3.2.1 Pre-operative characteristics.

Logistic EuroSCORE (LES) and Society of Thoracic Surgeons Predicted Risk of Mortality (STS-PROM) score are commonly used in clinical trials to identify high-risk surgical or “inoperable” patients for TAVI [35]. The logistic Euroscore calculated by means of a logistic regression equation, ranges from 0 to 100%, with high scores indicating greater risks and a score of more than 20% indicating high surgical risks [36]. In addition, the STS score >8 is defined as “high risk”, 4–8 is defined as “Moderate risk” [11]. 12 registries in our review presented the STS score, the mean STS score ranged from 5.2% in the Asian TAVR Registry to 14% in the Brazilian Registry [24,31]. 18 out of 20 registries in our review reported the logistic EuroScore, the mean Logistic EuroScore ranged from 16.1% in Nassy Database to 33.1% in the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital TAVI Program [25,26]. The shortest mean follow-up period was in the Swiss TAVI Registry, which was 30 days [17]. The longest mean follow-up period was in the TAVI-Karlsruhe Registry, which was 1,371 days [28]. All other registries have a mean follow-up over 1 year.

3.2.2 Mortality.

According to the VARC-2 definitions, “all-cause, cardiovascular, and non-cardiovascular mortality should be reported after 30 days during the follow-up [11].” The 30-day all-cause mortality ranged from 0 in OCEAN-TAVI Registry to 12.7% in a Spanish single center TAVI Registry [19,25]. In the present review, from 20 registries, 14 registries reported the CV mortality at 30 days. The ratio of CV mortality in all-cause mortality at 30 days ranged from 50% in a Spanish single center TAVI Registry to 96.8% in the University Hospital Zurich TAVI Registry [19,29]. In addition, 10 registries reported 1-year all-cause mortality. From most of the registries, the all-cause mortality at 1 year was 2 to 3-fold higher than that at 30 days. However, the 1 year all-cause mortality in the Rouen TAVI Registry was 5-fold higher than their 30 days all-cause mortality [16]; and in the DISCOVER Study, it was 10-fold higher [33].

3.2.3 Myocardial infarction.

VARC-2 recommends the systematic collection of biomarkers of myocardial injury prior to the procedure, within 12–24 hours after the procedure, at 24 hours thereafter, at 72 hours or at discharge [11]. The definition of periprocedural MI will be based on a combination of clinical criteria and cardiac biomarkers within 72 hours following TAVI [11]. 9 registries reported MI rate based on VARC-2 definitions, and 7 registries reported peri-procedural MI rate (<72h). In our review, most of registries presented MI rates ranging from 0.5% to 2%. The SOURCE ANZ Registry reported a higher MI rate of 3.9%. The TA-TAVI group with 62 patients in this registry achieved an even higher MI rate, was 6.45% [21]. The similar results could be found in the TAVI-Karlsruhe Registry, where peri-procedural MI occurred in 2.7% of 413 patients underwent TA route [28].

3.2.4 Stroke.

VARC-2 recognizes that an assessment of stroke is incomplete without an appropriate measurement of the disability resulting from the stroke. VARC-2 now recommends the use of terms “disabling” and “nondisabling” [11]. In the present review, 19 registries report all including disabling stroke, non-disabling stroke and TIA based on VARC-2 definitions. It ranged from 0.6% in Nassy Database to 7% in a single registry [25,33].

3.2.5 Bleeding.

VARC definition of bleeding complications is divided into life-threatening or disabling bleeding, major bleeding, and minor bleeding [10,11]. For the present review, 14 registries reported all bleeding complications, 18 registries reported life-threatening bleeding at 30 days after TAVI, and 17 registries reported major bleeding. The overall bleeding rate ranged from 4.6% in the University Hospital Zurich TAVI Registry [29] to 43.3% in the PRAGMATIC Multicenter Study [15].

