Schizophrenia: the role of sleep and circadian rhythms in regulating dopamine and psychosis

References

Adamantidis, A., Salvert, D., Goutagny, R., Lakaye, B., Gervasoni, D., Grisar, T., Luppi, P.-H., and Fort, P. (2008). Sleep architecture of the melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1-knockout mice. Eur. J. Neurosci. 27, 1793–1800.10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06129.xSearch in Google Scholar

Adrien, J. (2002). Neurobiological bases for the relation between sleep and depression. Sleep Med. Rev. 6, 341–351.10.1053/smrv.2001.0200Search in Google Scholar

Ahnaou, A., Drinkenburg, W.H.I.M., Bouwknecht, J.A., Alcazar, J., Steckler, T., and Dautzenberg, F.M. (2008). Blocking melanin-concentrating hormone MCH1 receptor affects rat sleep–wake architecture. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 579, 177–188.10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.10.017Search in Google Scholar

Alberto, C.O., Trask, R.B., and Hirasawa, M. (2011). Dopamine acts as a partial agonist for α2A adrenoceptor in melanin-concentrating hormone neurons. J. Neurosci. 31, 10671–10676.10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6245-10.2011Search in Google Scholar

Andersen, M.L., Martins, P.J.F., D’Almeida, V., Bignotto, M., and Tufik, S. (2005). Endocrinological and catecholaminergic alterations during sleep deprivation and recovery in male rats. J. Sleep Res. 14, 83–90.10.1111/j.1365-2869.2004.00428.xSearch in Google Scholar

Andretic, R. and Hirsh, J. (2000). Circadian modulation of dopamine receptor responsiveness in Drosophilamelanogaster. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 1873–1878.10.1073/pnas.97.4.1873Search in Google Scholar

Arnulf, I., Bonnet, A.-M., Damier, P., Bejjani, B.-P., Seilhean, D., Derenne, J.-P., and Agid, Y. (2000). Hallucinations, REM sleep, and Parkinson’s disease A medical hypothesis. Neurology 55, 281–288.10.1212/WNL.55.2.281Search in Google Scholar

Backhaus, J., Junghanns, K., Born, J., Hohaus, K., Faasch, F., and Hohagen, F. (2006). Impaired declarative memory consolidation during sleep in patients with primary insomnia: influence of sleep architecture and nocturnal cortisol release. Biol. Psychiatry 60, 1324–1330.10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.03.051Search in Google Scholar

Benedetti, F., Barbini, B., Campori, E., Colombo, C., and Smeraldi, E. (1996). Dopamine agonist amineptine prevents the antidepressant effect of sleep deprivation. Psychiatry Res. 65, 179–184.10.1016/S0165-1781(96)03000-4Search in Google Scholar

Benson, K.L., Faull, K.F., and Zarcone, V.P. (1991). Evidence for the role of serotonin in the regulation of slow wave sleep in schizophrenia. Sleep J. Sleep Res. Sleep Med. 14, 133–139.10.1093/sleep/14.2.133Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Bersani, G., Mameli, M., Garavini, A., Pancheri, P., and Nordio, M. (2003). Reduction of night/day difference in melatonin blood levels as a possible disease-related index in schizophrenia. Neuro endocrinol. Lett. 24, 181.Search in Google Scholar

Bliss, E.L., Clark, L.D., and West, C.D. (1959). Studies of sleep deprivation–relationship to schizophrenia. AMA Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry 81, 348–359.10.1001/archneurpsyc.1959.02340150080009Search in Google Scholar

Braff, D.L. (2010). Prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex: a window on the brain in schizophrenia. Current Topics Behav. Neurosci. 4, 349–371.10.1007/7854_2010_61Search in Google Scholar

Breier, A., Su, T.-P., Saunders, R., Carson, R.E., Kolachana, B.S., de Bartolomeis, A., Weinberger, D.R., Weisenfeld, N., Malhotra, A.K., Eckelman, W.C., et al. (1997). Schizophrenia is associated with elevated amphetamine-induced synaptic dopamine concentrations: evidence from a novel positron emission tomography method. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 94, 2569–2574.10.1073/pnas.94.6.2569Search in Google Scholar

Bromundt, V., Koster, M., Georgiev-Kill, A., Opwis, K., Wirz-Justice, A., Stoppe, G., and Cajochen, C. (2011). Sleep-wake cycles and cognitive functioning in schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry 198, 269–276.10.1192/bjp.bp.110.078022Search in Google Scholar

Cahill, G. and Besharse, J. (1991). Resetting the circadian clock in cultured Xenopus eyecups: regulation of retinal melatonin rhythms by light and D2 dopamine receptors. J. Neurosci. 11, 2959–2971.10.1523/JNEUROSCI.11-10-02959.1991Search in Google Scholar

Caldwell, D.F. and Domino, E.F. (1967). Electroencephalographic and eye movement patterns during sleep in chronic schizophrenic patients. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 22, 414–420.10.1016/0013-4694(67)90168-XSearch in Google Scholar

Castañeda, T.R., de Prado, B.M., Prieto, D., and Mora, F. (2004). Circadian rhythms of dopamine, glutamate and GABA in the striatum and nucleus accumbens of the awake rat: modulation by light. J. Pineal Res. 36, 177–185.10.1046/j.1600-079X.2003.00114.xSearch in Google Scholar

Chen, Y., Hu, C., Hsu, C.K., Zhang, Q., Bi, C., Asnicar, M., Hsiung, H.M., Fox, N., Slieker, L.J., and Yang, D.D. (2002). Targeted disruption of the melanin-concentrating hormone receptor-1 results in hyperphagia and resistance to diet-induced obesity. Endocrinology 143, 2469–2477.10.1210/endo.143.7.8903Search in Google Scholar

Chong, T.W.H. and Castle, D.J. (2004). Layer upon layer: thermoregulation in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Res. 69, 149–157.10.1016/S0920-9964(03)00222-6Search in Google Scholar

