Background
Methods
Study design and setting
Construction and pilot test of questionnaire
Participants and procedure
Statistical analyses
Results
All (n = 443) | Men (n = 294) | Women (n = 149) | P-valuea | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, mean (sd) | 69.2 (10.6) | 69.1 (10.3) | 69.4 (11.4) | 0.794 | |
Education, n (%) | Incomplete elementary schooling | 11 (2.5) | 8 (2.7) | 3 (2.0) | 0.758b |
Elementary school | 150 (33.9) | 103 (35.0) | 47 (31.5) | 0.502 | |
Upper secondary school | 154 (34.8) | 104 (35.4) | 50 (33.6) | 0.756 | |
College/university | 110 (24.8) | 68 (23.1) | 42 (28.2) | 0.218 | |
Missing | 18 (4.1) | 11 (3.7) | 7 (4.7) | ||
Occupation, n (%)c | Retired | 306 (69.1) | 206 (70.1) | 100 (67.1) | 0.548 |
Paid employment | 74 (16.7) | 60 (20.4) | 14 (9.4) |
0.003
| |
Unemployed | 12 (2.7) | 7 (2.4) | 5 (3.4) | 0.547b | |
Student | 3 (0.7) | 1 (0.3) | 2 (1.3) | 0.262b | |
Disability pension | 58 (13.1) | 30 (10.2) | 28 (18.8) |
0.011
| |
Sick leave | 25 (5.6) | 16 (5.4) | 9 (6.0) | 0.790 | |
Missing | 8 (1.8) | 5 (1.7) | 3 (2.0) | ||
Diabetes type, n (%) | Type 1 | 120 (27.1) | 71 (24.1) | 49 (32.9) | 0.051 |
Type 2 | 320 (72.2) | 220 (74.8) | 100 (67.1) | 0.087 | |
Other type | 3 (0.7) | 3 (1.0) | 0 | 0.554b | |
Missing | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Current ulcer, n (%) | Yes | 135 (30.5) | 89 (30.3) | 46 (30.9) | 0.897 |
No | 305 (68.8) | 203 (69.0) | 102 (68.5) | ||
Missing | 3 (0.7) | 2 (0.7) | 1 (0.7) | ||
Previous ulcer, n (%) | Yes | 254 (57.3) | 185 (62.9) | 69 (46.3) |
0.001
|
No | 175 (39.5) | 100 (34.0) | 75 (50.3) | ||
Missing | 14 (3.2) | 9 (3.1) | 5 (3.4) | ||
Minor amputation, n (%) | Yes | 62 (14.0) | 52 (17.7) | 10 (6.7) |
0.002
|
No | 370 (83.5) | 237 (80.6) | 133 (89.3) | ||
Missing | 11 (2.5) | 5 (1.7) | 6 (4.0) | ||
Major amputation, n (%) | Yes | 20 (4.5) | 17 (5.8) | 3 (2.0) | 0.074 |
No | 414 (93.5) | 272 (92.5) | 142 (95.3) | ||
Missing | 9 (2.0) | 5 (1.7) | 4 (2.7) |
All | Men | Women | P-valuea | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. The staff were responsive to my concerns and questions | 1.5 (0.6) | 1.5 (0.6) | 1.6 (0.6) | 0.146 |
2. I was a partner in the decision-making with clinic staff | 1.6 (0.6) | 1.6 (0.6) | 1.6 (0.6) | 0.740 |
3. I am satisfied with the follow-up of my therapeutic shoes | 2.2 (1.2) | 2.2 (1.2) | 2.2 (1.2) | 0.809 |
4. Lost/reduced sensation in your feet increases the risk of foot ulcerations | 2.1 (1.2) | 2.1 (1.2) | 2.1 (1.3) | 0.988 |
5. What you do yourself is the main thing that affects whether your foot ulcer heals | 2.1 (0.9) | 2.1 (0.9) | 2.1 (0.9) | 0.860 |
6. What you do yourself is the main thing that affects whether you develop new foot ulcers | 2.3 (1.1) | 2.2 (1.1) | 2.5 (1.2) |
0.048
|
7. Probability of ulcer healing within 3 months if I always use therapeutic shoes | 2.1 (0.9) | 2.1 (0.9) | 2.3 (0.9) | 0.155 |
8. Probability of ulcer healing within 3 months if I never use therapeutic shoes | 2.8 (1.0) | 2.9 (1.0) | 2.8 (1.0) | 0.671 |
9. Probability of new ulceration within 12 months if I always use therapeutic shoes | 3.0 (0.8) | 3.0 (0.8) | 2.9 (0.9) | 0.439 |