3.2.6 Acute kidney injury (AKI).

VARC-2 recommends diagnosing AKI at 30 days based on increasing in serum creatinine and urine output, which can be categorized into stages 1 to 3. Stage 3 indicates the most serious level. 19 registries reported AKI complications, most of them having rates of AKI with 2.0% to 3.0%. However, in the ITER Registry and the PRAGMATIC Multicenter Study, AKI stage 2 to stage 3 at 30 days occurred in 8.14% and 9.23% patients, respectively [15,22].

3.2.7 Vascular complications.

VARC-2 lists major and minor vascular complications. 19 registries reported the major vascular complications, ranged from 2.42% in the TA group of the TAVI-Karlsruhe Registry [28], to 17.54% of patients undergoing TF route in the TAVI-Karlsruhe Registry [28].

3.2.8 New pacemaker implantation.

VARC-2 proposes the systematic collection of data on the frequency of implant-related new permanent pacemaker implantation [11]. 18 registries reported the patient number in which implanted a new pacemaker. The rate from pure Edwards registries ranged from 3.8% to 17.0% [17,19]. In the pure CoreValve registry, 23.63% of patients needed a new pacemaker after TAVI [22]. In addition, both of the new Lotus Valve System and Direct Flow Medical (DFM) system had a higher requirement of pacemaker, with a rate of 27.9% and 17.0%, respectively.

3.2.9 Composite endpoints.

The composite endpoints according to VARC-2 definition included: (1) device success, (2) early safety at 30 days, (3) clinical efficacy after 30 days and (4) time-related valve safety. Device success indicates the absence of procedural mortality, correct positioning of a single prosthetic heart valve as well as intended performance of the prosthetic heart valve. Early safety is a combined endpoint at 30 days including all-cause mortality, all stroke, life-threatening bleeding (LT bleeding), AKI-stage 2 or 3, coronary artery obstruction requiring intervention, major vascular complication and valve-related dysfunction requiring repeat procedure. Clinical efficacy is a combined endpoint after 30 days including all-cause mortality, all-stroke, requiring hospitalizations for valve-related symptoms or worsening congestive heart failure, NYHA class III or IV as well as valve-related dysfunction. Time-related valve safety combines valve dysfunction, endocarditis, and thrombotic complications of the prosthesis. In our review, 13 studies reported device success rate, which ranged from 76.3% to 97.8% [15,16,19,20,22,25–27,29,31,33,37]. 11 studies reported early safety rate, but it ranged from 10% to 92.2% [15,19,20,23–26,29,31–33]. Only three registries reported clinical efficacy [19,20,32]. There is no registry reported time-related valve safety. Detail information for each registry was described in Table 4.

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Table 4. Composite endpoints from individual studies based on the VARC-2.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180815.t004

4.2.1 Mortality.

The reporting of CV mortality at 30 days and immediate procedural mortality is vital to the cumulative clinical experience. Therefore, VARC-2 recommends the collection of immediate procedural mortality data to capture intra-procedural events that result in immediate or consequent death within 72 hours post-procedure [11]. However, there is no registry to report immediate procedural mortality data of all included studies, and only 14 registries reported CV mortality at 30 days. It is already stated in the VARC definitions that it is essential to report CV mortality to reduce disproportionate reporting of mortal events unrelated to either the treatment or to the procedure [10].

Because there may be either under-reporting of early device failure or unknown status at early report times, VARC definitions are suggesting all-cause mortality at 1 year as a primary endpoint for TAVI clinical trials [10]. In our review, only 10 registries reported 1-year all-cause mortality. To increase patients’ safety and avoid under-reporting of early device failures, registries should focus on long-term follow up, especially 1-year clinical outcomes. Outcome reporting should be established for both at 30-day as well as at 1-year. If the mortality rates are significantly different when comparing 30-day and 1-year data, the registry should list and clarify the cause of death.

