Alliance. Retrieved from Available online at www.oypra.org.au
Young, A., & Ewert, A. (1992). Fear in Outdoor Education: The Influence of Gender and Program. ERIC. Retrieved from http://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED352231
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Sagamore Publishing LLC (hereinafter the “Copyright Owner”)
Journal Publishing Copyright Agreement for Authors
PLEASE REVIEW OUR POLICIES AND THE PUBLISHING AGREEMENT, AND INDICATE YOUR ACCEPTANCE OF THE TERMS BY CHECKING THE ‘AGREE TO THE TERMS OF THIS COPYRIGHT NOTICE’ CHECKBOX BELOW.
I understand that by submitting an article to Journal of Outdoor Recreation, Education, and Leadership, I am granting the copyright to the article submitted for consideration for publication in Journal of Outdoor Recreation, Education, and Leadership to the Copyright Owner. If after consideration of the Editor of the Journal of Outdoor Recreation, Education, and Leadership, the article is not accepted for publication, all copyright covered under this agreement will be automatically returned to the Author(s).
THE PUBLISHING AGREEMENT
Assignment of Copyright
I hereby assign to the Copyright Owner the copyright in the manuscript I am submitting in this online procedure and any tables, illustrations or other material submitted for publication as part of the manuscript in all forms and media (whether now known or later developed), throughout the world, in all languages, for the full term of copyright, effective when the article is accepted for publication.
Reversion of Rights
Articles may sometimes be accepted for publication but later be rejected in the publication process, even in some cases after public posting in “Articles in Press” form, in which case all rights will revert to the Author.
Retention of Rights for Scholarly Purposes
I understand that I retain or am hereby granted the Retained Rights. The Retained Rights include the right to use the Preprint, Accepted Manuscript, and the Published Journal Article for Personal Use and Internal Institutional Use.
All journal material is under a 12 month embargo. Authors who would like to have their articles available as open access should contact Sagamore-Venture for further information.
In the case of the Accepted Manuscript and the Published Journal Article, the Retained Rights exclude Commercial Use, other than use by the author in a subsequent compilation of the author’s works or to extend the Article to book length form or re-use by the author of portions or excerpts in other works.
Published Journal Article: the author may share a link to the formal publication through the relevant DOI.
Author Representations
- The Article I have submitted to the journal for review is original, has been written by the stated author(s) and has not been published elsewhere.
- The Article was not submitted for review to another journal while under review by this journal and will not be submitted to any other journal.
- The Article contains no libelous or other unlawful statements and does not contain any materials that violate any personal or proprietary rights of any other person or entity.
- I have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in the Article.
- If the Article was prepared jointly with other authors, I have informed the co-author(s) of the terms of this Journal Publishing Agreement and that I am signing on their behalf as their agent, and I am authorized to do so.