Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-xtgtn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T19:31:28.043Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Child Psychiatry in Developing Countries

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2018

Anula D. Nikapota
Anula D. Nikapota*
Affiliation:
Brixton Child Guidance Clinic, 19 Brixton Water Lane, London SW2 1NU
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Child psychiatry in developing countries has recently attained the status of an established specialty. This review looks at available epidemiological data, and factors contributing to similarities and differences in rates of disorder. The relevance of child psychiatry to child health in these countries has service, training and research implications.

Type
Review Article
Information
The British Journal of Psychiatry , Volume 158 , Issue 6 , June 1991 , pp. 743 - 751
Copyright
Copyright © The Royal College of Psychiatrists 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agarwal, D. K., Upadhyay, S. K., Agarwal, K. N., et al (1989) Anaemia and mental function in rural primary school children. Journal of Tropical Paediatrics, 9, 194–198.Google Scholar
Al-Ansari, A. & Shubar, B. (1987) The child and adolescent population of Bahrain. Comparative data. Bahrain Medical Bulletin, 4, 83–87.Google Scholar
Al-Issa, I. (1989) Psychiatry in Algeria. Psychiatric Bulletin of the Royal College of Psychiatry, 13, 240–245.Google Scholar
Aptekar, L. (1989) Characteristics of street children in Colombia. Child Abuse and Neglect, 13, 425–437.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baasher, T. A. & Cederblad, M. (1968) A child psychiatric study on Sudanese Arab children. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, (suppl. 200).Google Scholar
Bartlett, L. B. (1989) Child mental health in Pakistan. Newsletter Association for Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 11, 18–20.Google Scholar
Belmont, L. (1984) The international pilot study of severe childhood disability. Final report. Screening for Severe Mental Retardation in Developing Countries. Utrecht: Bishop Bekkers Institute.Google Scholar
Bird, H. R., Canino, G., Rubio Stipec, M., et al (1988) Estimates of the prevalence of childhood maladjustment in a community survey in Puerto Rico. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 1120–1126.Google Scholar
Bose, P. & Goh, C. W. (1979) A retrospective analysis of one year's new cases seen at a child psychiatric clinic – Singapore. In The Child and Adolescent in a Changing Asian World. Proceedings of the 2nd Asian Forum on Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, p. 225. Manila: Philippine Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Buhrich, N. (1981) Frequency of presentation of anorexia nervosa in Malaysia. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 15, 153–155.Google Scholar
Cederblad, M. (1988) Behaviour disorders in children from different cultures. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 78 (suppl. 344), 85–93.Google Scholar
Chavez, A. & Martinez, C. (1982) Growing Up in a Developing Community. A Bio-ecologic Study of the Development of Children of Poor Peasant Families in Mexico. Mexico: Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama.Google Scholar
Checkoway, B. & Orley, J. (1990) Leadership development for mental health: an educational workshop in Africa. Psychiatric Bulletin of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, 14, 30–36.Google Scholar
Choudhry, M. & Rao, K. (1983) Relative importance of factors associated with mental function of pre-school children. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 78, 365–372.Google Scholar
Cox, A. D. (1989) Child and adolescent psychiatry. In Postgraduate Training in Psychiatry: Options for International Collaboration (eds G. Edwards & N. Holden). WHO/MNH/MEP/88.7. Geneva: WHO.Google Scholar
Cravioto, J. & DeLicardie, E. R. (1976) Microenvironmental factors in severe protein calorie malnutrition. In Nutrition and Agricultural Development. Significance and Potential for the Tropics (eds N. S. Scrimshaw & M. Behar), pp. 25–35. New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
De Silva, M., Nikapota, A. D. & Vidyasagara, N. W. (1988) Advocacy and opportunity-planning for child mental health in Sri Lanka. Health Policy and Planning, 3, 302–307.Google Scholar
Dhadphale, M., Mengech, H. N. K., Syme, D., et al (1982) Drug abuse among secondary school students in Kenya: a preliminary survey. East African Medical Journal, 59, 152–156.Google Scholar
Dissanayake, S. A. W. (1981) A study of sexual problems in an adolescent population in Sri Lanka. In Proceedings of the 3rd ASEAN Forum on Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Bangkok.Google Scholar
Dissanayake, S. A. W. & de Silva, W. P. (1974) Suicide and attempted suicide in Sri Lanka. Ceylon Journal of Medical Science, 23, 10–27.Google Scholar