In our review the 30-day all-cause mortality ranged from 0 to 12.7% [19,25]. Eight studies from our review reported a rate of 30-day all-cause mortality about 6.0% [41]. The 30-day all-cause mortality from a pooled analysis of studies based on VARC is 7.8% [40], which is comparable with the result from our study; the result from 5 RCTs is 3.7% [41], which is better than the result from our study, main reason is that the patients selection from for RCTs is lower risk and have a better prognosis. The patient selection is one of the influence factors of mortality, especially cardiovascular mortality. In addition, De Brito et al. demonstrated that the training program and supervision provided to centers can reduce the mortality rate [24]. It could be confirmed that the rate of mortality was impacted by the program volume, with the risk of death being 2.5 times greater in low volume centers [27]. Low hospital volume status was associated with significantly greater odds of death, bleeding, and MI, which was demonstrated by a study from the US national representative database [42].

4.2.2 Myocardial infarction (MI).

It is recommended that MI reporting differentiate between periprocedural MI (<72h) and spontaneous MI (>72h) [11]. VARC-2 recommends the systematic collection of biomarkers of myocardial injury prior to the procedure, within 12–24 hours after the procedure, at 24 hours thereafter, at 72 hours or at discharge [11]. However, in our review, we identified only 11 registries who reported periprocedural MI. Most of registries presented MI rates ranging from 0.5% to 2% in present review. A similar result can be also found in Genereux et al. based on VARC definitions, of 1.1% [40]. The result from 5 RCTs has the same MI rate, which is 1.1% [41]. The SOURCE ANZ Registry reported a higher MI rate of 3.9%, the TA-TAVI group with 62 patients in this registry achieved an even higher MI rate with 6.45% [21]. Similar results could be found in the TAVI-Karlsruhe Registry, where periprocedural MI occurred in 2.7% of the 413 patients who underwent TA route [43]. It might be argued that this high number of MI is due to TA routes. However, this is not reflected by a meta-analysis presented by Panchal et al., that the incidence of MI was not statistically significant between the TF and TA TAVI groups [44]. Besides the access route, sex difference might be an influence factor of having post-MI, the WIN-TAVI Real-World Registry [23] with a group of female patients had very low MI rate (0.2). In addition, the development of device and TAVI procedure also help to reduce the rate of MI, which showed in the Sapien XT group in the Swiss TAVI Registry [17], which had a rate of post-MI of 0.

4.2.3 Stroke.

According to VARC-2 definitions, the all-stroke rate includes TIA, disabling stroke and non-disabling stroke [11]. 19 registries reported all-stroke rate, which ranged from 0.6% to 7% in the present review [25,33]. The all-stroke rate reported by Muralidharan et al. was 3.07% in 29,043 patients [45]. The rate of all neurological events estimated by Genereux et al. was 5.7% [40]. The result from 5 RCTs is 5.3%, which has no big difference with the result from registries [41]. Siemieniuk et al. demonstrated that TA-group patients had a higher incidence of stroke occurrence, with 6.5% higher than that of TF-group patients [46]. However, a single center study from our review displayed different results, which showed a stroke incidence within the TF group is higher than that within the TA group (2.3% vs. 1.7%) [43]. In addition, older patients may have a higher risk of stroke than younger patients. If patients have better baseline characteristics, they will have a better outcome. For example, the logistic EuroScore for Nassy database is 16.1±13.1, just one person has stroke afterwards [25]. Perioperative stroke is closely related to mortality rate. Muralidharan et al. reported 30-day stroke-related mortality rate of 12.27%, which is 4 times higher for patients with perioperative stroke in comparison to patients without perioperative stroke (28.22% vs. 6.40%).

4.2.4 Bleeding.

Bleeding complications should be reported in three categories: life-threatening or disabling bleeding, major bleeding and minor bleeding [11]. The reporting situation of bleeding rate is satisfactory in our review. The authors can identified both life-threatening bleeding and major bleeding from 18 registries. The overall bleeding rate ranged from 4.6% in the University Hospital Zurich TAVI Registry [29] to 43.3% in the PRAGMATIC Multicenter Study [15]. In the PRAGMATIC Study, 19.1% of patients experienced major bleeding [15]. Genereux et al. reported major bleeding rate of 22.3%, and life-threatening bleeding rate of 15.6% [40]. In addition, 5 RCTs reported a major bleeding rate of 16.4% [41]. Siemieniuk et al. reported that bleeding was reduced with use of both TF-TAVI (25.2%) and TA-TAVI (19.4%) as compared with SAVR [46]. This result is in line with the result of a single study from our review, which showed a similar result from both TF and TA groups (28.6% vs. 28.8%) [43].