Chouinard, S., Poulin, J., Stip, E., and Godbout, R. (2004). Sleep in untreated patients with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Bull. 30, 957.10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007145Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Cohrs, S. (2008). Sleep disturbances in patients with schizophrenia: impact and effect of antipsychotics. CNS Drugs 22, 939–962.10.2165/00023210-200822110-00004Search in Google Scholar

Comella, C.L., Tanner, C.M., and Ristanovic, R.K. (1993). Polysomnographic sleep measures in Parkinson’s disease patients with treatment-induced hallucinations. Ann. Neurol. 34, 710–714.10.1002/ana.410340514Search in Google Scholar

Czeisler, C.A., Duffy, J.F., Shanahan, T.L., Brown, E.N., Mitchell, J.F., Rimmer, D.W., Ronda, J.M., Silva, E.J., Allan, J.S., Emens, J.S., et al. (1999). Stability, precision, and near-24-hour period of the human circadian pacemaker. Science 284, 2177–2181.10.1126/science.284.5423.2177Search in Google Scholar

Dahan, L., Astier, B., Vautrelle, N., Urbain, N., Kocsis, B., and Chouvet, G. (2006). Prominent burst firing of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area during paradoxical sleep. Neuropsychopharmacology 32, 1232–1241.10.1038/sj.npp.1301251Search in Google Scholar

Davidson, M. and Davis, K.L. (1988). A comparison of plasma homovanillic acid concentrations in schizophrenic patients and normal controls. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 45, 561–563.10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800300057006Search in Google Scholar

Davis, K., Davidson, M., Mohs, R., Kendler, K., Davis, B., Johns, C., DeNigris, Y., and Horvath, T. (1985). Plasma homovanillic acid concentration and the severity of schizophrenic illness. Science 227, 1601–1602.10.1126/science.3975630Search in Google Scholar

de Lima, L.H.R.G., dos Santos, K.P., and de Lauro Castrucci, A.M. (2011). Clock genes, melanopsins, melatonin, and dopamine key enzymes and their modulation by light and glutamate in chicken embryonic retinal cells. Chronobiology Int. 28, 89–100.10.3109/07420528.2010.540685Search in Google Scholar

Demontis, M.G., Fadda, P., Devoto, P., Martellotta, M.C., and Fratta, W. (1990). Sleep deprivation increases dopamine D1 receptor antagonist [3H]SCH 23390 binding and dopamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase in the rat limbic system. Neurosci. Lett. 117, 224–227.10.1016/0304-3940(90)90148-3Search in Google Scholar

Demontis, D., Nyegaard, M., Christensen, J.H., Severinsen, J., Hedemand, A., Hansen, T., Werge, T., Mors, O., and Børglum, A.D. (2012). The gene encoding the melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 is associated with schizophrenia in a Danish case–control sample. Psychiatr. Genet. 22, 62–69.10.1097/YPG.0b013e32834dc424Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Deroche, V., Marinelli, M., Maccari, S., Le Moal, M., Simon, H., and Piazza, P. (1995). Stress-induced sensitization and glucocorticoids. I. Sensitization of dopamine-dependent locomotor effects of amphetamine and morphine depends on stress-induced corticosterone secretion. J. Neurosci. 15, 7181–7188.10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-11-07181.1995Search in Google Scholar

Diederich, N.J., Fenelon, G., Stebbins, G., and Goetz, C.G. (2009). Hallucinations in Parkinson disease. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 5, 331–342.10.1038/nrneurol.2009.62Search in Google Scholar

Doi, Y., Minowa, M., Uchiyama, M., Okawa, M., Kim, K., Shibui, K., and Kamei, Y. (2000). Psychometric assessment of subjective sleep quality using the Japanese version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI-J) in psychiatric disordered and control subjects. Psychiatr. Res. 97, 165–172.10.1016/S0165-1781(00)00232-8Search in Google Scholar

Doran, A.R., Labarca, R., Wolkowitz, O.M., Roy, A., Douillet, P., and Pickar, D. (1990). Circadian variation of plasma homovanillic acid levels is attentuated by fluphenazine in patients with schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 47, 558–563.10.1001/archpsyc.1990.01810180058009Search in Google Scholar

Doyle, S.E., McIvor, W.E., and Menaker, M. (2002). Circadian rhythmicity in dopamine content of mammalian retina: role of the photoreceptors. J. Neurochem. 83, 211–219.10.1046/j.1471-4159.2002.01149.xSearch in Google Scholar

Dubocovich, M.L. (1983). Melatonin is a potent modulator of dopamine release in the retina. Nature 306, 782–784.10.1038/306782a0Search in Google Scholar

Dzirasa, K., Ribeiro, S., Costa, R., Santos, L.M., Lin, S.-C., Grosmark, A., Sotnikova, T.D., Gainetdinov, R.R., Caron, M.G., and Nicolelis, M.A.L. (2006). Dopaminergic control of sleep–wake states. J. Neurosci. 26, 10577–10589.10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1767-06.2006Search in Google Scholar

Ebert, D. and Berger, M. (1998). Neurobiological similarities in antidepressant sleep deprivation and psychostimulant use: a psychostimulant theory of antidepressant sleep deprivation. Psychopharmacology 140, 1–10.10.1007/s002130050732Search in Google Scholar

Ebert, D., Feistel, H., Kaschka, W., Barocka, A., and Pirner, A. (1994). Single photon emission computerized tomography assessment of cerebral dopamine D2 receptor blockade in depression before and after sleep deprivation–preliminary results. Biol. Psychiatr. 35, 880–885.10.1016/0006-3223(94)90024-8Search in Google Scholar

Farber, J., Miller, J.D., Crawford, K.A., and McMillen, B.A. (1983). Dopamine metabolism and receptor sensitivity in rat brain after REM sleep deprivation. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 18, 509–513.10.1016/0091-3057(83)90272-1Search in Google Scholar

Ferrarelli, F. and Tononi, G. (2011). The thalamic reticular nucleus and schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bull. 37, 306–315.10.1093/schbul/sbq142Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Ferreira, J.J., Galitzky, M., Montastruc, J.L., and Rascol, O. (2000). Sleep attacks and Parkinson’s disease treatment. Lancet 355, 1333–1334.10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02119-XSearch in Google Scholar