10. Probability of new ulceration within 12 months if I never use therapeutic shoes | 2.2 (1.0) | 2.3 (1.0) | 2.1 (1.0) | 0.101 |
11. Worried that my foot ulcer(s) will never heal | 2.7 (1.2) | 2.8 (1.2) | 2.6 (1.3) | 0.271 |
12. Worried about getting new foot ulcers in the future | 3.0 (1.3) | 3.0 (1.3) | 3.1 (1.4) | 0.641 |
13. Confident I would always use therapeutic shoes if I decided to do so | 1.9 (1.0) | 1.9 (0.9) | 2.0 (1.2) | 0.611 |
14. General health | 3.4 (1.0) | 3.4 (1.0) | 3.6 (0.9) |
0.014
|
15. Feeling down, depressed, or hopeless | 3.2 (1.0) | 3.3 (1.0) | 3.2 (1.0) | 0.297 |
All | Men | Women | P-valuea | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Effect on ulcer healing | 1.8 (0.8) | 1.8 (0.8) | 1.9 (0.9) | 0.357 |
Effect on reducing risk of new ulcers | 1.8 (0.8) | 1.8 (0.8) | 1.8 (0.8) | 0.588 |
Difficulties walking in the shoes | 2.3 (1.1) | 2.3 (1.1) | 2.3 (1.2) | 0.958 |
Appearance | 3.4 (1.2) | 3.3 (1.2) | 3.6 (1.2) |
0.006
|
Weight | 3.3 (1.1) | 3.3 (1.1) | 3.3 (1.1) | 0.563 |
Price | 2.7 (1.1) | 2.5 (1.1) | 2.9 (1.1) |
0.003
|
Pain when standing and walking | 2.1 (1.0) | 2.1 (0.9) | 2.2 (1.1) | 0.216 |
Difficulties putting on and taking off the shoes | 2.6 (1.0) | 2.5 (1.0) | 2.7 (1.0) | 0.063 |
Ease of use in everyday activities, e.g. in your work | 2.3 (1.1) | 2.3 (1.1) | 2.3 (1.1) | 0.982 |
Feeling inclined to wear the shoes in public | 3.0 (1.1) | 2.9 (1.1) | 3.2 (1.1) |
0.024
|
Fit of the shoes | 2.2 (1.1) | 2.2 (1.0) | 2.3 (1.1) | 0.517 |
All (n = 443) | Men (n = 294) | Women (n = 149) | P-valuea | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Weekly use of therapeutic shoes, days/week (SD) | 5.9 (2.0) | 5.9 (2.0) | 5.8 (2.0) | 0.691 |
Weekly use of conventional shoes, days/week (SD) | 2.2 (2.8) | 2.0 (2.7) | 2.4 (2.9) | 0.198 |
Daily use of therapeutic shoes, hours/day (SD) | 8.5 (4.7) | 8.3 (4.6) | 8.9 (4.9) | 0.214 |
Daily use of conventional shoes, hours/day (SD) | 3.4 (3.3) | 3.4 (3.4) | 3.4 (3.2) | 0.991 |
Percentage of waking day in therapeutic shoes, mean (SD) | 50.3 (32.8) | 49.4 (32.0) | 52.2 (34.5) | 0.395 |
Percentage of waking day in conventional shoes, mean (SD) | 12.1 (21.1) | 11.5 (21.1) | 13.3 (21.3) | 0.419 |
Use of therapeutic shoes at least 60% of waking day, n (%) | ||||
Yes | 169 (38.1) | 110 (37.4) | 59 (39.6) | 0.520 |
No | 260 (58.7) | 177 (60.2) | 83 (55.7) | |
Missing | 14 (3.2) | 7 (2.4) | 7 (4.7) | |
Did you pay a fee for your current therapeutic shoes? n (%) | ||||
Yes | 335 (75.6) | 218 (74.1) | 117 (78.5) | 0.420 |
No | 92 (20.8) | 64 (21.8) | 28 (18.8) | |
Missing | 16 (3.6) | 12 (4.1) | 4 (2.7) | |
Does someone usually remind you to use your therapeutic shoes?, n (%)b | ||||
Yes, clinic staff | 58 (13.1) | 47 (16.0) | 11 (7.4) |
0.014
|
Yes, people close to me | 50 (11.3) | 44 (15.0) | 6 (4.0) |
0.001
|
No | 331 (74.7) | 205 (69.7) | 126 (84.6) |
< 0.001
|
Missing | 16 (3.6) | 8 (2.7) | 8 (5.4) | |
Is there someone close to you who supports you with your foot problems? n (%) | ||||
Yes | 262 (59.1) | 178 (60.5) | 84 (56.4) | 0.363 |
No | 168 (37.9) | 107 (36.4) | 61 (40.9) | |
Missing | 13 (2.9) | 9 (3.1) | 4 (2.7) |