4.2.5 Acute kidney injury (AKI).

There are 3 stages of AKI based on VARC-2 definitions: stages 1, 2, and 3. In our review, the rate of AKI stage 2 and AKI stage 3 can be only identified from 8 registries. Most registries have a rate of AKI stage 2 to 3 with 2.0% to 3.0% in our review. The ITER Registry had a higher rate of 8.14% of AKI stage 2 to 3, also with a higher rate of life-threatening and major bleeding of 20.53% [20]. A similar result can be found in the PRAGMATIC Multicenter Study, which reports a rate of life-threatening combined with major bleeding, AKI stages 2 to 3, 32.20% and 9.22% respectively [15]. The interaction between bleeding and AKI in TAVI patients remains unclear, and should be investigated in future studies. The pooled estimate rate of AKI stages 2 to 3 by Genereux et al. from 1,275 patients was 7.5% [40]. The rate of AKI from the meta-analysis of 5 RCTs is 2.5% [41]. Siemieniuk et al. showed a higher risk of TA-TAVI than TF-TAVI when receiving AKI post procedure [46]. This is also demonstrated by Schymik et al., who report that the TF group had a lower rate of AKI than TA group (19.9% vs. 35.1%) [43].

4.2.6 Vascular complications.

Vascular complications can be categorized into two types: major vascular complication and minor vascular complication. All of the identified registries have reported vascular complication rates in our review. Most studies in our review reported vascular complications ranging from 3.7% to 9.8%. Major vascular complications occurred in 11.9% of patients as reported by Genereux et al. [40]. The vascular complications rate from RCTs is 7.9%, which is better than the result from registries [41]. Patients were more likely to experience vascular complications following TAVI compared to SAVR [41,46]. The TF-TAVI group of 587 patients in the TAVI-Karlsruhe Registry had a higher vascular complication rate with 17.55% [28], the result from their TA group was 2.42% [28]. It is generally accepted, that the TA approach has been associated with a lower rate of vascular complications than the TF route [47–49]. The author assumed that the influence factor of patients having vascular complications after TAVI have highly relevant to the access route, but not the baseline characteristics, like the logistic EuroScore for Nassy database is 16.1±13.1, there are still 15.2% patients in this registry have vascular complications afterwards [25].

4.2.7 New pacemaker implantation.

VARC-2 proposes the systematic collection of data on the frequency of implant-related new permanent pacemaker implantation [11]. The reporting outcome can be identified from all the registries in our review. The overall new pacemaker implantation rate in our review is similar to the previous meta-analysis, where the rate of new pacemaker implantation was 13.9% [40]. The result is also similar to the result taken from RCTs, which is 14.4% [41]. New permanent pacemaker implantation was more common with TAVI than SAVR [41,46]. It is generally accepted that the self-expandable CoreValve has a higher rate of new pacemaker requirement than Edwards valve [40]. This can be reflected from our review, the rate from pure Edwards registries ranged from 3.8% to 17.0% [17,19], and 23.63% of patients needed a new pacemaker after TAVI in the pure CoreValve registry [22]. And it is showed in Nordic Lotus-TAVR registry [32] and DISCOVER Study [33], the new device has also a higher rate of new pacemaker requirement than Edwards valve.

4.2.8 Composite endpoint.

VARC-2 definitions recommended composite endpoints for TAVI safety and effectiveness [10,11]. However, in our study, the reporting status from identified registries was disappointing. For example, 11 studies reported an early safety rate, but it ranged from 10% to 92.2%, only three registries reported a rate of clinical efficacy, and no registry report a rate for time-related valve safety. This lack of data could be because the registry groups misunderstand the calculation of composite endpoint, or that they do not have any data to report.