Ferreira, J.J., Thalamas, C., Montastruc, J.L., Castro-Caldas, A., and Rascol, O. (2001). Levodopa monotherapy can induce “sleep attacks” in Parkinson’s disease patients. J. Neurol. 248, 426–427.10.1007/s004150170188Search in Google Scholar

Foley, D., Ancoli-Israel, S., Britz, P., and Walsh, J. (2004). Sleep disturbances and chronic disease in older adults: results of the 2003 National Sleep Foundation Sleep in America Survey. J. Psychosom. Res. 56, 497–502.10.1016/j.jpsychores.2004.02.010Search in Google Scholar

Follenius, M., Brandenberger, G., Bandesapt, J.J., Libert, J.P., and Ehrhart, J. (1992). Nocturnal cortisol release in relation to sleep structure. Sleep 15, 21–27.10.1093/sleep/15.1.21Search in Google Scholar

Frau, R., Orrù, M., Puligheddu, M., Gessa, G.L., Mereu, G., Marrosu, F., and Bortolato, M. (2008). Sleep deprivation disrupts prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex: reversal by antipsychotic drugs. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 11, 947–955.10.1017/S1461145708008900Search in Google Scholar

Friedman, J., Lannon, M., Comella, C., and Factor, S. (1999). Low-dose clozapine for the treatment of drug-induced psychosis in Parkinson’s disease. N. Engl J Med 340, 757–763.10.1056/NEJM199903113401003Search in Google Scholar

Fuller, K.H., Waters, W.F., Binks, P.G., and Anderson, T. (1997). Generalized anxiety and sleep architecture: a polysomnographic investigation. Sleep J. Sleep Res. Sleep Med. 20, 370–376.10.1093/sleep/20.5.370Search in Google Scholar

Gerner, R.H., Post, R.M., Gillin, C., and Bunney, W.E. Jr. (1979). Biological and behavioral effects of one night’s sleep deprivation in depressed patients and normals. J. Psychiatric Res. 15, 21–40.10.1016/0022-3956(79)90004-9Search in Google Scholar

Gil-Ad, I., Dickerman, Z., Amdursky, S., and Laron, Z. (1986). Diurnal rhythm of plasma beta endorphin, cortisol and growth hormone in schizophrenics as compared to control subjects. Psychopharmacology 88, 496–499.10.1007/BF00178514Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Gillin, J.C., Buchsbaum, M.S., Jacobs, L.S., Fram, D.H., Williams, R.B., Vaughan, T.B. Jr, Mellon, E., Snyder, F., and Wyatt, R.J. (1974). Partial rem sleep deprivation, schizophrenia and field articulation. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 30, 653–662.10.1001/archpsyc.1974.01760110073009Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Göder, R., Boigs, M., Braun, S., Friege, L., Fritzer, G., Aldenhoff, J.B., and Hinze-Selch, D. (2004). Impairment of visuospatial memory is associated with decreased slow wave sleep in schizophrenia. J. Psychiatric Res. 38, 591–599.10.1016/j.jpsychires.2004.04.005Search in Google Scholar

Hallmayer, J.F., Kalaydjieva, L., Badcock, J., Dragović, M., Howell, S., Michie, P.T., Rock, D., Vile, D., Williams, R., and Corder, E.H. (2005). Genetic evidence for a distinct subtype of schizophrenia characterized by pervasive cognitive deficit. Am. J. Hum. Genetics 77, 468–476.10.1086/432816Search in Google Scholar

Hartmann, E. and Cravens, J. (1976). Sleep: effects of d- and l-amphetamine in man and in rat. Psychopharmacology 50, 171–175.10.1007/BF00430488Search in Google Scholar

Hassani, O.K., Lee, M.G., and Jones, B.E. (2009). Melanin-concentrating hormone neurons discharge in a reciprocal manner to orexin neurons across the sleep–wake cycle. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 106, 2418–2422.10.1073/pnas.0811400106Search in Google Scholar

Haug, H.J., Wirz-Justice, A., and Rössler, W. (2000). Actigraphy to measure day structure as a therapeutic variable in the treatment of schizophrenic patients. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 102, 91–95.10.1034/j.1600-0447.2000.00018.xSearch in Google Scholar

Healey, E.S., Kales, A., Monroe, L.J., Bixler, E.O., Chamberlin, K., and Soldatos, C.R. (1981). Onset of insomnia: role of life-stress events. Psychosom. Med. 43, 439–451.10.1097/00006842-198110000-00007Search in Google Scholar

Hidenori, S., Yasuo, S., Koichi, O., Katsumasa, M., Toshito, Y., and Kenshiro, O. (1994). Circadian variations in plasma monoamine metabolites level in alcoholic patients: a possible predictor of alcohol withdrawal delirium. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatr. 18, 741–752.10.1016/0278-5846(94)90081-7Search in Google Scholar

Hofstetter, J.R., Lysaker, P.H., and Mayeda, A.R. (2005). Quality of sleep in patients with schizophrenia is associated with quality of life and coping. BMC Psychiatry 5, 13.10.1186/1471-244X-5-13Search in Google Scholar

Holroyd, S., Currie, L., and Wooten, G.F. (2001). Prospective study of hallucinations and delusions in Parkinson’s disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 70, 734–738.10.1136/jnnp.70.6.734Search in Google Scholar

Horne, J.A. (1978). A review of the biological effects of total sleep deprivation in man. Biol. Psychol. 7, 55–102.10.1016/0301-0511(78)90042-XSearch in Google Scholar

Horne, J.A. (1993). Human sleep, sleep loss and behaviour. Implications for the prefrontal cortex and psychiatric disorder. Br. J. Psychiatry 162, 413–419.10.1192/bjp.162.3.413Search in Google Scholar

Howes, O.D. and Kapur S. (2009). The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia: version iii – the final common pathway. Schizophrenia Bull. 35, 549–562.10.1093/schbul/sbp006Search in Google Scholar

Isaac, S.O. and Berridge, C.W. (2003). Wake-promoting actions of dopamine D1 and D2 receptor stimulation. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 307, 386–394.10.1124/jpet.103.053918Search in Google Scholar