Giel, R., Bishaw, M. & van Luijk, J. N. (1969) Behaviour disorders in Ethiopian children. Folia Psychiatrica, Neurologica et Neurochirurgica Nurlandica, 72, 395–400.Google ScholarPubMed
Giel, R., de Arango, M. V., Climent, C. E., et al (1981) Childhood mental disorders in primary health care: Results of observations in four developing countries. Paediatrics, 68, 677–683.Google Scholar
Gonzalez, R. (1978) Mental health services for children in the region of the Americas. International Journal of Mental Health, 7, 39–48.Google Scholar
Graham, P. (1980) Epidemiological approaches to child mental health in developing countries. In Psychopathology of Children and Youth: a cross cultural perspective (ed. E. F. Purcell). New York: Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation.Google Scholar
Hasan, Z. & Hasan, A. (1981) Report on a population survey of mental retardation in Pakistan. International Journal of Mental Health, 10, 23–27.Google Scholar
Heptinstall, E., Puckering, C., Skuse, D., et al (1987) Nutrition and mealtime behaviour in families of growth-retarded children. Human Nutrition: Applied Nutrition, 41A, 390–402.Google Scholar
Honig, A. S. & Chung, M. (1989) Child-rearing practices of urban poor mothers of infants and three year olds in five cultures. Early Child Development and Care, 50, 75–98.Google Scholar
Humris, E. W. & Saputro, D. (1985) Mental health problems in pre-school children in Jakarta. Proceedings of the 5th Asean Forum of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Singapore.Google Scholar
Indian Council for Medical Research (1982) Collaborative study on the patterns of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders. In Strategies for Research on Mental Health. New Delhi: Indian Council for Medical Research.Google Scholar
Kapur, M. & Cariapa, I. (1980) Evaluation of an orientation course for teachers on emotional problems among school children. Indian Journal of Clinical Psychology, 7, 103.Google Scholar
King, M. B. & Bhugra, D. (1989) Eating disorders: a cross-cultural study. Psychological Medicine, 19, 955–958.Google Scholar
Kolvin, I., Garside, R. F., Nicol, A. E., et al (1981) Help Starts Here: The Maladjusted Child in the Ordinary School. London: Tavistock.Google Scholar
Kong, D. S. G., Wong, S. T., Goh, C. W., et al (1988) Child rearing practices of Chinese parents. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 78 (suppl. 344), 127–132.Google Scholar
Krahl, W., Queck, S. L. & Raman, N. (1981) A community child and adolescent clinic in Malaysia. Medical Journal of Malaysia, 36, 3.Google Scholar
Lal, N. & Sethi, B. B. (1977) Estimate of mental ill health in children of an urban community. Indian Journal of Paediatrics, 44, 55–64.Google Scholar
Lieh-Mak, F., Chung, S. Y. & Liu, Y. W. (1983) Characteristics of child battering in Hong Kong: a controlled study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 142, 89–94.Google Scholar
Luk, S. L., Leung, P. W. L. & Lee, P. L. M. (1988) Connor's teacher rating scale in Chinese children in Hong Kong. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 22, 165–174.Google Scholar
Maheswari, R. K., Karunakaran, M., Gupta, B. D., et al (1986) Child labour. Indian Paediatrics, 23, 701–705.Google Scholar
Minde, K. (1975) Psychological problems in Ugandan school children: a controlled evaluation. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 16, 45–59.Google Scholar
Minde, K. (1976) Child psychiatry in developing countries. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 17, 79–83.Google Scholar
Minde, K. (1977) Children in Uganda: rates of behavioural deviations and psychiatric disorders in various school and clinic populations. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 1B, 23–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Minde, K. & Musisi, M. (1990) Juvenile delinquency. In Disease of Children in the Tropics and Sub-tropics (4th edn), (ed. J. Paget Standfield). London: Édward Arnold.Google Scholar
Myers, R. G. (1988) Effects of early childhood intervention in primary school progress and performance in the developing countries: an update. Seminar on The Importance of Nutrition and Early Stimulation for the Education of Children in the Third World. Ypsilanti, Michigan: Scope Educational Research Foundation.Google Scholar
Narayanan, H. S. (1981) A study of the prevalence of mental retardation in Southern India. International Journal of Mental Health, 10, 128–136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nikapota, A. D. (1981) School refusal. Ceylon Journal of Child Health, 12, 5–10.Google Scholar
Nikapota, A. D. (1983) Development of child mental health services in Sri Lanka. Journal of Tropical Paediatrics, 29, 302–305.Google Scholar
Okasha, A., Khalil, A. H., El-Etribi, M. A., et al (1988) Academic underachievement among Egyptian school children. Egyptian Journal of Psychiatry, 11, 127–142.Google Scholar
Olawatura, M. O. (1978) Mental health services for children in the African region. International Journal of Mental Health, 7, 35–39.Google Scholar