Iuvone, P., Galli, C., Garrison-Gund, C., and Neff, N. (1978). Light stimulates tyrosine hydroxylase activity and dopamine synthesis in retinal amacrine neurons. Science 202, 901–902.10.1126/science.30997Search in Google Scholar

Jiang, H. and Wang, J. (1998). Diurnal melatonin and cortisol secretion profiles in medicated schizophrenic patients. J Formos. Med. Assoc. 97, 830.Search in Google Scholar

Jus, K., Bouchard, M., Jus, A.K., Villeneuve, A., and Lachance, R. (1973). Sleep EEG studies in untreated, long-term schizophrenic patients. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 29, 386.10.1001/archpsyc.1973.04200030074011Search in Google Scholar

Kafi, S. and Gaillard, J.-M. (1976). Brain dopamine receptors and sleep in the rat: effects of stimulation and blockade. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 38, 357–364.10.1016/0014-2999(76)90340-XSearch in Google Scholar

Kahn-Greene, E.T., Killgore, D.B., Kamimori, G.H., Balkin, T.J., and Killgore, W.D.S. (2007). The effects of sleep deprivation on symptoms of psychopathology in healthy adults. Sleep Med. 8, 215–221.10.1016/j.sleep.2006.08.007Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Keshavan, M.S., Reynolds, C.F., Miewald, J., and Montrose, D. (1995). Slow-wave sleep deficits and outcome in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 91, 289–292.10.1111/j.1600-0447.1995.tb09784.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

Kodaka, M., Tanaka, S., Takahara, M., Inamoto, A., Shirakawa, S., Inagaki, M., Kato, N., and Yamada, M. (2010). Misalignments of rest-activity rhythms in inpatients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 64, 88–94.10.1111/j.1440-1819.2009.02047.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

Kollar, E.J., Slater, G.R., Palmer, J.O., Docter, R.F., and Mandell, A.J. (1966). Stress in subjects undergoing sleep deprivation. Psychosom. Med. 28, 101–113.10.1097/00006842-196603000-00002Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Koranyi, E.K. and Lehmann, H.E. (1960). Experimental sleep deprivation in schizophrenic patients. AMA Arch. Gen. Psych. 2, 534–544.10.1001/archpsyc.1960.03590110058007Search in Google Scholar

Krauchi, K. and Wirz-Justice, A. (1994). Circadian rhythm of heat production, heart rate, and skin and core temperature under unmasking conditions in men. Am. J. Physiol. – Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 267, R819–R829.10.1152/ajpregu.1994.267.3.R819Search in Google Scholar

Krystal, A.D., Thakur, M., and Roth, T. (2008). Sleep disturbance in psychiatric disorders: effects on function and quality of life in mood disorders, alcoholism, and schizophrenia. Ann. Clin. Psychiatry 20, 39–46.10.1080/10401230701844661Search in Google Scholar

Lal, S., Thavundayil, J., Nair, N.P.V., Etienne, P., Rastogi, R., Schwartz, G., Pulman, J., and Guyda, H. (1981). Effect of sleep deprivation on dopamine receptor function in normal subjects. J. Neural Transmission 50, 39–45.10.1007/BF01254912Search in Google Scholar

Lamont, E.W., Coutu, D., Cermakian, N., and Boivin, D. (2010). Circadian rhythms and clock genes in psychotic disorders. Israel J. Psychiatry Relat. Sci. 47, 27.Search in Google Scholar

Laruelle, M. (1998). Imaging dopamine transmission in schizophrenia. A review and meta-analysis. Q. J. Nucl. Med. 42, 211–221.Search in Google Scholar

Laruelle, M., Abi-Dargham, A., van Dyck, C.H., Gil, R., D’Souza, C.D., Erdos, J., McCance, E., Rosenblatt, W., Fingado, C., Zoghbi, S.S., et al. (1996). Single photon emission computerized tomography imaging of amphetamine-induced dopamine release in drug-free schizophrenic subjects. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 93, 9235–9240.10.1073/pnas.93.17.9235Search in Google Scholar

Lauer, C.J., Schreiber, W., Pollmächer, T., Holsboer, F., and Krieg, J.-C. (1997). Sleep in schizophrenia: a polysomnographic study on drug-naive patients. Neuropsychopharmacology 16, 51–60.10.1016/S0893-133X(96)00159-5Search in Google Scholar

Lee, J.H., Woo, J.I., and Meltzer, H.Y. (2001). Effects of clozapine on sleep measures and sleep-associated changes in growth hormone and cortisol in patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatr. Res. 103, 157–166.10.1016/S0165-1781(01)00284-0Search in Google Scholar

Lee, H.J., Kim, L., Kim, Y.K., Suh, K.Y., Han, J., Park, M.K., Park, K.W., and Lee, D.H. (2004). Auditory event-related potentials and psychological changes during sleep deprivation. Neuropsychobiology 50, 1–5.10.1159/000077933Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Lee, G., Kikuno, K., Bahn, J.H., Kim, K.M., and Park, J.H. (2013). Dopamine D2 receptor as a cellular component controlling nocturnal hyperactivities in Drosophila melanogaster. Chronobiol. Int. 30, 443–459.10.3109/07420528.2012.741169Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Lehmann, H. and Koranyi, E. (1954). On experimental sleep deprivation in psychotic patients. Montreal Med. Chir. Soc. Meeting, Montreal.Search in Google Scholar

Leproult, R., Copinschi, G., Buxton, O., and Van Cauter, E. (1997). Sleep loss results in an elevation of cortisol levels the next evening. Sleep 20, 865–870.Search in Google Scholar

Lim, M.M., Xu, J.B., Holtzman, D.M., and Mach, R.H. (2011). Sleep deprivation differentially affects dopamine receptor subtypes in mouse striatum. NeuroReport 22, 489–493.10.1097/WNR.0b013e32834846a0Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Lin, J.S., Roussel, B., Akaoka, H., Fort, P., Debilly, G., and Jouvet, M. (1992). Role of catecholamines in the modafinil and amphetamine induced wakefulness, a comparative pharmacological study in the cat. Brain Res. 591, 319–326.10.1016/0006-8993(92)91713-OSearch in Google Scholar

Longordo, F., Kopp, C., and Lüthi, A. (2009). Consequences of sleep deprivation on neurotransmitter receptor expression and function. Eur. J. Neurosci. 29, 1810–1819.10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06719.xSearch in Google Scholar

Luby, E.D. and Caldwell, D.F. (1967). Sleep deprivation and EEG slow wave activity in chronic schizophrenia. Arch Gen. Psychiatry 17, 361–364.10.1001/archpsyc.1967.01730270105014Search in Google Scholar

Maloney, K.J., Mainville, L., and Jones, B.E. (2002). c-Fos expression in dopaminergic and GABAergic neurons of the ventral mesencephalic tegmentum after paradoxical sleep deprivation and recovery. Eur. J. Neurosci. 15, 774–778.10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.01907.xSearch in Google Scholar

Mansour, H.A., Wood, J., Logue, T., Chowdari, K.V., Dayal, M., Kupfer, D.J., Monk, T.H., Devlin, B., and Nimgaonkar, V.L. (2006). Association study of eight circadian genes with bipolar I disorder, schizoaffective disorder and schizophrenia. Genes Brain Behav. 5, 150–157.10.1111/j.1601-183X.2005.00147.xSearch in Google Scholar

Mansour, H.A., Talkowski, M.E., Wood, J., Chowdari, K.V., McClain, L., Prasad, K., Montrose, D., Fagiolini, A., Friedman, E.S., Allen, M.H., et al. (2009). Association study of 21 circadian genes with bipolar I disorder, schizoaffective disorder, and schizophrenia. Bipolar Dis. 11, 701–710.10.1111/j.1399-5618.2009.00756.xSearch in Google Scholar

Martin-Iverson, M.T. and Yamada, N. (1992). Synergistic behavioural effects of dopamine D1 and D2 receptor agonists are determined by circadian rhythms. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 215, 119–125.10.1016/0014-2999(92)90616-CSearch in Google Scholar

Martin-Iverson, M.T., Stahl, S.M., and Iversen, S.D. (1988). Chronic administration of a selective dopamine D-2 agonist: factors determining behavioral tolerance and sensitization. Psychopharmacology 95, 534–539.10.1007/BF00172969Search in Google Scholar

Martin, J., Jeste, D.V., Caliguiri, M.P., Patterson, T., Heaton, R., and Ancoli-Israel, S. (2001). Actigraphic estimates of circadian rhythms and sleep/wake in older schizophrenia patients. Schizophrenia Res. 47, 77–86.10.1016/S0920-9964(00)00029-3Search in Google Scholar

Martin, J.L., Jeste, D.V., and Ancoli-Israel, S. (2005). Older schizophrenia patients have more disrupted sleep and circadian rhythms than age-matched comparison subjects. J. Psychiatric Res. 39, 251–259.10.1016/j.jpsychires.2004.08.011Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Martins, R.C.S., Andersen, M.L., Garbuio, S.A., Bittencourt, L.R., Guindalini, C. Shih, M.C. Hoexter, M.Q., Bressan, R.A., Castiglioni, M.L.V., and Tufik, S. (2010). Dopamine transporter regulation during four nights of REM sleep deprivation followed by recovery-an in vivo molecular imaging study in humans. Sleep 33, 243–251.10.1093/sleep/33.2.243Search in Google Scholar

Mazhari, S., Price, G., Waters, F., Dragović, M., and Jablensky, A. (2011). Evidence of abnormalities in mid-latency auditory evoked responses (MLAER) in cognitive subtypes of patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatr. Res. 187, 317–323.10.1016/j.psychres.2011.01.003Search in Google Scholar

McClung, C.A. (2007). Circadian genes, rhythms and the biology of mood disorders. Pharmacol. Ther. 114, 222–232.10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.02.003Search in Google Scholar

McClung, C.A., Sidiropoulou, K., Vitaterna, M., Takahashi, J.S., White, F.J., Cooper, D.C., and Nestler, E.J. (2005). Regulation of dopaminergic transmission and cocaine reward by the Clock gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102, 9377–9381.10.1073/pnas.0503584102Search in Google Scholar

McIsaac, W.M. (1961). A biochemical concept of mental disease. Postgraduate Medicine 30, 111–118.10.1080/00325481.1961.11694351Search in Google Scholar

Miller, J.D., Farber, J., Gatz, P., Roffwarg, H., and German, D.C. (1983). Activity of mesencephalic dopamine and non-dopamine neurons across stages of sleep and waking in the rat. Brain Res. 273, 133–141.10.1016/0006-8993(83)91101-0Search in Google Scholar

Mills, J., Morgan, R., Minors, D., and Waterhouse, J. (1977). The free-running circadian rhythms of two schizophrenics. Chronobiologia 4, 353.Search in Google Scholar

Monteleone, P., Maj, M., Fusco, M., Kemali, D., and Reiter, R.J. (1992). Depressed nocturnal plasma melatonin levels in drug-free paranoid schizophrenics. Schizophrenia Res. 7, 77–84.10.1016/0920-9964(92)90077-ISearch in Google Scholar

Monteleone, P., Natale, M., La Rocca, A., and Maj, M. (1997). Decreased nocturnal secretion of melatonin in drug-free schizophrenics: no change after subchronic treatment with antipsychotics. Neuropsychobiology 36, 159–163.10.1159/000119377Search in Google Scholar

Monti, J.M. and Jantos, H. (2008). The roles of dopamine and serotonin, and of their receptors, in regulating sleep and waking. Prog.Brain Res. 172, 625–646.10.1016/S0079-6123(08)00929-1Search in Google Scholar

Monti, J.M. and Monti, D. (2007). The involvement of dopamine in the modulation of sleep and waking. Sleep Med. Rev. 11, 113–133.10.1016/j.smrv.2006.08.003Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Monti, J.M., BaHammam, A.S., Pandi-Perumal, S.R., Bromundt, V., Spence, D.W., Cardinali, D.P., and Brown, G.M. (2013). Sleep and circadian rhythm dysregulation in schizophrenia. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatr. 43, 209–216.10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.12.021Search in Google Scholar