Olukoyade-Jegede, R. & Olawatura, M. O. (1982) Child and adolescent psychiatry in Africa: a review. East African Medical Journal, 59, 435–441.Google Scholar
Parry Jones, W. L. (1986) Psychiatry in the People's Republic of China. British Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 632–641.Google Scholar
Rahim, S. I. A. & Cederblad, M. (1984) Effects of rapid urbanisation on child behaviour and health in a part of Khartoum, Sudan. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 25, 629–642.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Resnick, C. A., Dhadphale, M. & Lukwage, M. G. (1988) Socio-demographic background of children referred to the psychological assessment clinic. East African Medical Journal, 65, 658–660.Google Scholar
Royal College of Psychiatrists (1983) Providing a district service for child and adolescent psychiatry: medical manpower priority. Bulletin of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, 7, 94–97.Google Scholar
Rutter, M., Cox, A., Tupling, C., et al (1975) Attainment and adjustment in two geographical areas – I Prevalence of child psychiatric disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 126, 193–509.Google Scholar
Sartorius, N. & Graham, P. (1984) Child mental health: experience of eight countries. WHO Chronicle, 38, 208–211.Google Scholar
Sathyavathi, K. (1975) Suicide among children in Bangalore. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 42, 149–157.Google Scholar
Sell, H. L., Dasananjali, T., et al (1991) Patients with functional complaints: A diagnostic tool for their recognition by primary care physicians. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica (in press).Google Scholar
Singh, H., Sharma, C. K., Mathur, H. C., et al (1989) Prevalence and pattern of mental health problems. Indian Paediatrics, 26, 36–40.Google Scholar
Sundari, L., Natarajan, V. & Anduthakrishna, (1984) Sociological aspects of child labour. Indian Journal of Paediatrics, 51, 665–668.Google Scholar
Tao, K. T. (1988) Mentally retarded person's in the People's Republic of China: a review of epidemiological studies and services. American Journal of Mental Retardation, 93, 193–199.Google Scholar
Tseng, W. S., Kuotai, T., Hau, J., et al (1988) Family planning and child mental health in China: the Nanjing survey. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 396–403.Google Scholar
United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) (1987) State of the World's Children. New York: UNICEF.Google Scholar
United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) (1989) Children on the Front Line. The impact of apartheid, destabilization and warfare on children in southern and South Africa. New York: UNICEF.Google Scholar
van Engeland (1989) Indications for and effectiveness of specific interventions in child psychiatry. In Needs and Prospects of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (eds M. Schmidt & H. Remschmidt), pp. 135–144. Berne: Hogrefe & Huber.Google Scholar
Weisz, J. R., Suwaniert, S., Chaiyasit, W., et al (1987) Epidemiology of behavioural and emotional problems among Thai and American children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 26, 890–987.Google Scholar
Wilson-Oyelaran, E. B. (1989) The ecological model and the study of child abuse in Nigeria. Child Abuse and Neglect, 13, 379–389.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (1977) Child Mental Health and Psychosocial Development. Technical Report No. 613. Geneva: WHO.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (1982) A Manual on Child Mental Health and Development. Parts I–IV. WHO/SEA/MENT65–65. New Delhi: WHO.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (1984) Mental health care in developing countries: a critical appraisal of research findings. Technical Report Series 698. Geneva: WHO.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (1986) Protocols for the Development and Field Testing of Techniques for Monitoring Growth and Psychosocial Development. Geneva: WHO.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (1987) Recognition and Management of Children with Functional Complaints. A training package for the PHC physician, WHO/SEA/MENT/93. New Delhi: WHO.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (1989) Research for Mental Health Planning. A report of an inter-country workshop. New Delhi: WHO.Google Scholar
Yamamoto, K., Soliman, A., Parsons, J., et al (1987) Voices in unison: stressful events in the lives of children in six countries. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 28, 865–879.Google Scholar
Yatco, O. D. (1979) Mental health care delivery system (Philippines). In The Child and Adolescent in a Changing Asian World. Proceedings of the 2nd Asean Forum on Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Manila: Philippines Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Yu-Feng, W., Yu-Cun, S., Bo-Mei, G., et al (1989) An epidemiological study of behaviour problems in school children of Beijing. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 30, 907–912.Google Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.