Morgan, R. and Cheadle, A.J. (1976). Circadian body temperature in chronic schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry 129, 350–354.10.1192/bjp.129.4.350Search in Google Scholar

Morin, C.M., Rodrigue, S., and Ivers, H. (2003). Role of stress, arousal, and coping skills in primary insomnia. Psychosom. Med. 65, 259–267.10.1097/01.PSY.0000030391.09558.A3Search in Google Scholar

Müller, H.U., Riemann, D., Berger, M., and Müller, W.E. (1993). The influence of total sleep deprivation on urinary excretion of catecholamine metabolites in major depression. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 88, 16–20.10.1111/j.1600-0447.1993.tb03407.xSearch in Google Scholar

Munro, J.D. and Martin-Iverson, M.T. (2000). Circadian rhythm-dependent development of melatonin effects and tolerance to PHNO in rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 65, 495–501.10.1016/S0091-3057(99)00248-8Search in Google Scholar

Myin-Germeys, I. and van Os J. (2007). Stress-reactivity in psychosis: evidence for an affective pathway to psychosis. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 27, 409–424.10.1016/j.cpr.2006.09.005Search in Google Scholar

Nausieda, P.A., Weiner, W.J., Kaplan, L.R., Weber, S., and Klawans, H.L. (1982). Sleep disruption in the course of chronic levodopa therapy: an early feature of the levodopa psychosis. Clin. Neuropharmacol. 5, 183–194.10.1097/00002826-198205020-00003Search in Google Scholar

Neylan, T.C., van Kammen, D.P., Kelley, M.E., and Peters, J.L. (1992). Sleep in schizophrenic patients on and off haloperidol therapy: clinically stable vs relapsed patients. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 49, 643–649.10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820080051008Search in Google Scholar

Nunes Jr, G.P., Tufik, S., and Nobrega, J.N. (1994). Autoradiographic analysis of D1 and D2 dopaminergic receptors in rat brain after paradoxical sleep deprivation. Brain Res. Bull. 34, 453–456.10.1016/0361-9230(94)90018-3Search in Google Scholar

Pal, P.K., Calne, S., Samii, A., and Fleming, J.A.E. (1999). A review of normal sleep and its disturbances in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat. Disorders 5, 1–17.10.1016/S1353-8020(99)00011-5Search in Google Scholar

Park, H., Park, J., Kim, S., Cho, A.-R., Kim, J., Yim, S.-V., and Chung, J.-H. (2011). Association of polymorphism in the promoter of the melatonin receptor 1A gene with schizophrenia and with insomnia symptoms in schizophrenia patients. J. Mol. Neurosci. 45, 304–308.10.1007/s12031-011-9522-6Search in Google Scholar

Partinen, M. (1997). Sleep disorder related to Parkinson’s disease. J. Neurol. 244, S3–S6.10.1007/BF03160564Search in Google Scholar

Paus, S., Brecht, H.M., Köster, J., Seeger, G., Klockgether, T., and Wüllner, U. (2003). Sleep attacks, daytime sleepiness, and dopamine agonists in Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disorders 18, 659–667.10.1002/mds.10417Search in Google Scholar

Piazza, P.V. and Le Moal, M. (1996). Pathophysiological basis of vulnerability to drug abuse: role of an interaction between stress, glucocorticoids, and dopaminergic neurons. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 36, 359–378.10.1146/annurev.pa.36.040196.002043Search in Google Scholar

Pickar, D., Labarca, R., Linnoila, M., Roy, A., Hommer, D., Everett, D., and Paul, S. (1984). Neuroleptic-induced decrease in plasma homovanillic acid and antipsychotic activity in schizophrenic patients. Science 225, 954–957.10.1126/science.6474162Search in Google Scholar

Pickar, D., Labarca, R., Doran, A.R., Wolkowitz, O.M., Roy, A., Breier, A., Linnoila, M., and Paul, S.M. (1986). Longitudinal measurement of plasma homovanillic acid levels in schizophrenic patients: correlation with psychosis and response to neuroleptic treatment. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 43, 669–676.10.1001/archpsyc.1986.01800070059008Search in Google Scholar

Pickar, D., Breier, A., and Kelsoe, J. (1988). Plasma homovanillic acid as an index of central dopaminergic activity: studies in schizophrenic patients. Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 537, 339–346.10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb42118.xSearch in Google Scholar

Pissios, P., Bradley, R.L., and Maratos-Flier, E. (2006). Expanding the scales: the multiple roles of mch in regulating energy balance and other biological functions. Endocrine Rev. 27, 606–620.10.1210/er.2006-0021Search in Google Scholar

Post, R.M., Kotin, J., and Goodwin, F.K. (1976). EFfects of sleep deprivation on mood and central amine metabolism in depressed patients. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 33, 627–632.10.1001/archpsyc.1976.01770050077012Search in Google Scholar

Poulin, J., Daoust, A.-M., Forest, G., Stip, E., and Godbout, R. (2003). Sleep architecture and its clinical correlates in first episode and neuroleptic-naive patients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Res. 62, 147–153.10.1016/S0920-9964(02)00346-8Search in Google Scholar

Price, G.W., Michie, P.T., Johnston, J., Innes-Brown, H., Kent, A., Clissa, P., and Jablensky, A.V. (2006). A multivariate electrophysiological endophenotype, from a unitary cohort, shows greater research utility than any single feature in the Western Australian family study of schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry 60, 1–10.10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.09.010Search in Google Scholar

Rao, M.L., Gross, G., Halaris, A., Huber, G., Marler, M., Strebel, B., and Bräunig, P. (1993). Hyperdopaminergia in schizophreniform psychosis: s chronobiological study. Psychiatry Res. 47, 187–203.10.1016/0165-1781(93)90048-LSearch in Google Scholar

Rao, M.L., Gross, G., Strebel, B., Halaris, A., Huber, G., Bräunig, P., and Marler, M. (1994). Circadian rhythm of tryptophan, serotonin, melatonin, and pituitary hormones in schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry 35, 151–163.10.1016/0006-3223(94)91147-9Search in Google Scholar

Rao, M.L., Strebel, B., Halaris, A., Gross, G., Bräunig, P., Huber, G., and Marler, M. (1995). Circadian rhythm of vital signs, norepinephrine, epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and cortisol in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 57, 21–39.10.1016/0165-1781(95)02525-2Search in Google Scholar

Rapoport, J.L., Giedd, J.N., Blumenthal, J., Hamburger, S., Jeffries, N., Fernandez, T., Nicolson, R., Bedwell, J., Lenane, M., Zijdenbos, A., et al. (1999). Progressive cortical change during adolescence in childhood-onset schizophrenia: a longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 56, 649–654.10.1001/archpsyc.56.7.649Search in Google Scholar

Rechtschaffen, A. and Maron, L. (1964). The effect of amphetamine on the sleep cycle. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 16, 438–445.10.1016/0013-4694(64)90086-0Search in Google Scholar

Ritsner, M., Kurs, R., Ponizovsky, A., and Hadjez, J. (2004). Perceived quality of life in schizophrenia: relationships to sleep quality. Qual. Life Res. 13, 783–791.10.1023/B:QURE.0000021687.18783.d6Search in Google Scholar

Robinson, S., Rosca, P., Durst, R., Shai, U., Ghinea, C., Schmidt, U., and Nir, I. (1991). Serum melatonin levels in schizophrenic and schizoaffective hospitalized patients. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 84, 221–224.10.1111/j.1600-0447.1991.tb03133.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

Roecklein, K.A., Rohan, K.J., Duncan, W.C., Rollag, M.D., Rosenthal, N.E., Lipsky, R.H., and Provencio, I. (2009). A missense variant (P10L) of the melanopsin (OPN4) gene in seasonal affective disorder. J. Affective Disorders 114, 279–285.10.1016/j.jad.2008.08.005Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Roecklein, K.A., Wong, P.M., Franzen, P.L., Hasler, B.P., Wood-Vasey, W.M., Nimgaonkar, V.L., Miller, M.A., Kepreos, K.M., Ferrell, R.E., and Manuck, S.B. (2012). Melanopsin gene variations interact with season to predict sleep onset and chronotype. Chronobiology Int. 29, 1036–1047.10.3109/07420528.2012.706766Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Rouge-Pont, F., Marinelli, M., Le Moal, M., Simon, H., and Piazza, P. (1995). Stress-induced sensitization and glucocorticoids. II. Sensitization of the increase in extracellular dopamine induced by cocaine depends on stress-induced corticosterone secretion. J. Neurosci. 15, 7189–7195.10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-11-07189.1995Search in Google Scholar

Ruzich, M. and Martin-Iverson, M.T. (2000). Pinealectomy blocks stress-induced motor stimulation but not sensitization and tolerance to a dopamine D2 receptor agonist. Psychopharmacology 152, 275–282.10.1007/s002130000546Search in Google Scholar

Rye, D.B. (2004). The two faces of Eve: dopamine’s modulation of wakefulness and sleep. Neurology 63(8 Suppl 3), S2–7.10.1212/WNL.63.8_suppl_3.S2Search in Google Scholar

Sakamoto, K., Liu, C., Kasamatsu, M., Pozdeyev, N.V., Iuvone, P.M., and Tosini, G. (2005). Dopamine regulates melanopsin mRNA expression in intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. Eur. J. Neurosci. 22, 3129–3136.10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04512.xSearch in Google Scholar

Saletu, B., Frey, R., Krupka, M., Anderer, P., Grünberger, J., and Barbanoj, M.J. (1989). Differential effects of a new central adrenergic agonist–modafinil–and D-amphetamine on sleep and early morning behaviour in young healthy volunteers. Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Res. 9, 183–195.Search in Google Scholar

Sandyk, R. and Kay, S.R. (1990). Pineal melatonin in schizophrenia: a review and hypothesis. Schizophrenia Bull. 16, 653–662.10.1093/schbul/16.4.653Search in Google Scholar

Shamir, E., Laudon, M., Barak, Y., Anis, Y., Rotenberg, V., Elizur, A., and Zisapel, N. (2000). Melatonin improves sleep quality of patients with chronic schizophrenia. J. Clin. Psychiatry 61, 373–377.10.4088/JCP.v61n0509Search in Google Scholar

Shenton, M.E., Dickey, C.C., Frumin, M., and McCarley, R.W. (2001). A review of MRI findings in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Res. 49, 1–52.10.1016/S0920-9964(01)00163-3Search in Google Scholar

Spiegel, K., Leproult, R., and Van Cauter, E. (1999). Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function. Lancet 354, 1435–1439.10.1016/S0140-6736(99)01376-8Search in Google Scholar

Suchecki, D., Lobo, L., HipóLide, D., and Tufik, S. (1998). Increased ACTH and corticosterone secretion induced by different methods of paradoxical sleep deprivation. J. Sleep Res. 7, 276–281.10.1046/j.1365-2869.1998.00122.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

Takao, T., Tachikawa, H., Kawanishi, Y., Mizukami, K., and Asada, T. (2007). CLOCK gene T3111C polymorphism is associated with Japanese schizophrenics: a preliminary study. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 17, 273–276.10.1016/j.euroneuro.2006.09.002Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Tandon, R., Shipley, J.E., Taylor, S., Greden, J.F., Eiser, A., DeQuardo, J., and Goodson, J. (1992). Electroencephalographic sleep abnormalities in schizophrenia: relationship to positive/negative symptoms and prior neuroleptic treatment. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 49, 185–194.10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820030017003Search in Google Scholar

Tobler, I., Murison, R., Ursin, R., Ursin, H., and Borbély, A.A. (1983). The effect of sleep deprivation and recovery sleep on plasma corticosterone in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 35, 297–300.10.1016/0304-3940(83)90333-6Search in Google Scholar

Trbovic, S.M. (2010). Schizophrenia as a possible dysfunction of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Med. Hypotheses 74, 127–131.10.1016/j.mehy.2009.07.019Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Tufik, S. (1981). Changes of response to dopaminergic drugs in rats submitted to REM-sleep deprivation. Psychopharmacology 72, 257–260.10.1007/BF00431826Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Tufik, S., Lindsey, C.J., and Carlini, E.A. (1978). Does REM sleep deprivation induce a supersensitivity of dopaminergic receptors in the rat brain? Pharmacology 16, 98–105.10.1159/000136753Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Ursin, R. (2002). Serotonin and sleep. Sleep Med. Rev. 6, 55–67.10.1053/smrv.2001.0174Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Van Cauter, E., Linkowski, P., Kerkhofs, M., Hubain, P., L’Hermite-Baleriaux, M., Leclercq, R., Brasseur, M., Copinschi, G., and Mendlewicz, J. (1991). Circadian and sleep-related endocrine rhythms in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 48, 348–356.10.1001/archpsyc.1991.01810280064009Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Van Kammen, D.P., Van Kammen, W.B., Peters, J., and Goetz, K. (1988). Decreased slow-wave sleep and enlarged lateral ventricles in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 1, 265–271.Search in Google Scholar

van Winkel, R., Stefanis, N.C., and Myin-Germeys, I. (2008). Psychosocial stress and psychosis. A review of the neurobiological mechanisms and the evidence for gene-stress interaction. Schizophrenia Bull. 34, 1095–1105.10.1093/schbul/sbn101Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Volkow, N.D., Wang, G.-J., Telang, F., Fowler, J.S., Logan, J., Wong, C., Ma, J., Pradhan, K., Tomasi, D., Thanos, P.K., et al. (2008). Sleep deprivation decreases binding of [11C]Raclopride to dopamine D2/D3 receptors in the human brain. J. Neurosci. 28, 8454–8461.10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1443-08.2008Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Waters, F., Faulkner, D., Naik, N., and Rock, D. (2012). Effects of polypharmacy on sleep in psychiatric inpatients. Schizophrenia Res. 139, 225–228.10.1016/j.schres.2012.05.013Search in Google Scholar PubMed

West, L.J., Janszen, H.H., Lester, B.K., and Cornelisoon, F.S. (1962). The psychosis of sleep deprivation. Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 96, 66–70.10.1111/j.1749-6632.1962.tb50101.xSearch in Google Scholar

Wirz-Justice, A., Da Prada, M., and Remé, C. (1984). Circadian rhythm in rat retinal dopamine. Neurosci. Lett. 45, 21–25.10.1016/0304-3940(84)90323-9Search in Google Scholar

Wirz-Justice, A., Cajochen, C., and Nussbaum, P. (1997). A schizophrenic patient with an arrhythmic circadian rest-activity cycle. Psychiatr. Res. 73, 83–90.10.1016/S0165-1781(97)00117-0Search in Google Scholar

Wirz-Justice, A., Haug, H.-J., and Cajochen, C. (2001). Disturbed circadian rest-activity cycles in schizophrenia patients: an effect of drugs? Schizophrenia Bull. 27, 497–502.10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a006890Search in Google Scholar

Wisor, J.P., Nishino, S., Sora, I., Uhl, G.H., Mignot, E., and Edgar, D.M. (2001). Dopaminergic role in stimulant-induced wakefulness. J. Neurosci. 21, 1787–1794.10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-05-01787.2001Search in Google Scholar

Witkovsky, P. (2004). Dopamine and retinal function. Doc. Ophthalmol. 108, 17–39.10.1023/B:DOOP.0000019487.88486.0aSearch in Google Scholar

Wulff, K., Porcheret, K., Cussans, E., and Foster, R.G. (2009). Sleep and circadian rhythm disturbances: multiple genes and multiple phenotypes. Curr. Opin. Genetics Dev. 19, 237–246.10.1016/j.gde.2009.03.007Search in Google Scholar

Wulff, K., Gatti, S., Wettstein, J.G., and Foster, R.G. (2010). Sleep and circadian rhythm disruption in psychiatric and neurodegenerative disease. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 11, 589–599.10.1038/nrn2868Search in Google Scholar

Wulff, K., Dijk, D.-J., Middleton, B., Foster, R.G., and Joyce, E.M. (2011). Sleep and circadian rhythm disruption in schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry 200, 308–16.10.1192/bjp.bp.111.096321Search in Google Scholar

Yamada, N. and Martin-Iverson, M.T. (1991). Selective dopamine D1 and D2 agonists independently affect different components of the free-running circadian rhythm of locomotor activity in rats. Brain Res. 538, 310–312.10.1016/0006-8993(91)90445-2Search in Google Scholar

Yamashita, H., Mori, K., Nagao, M., Okamoto, Y., Morinobu, S., and Yamawaki, S. (2004). Effects of changing from typical to atypical antipsychotic drugs on subjective sleep quality in patients with schizophrenia in a Japanese population. J. Clin. Psychiatry 65, 1525–1530.10.4088/JCP.v65n1114Search in Google Scholar

Young, J.W. (2009). Dopamine D1 and D2 receptor family contributions to modafinil-induced wakefulness. J. Neurosci. 29, 2663–2665.10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5843-08.2009Search in Google Scholar

Yujnovsky, I., Hirayama, J., Doi, M., Borrelli, E., and Sassone-Corsi, P. (2006). Signaling mediated by the dopamine D2 receptor potentiates circadian regulation by CLOCK:BMAL1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 103, 6386–6391.10.1073/pnas.0510691103Search in Google Scholar

Zisapel, N. (2001). Melatonin–dopamine interactions: from basic neurochemistry to a clinical setting. Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 21, 605–616.10.1023/A:1015187601628Search in Google Scholar

Zisapel, N., Egozi, Y., and Laudon, M. (1982). Inhibition of dopamine release by melatonin: regional distribution in the rat brain. Brain Res. 246, 161–163.10.1016/0006-8993(82)90157-3Search in Google Scholar

Zwicker, A.P. and Calil, H.M. (1986). The effects of REM sleep deprivation on striatal dopamine receptor sites. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 24, 809–812.10.1016/0091-3057(86)90415-6Search in Google Scholar