Aims: Given the importance of party people as innovators and early adaptors in the diffusion of substance use, and given the lack of longitudinal scope in studies of the nightlife scene, we explored changes in illicit drug use among young people participating in the nightlife scene in Flanders. Methods: A survey among party people selected at dance events, rock festivals and clubs was held in the summer of 2003 and repeated in 2005, 2007 and 2009. In total, 2,812 respondents filled in a questionnaire on the use of cannabis, ecstasy, cocaine, amphetamines, GHB and ketamine. Results: The results of the multiple logistic regression analyses show that in the group of frequent pub visitors, the predicting probability of cannabis use increased over time, while the gap in drug use between dance music lovers and non-lovers of dance music narrowed. For cocaine use during the last year, an increase was found related to the housing situation (alone or with parents) of respondents. While the odds of using ecstasy decreased over the years, the odds of using GHB increased. Conclusion: We can conclude that monitoring emerging trends, which can be quickly observed in the nightlife scene, provides meaningful information for anticipating possible trends.

1.
Riley SCE, Hayward E: Patterns, trends, and meanings of drug use by dance-drug users in Edinburgh, Scotland. Drugs (Abingdon Engl) 2004;11:243–262.
2.
McCambridge J, Winstock A, Hunt N, Mitcheson L: 5-year trends in use of hallucinogens and other adjunct drugs among UK dance drug users. Eur Addict Res 2007;13:57–64.
3.
EMCDDA: 2010 Annual Report on the State of the Drugs Problem in Europe. Lisbon, EMCDDA, 2010.
4.
OFDT: Tendances Nr. 7: Recent Trends Relating to Psychoactive Substances Use and Synthetic Substances Components. Paris, OFDT, 2000.
5.
Measham F: The decline of ecstasy, the rise of ‘binge’ drinking and the persistence of pleasure. J Community Crim Justice 2004;51:309–326.
6.
Maxwell JC: Patterns of Club Drug Use in the U.S. Austin, Gulf Coast Addiction Technology Center, 2004.
7.
EMCDDA: 2009 Annual Report on the State of the Drugs Problem in Europe. Lisbon, EMCDDA, 2009.
8.
Degenhardt L, Copeland J, Dillon P: Recent trends in the use of ‘club drugs’: an Australian review. Subst Use Misuse 2005;40:1241–1256.
9.
Ramo DE, Grov C, Delucchi K, Kelly BC, Parsons JT: Typology of club drug use among young adults recruited using time-space sampling. Drug Alcohol Depend 2010;107:119–127.
10.
Curran HV, Monaghan L: In and out of the K-hole: a comparison of the acute and residual effects of ketamine in frequent and infrequent ketamine users. Addiction 2001;96:749–760.
11.
Degenhardt L, Dunn M: The epidemiology of GHB and ketamine use in an Australian household survey. Int J Drug Policy 2008;19:311–316.
12.
Rogers EM: Diffusion of Innovations. New York, Free Press, 2003.
13.
Lim MSC, Hellard ME, Hocking JS, Spelman TD, Aitken CK: Surveillance of drug use among young people attending a music festival in Australia, 2005–2008. Drug Alcohol Rev 2010;29:150–156.
14.
McCambridge J, Mitcheson L, Winstock A, Hunt N: Five-year trends in patterns of drug use among people who use stimulants in dance contexts in the United Kingdom. Addiction 2005;100:1140–1149.
15.
Tossmann P, Boldt S, Tensil MD: The use of drugs within the techno party scene in European metropolitan cities. Eur Addict Res 2001;7:2–23.
16.
Calafat A, Bohrn K, Juan M, Kokkevi A, Maalsté N, Mendes F, Palmer A, Sherlock K, Simon J, Stocco P, Sureda MP, Tossmann P, Wijngaart Gvd, Zavatti P: Nightlife in Europe and Recreative Drug Use. SONAR 98. Valencia, Irefrea, 1999.
17.
Calafat A, Fernández C, Juan M, Bellis M, Bohrn K, Hakkarainen P, Kilfoyle-Carrington M, Kokkevi A, Maalsté N, Mendes F, Siamou I, Simon J, Stocco P, Zavatti P: Risk and Control in the Recreational Drug Culture – SONAR Project. Palma De Mallorca, Irefrea, 2001.
18.
Benschop A, Nabben T, Korf DJ: Antenne 2010: Trends in alcohol, tabak en drugs bij jonge Amsterdammers. Amsterdam, Rozenberg Publishers, 2011.
19.
Demetrovics Z: Hungary; in Hadfield P (ed): Nightlife and Crime: Social Order and Governance in International Perspective. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2009.
20.
Agar MH: Towards a trend theory; in Greenwood G, Robertson K (eds): Understanding and Responding to Drug Use: The Role of Qualitative Research. Lisbon, EMCDDA, 2000, pp 67–72.
21.
Winstock AR, Griffiths P, Stewart D: Drugs and the dance music scene: a survey of current drug use patterns among a sample of dance music enthusiasts in the UK. Drug Alcohol Depend 2001;64:9–17.
22.
Riley SCE, James C, Gregory D, Dingle H, Cadger M: Patterns of recreational drug use at dance events in Edinburgh, Scotland. Addiction 2001;96:1035–1047.
23.
Hacourt G: Ecstasy: pilules sans ordonnances: usages et usagers de nouvelles drogues de synthèse. Paris, L’Harmattan, 2002.
24.
R Development Core Team: R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria, 2010.
25.
Fox J: Effect displays in R for generalised linear models. J Stat Software 2003;8:1–27.
26.
Hosmer DW, Lemeshow S: Applied Logistic Regression. New York, Wiley, 2000.
27.
van de Wijngaart G, Braam R, de Bruin D, Fris M, Maalste NJM, Verbraeck HT: Ecstasy use at large-scale dance events in the Netherlands. J Drug Issues 1999;29:679–701.
28.
Ter Bogt TFM, Engels R: ‘Partying’ hard: party style, motives for and effects of MDMA use at rave parties. Subst Use Misuse 2005;40:1479–1502.
29.
Golub A, Johnson BD, Dunlap E: Subcultural evolution and illicit drug use. Addict Res Theory 2005;13:217–229.
30.
Decorte T, Slock M: The Taming of Cocaine II: A 6-Year Follow Up Study of 77 Cocaine and Crack Users. Brussel, VUB University Press, 2005.
31.
Nabben T: High Amsterdam: ritme, roes en regels in het uitgaansleven (High Amsterdam: Rythm, Rush and Rules in Nightlife). Amsterdam, Rozenberg Publishers, 2010.
32.
Hesse M, Tutenges S, Schliewe S: The use of tobacco and cannabis at an international music festival. Eur Addict Res 2010;16:208–212.
33.
Kim SY, Anderson IB, Dyer JE, Barker JC, Blanc PD: High-risk behaviors and hospitalizations among gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB) users. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2007;33:429–438.
34.
EMCDDA: Report on the risk assessment of ketamine in the framework of the joint action on new synthetic drugs. Luxembourg, Office for the Official Publications of the European Communities, 2002.
35.
Bellis MA, Hughes K, Bennett A, Thomson R: The role of an international nightlife resort in the proliferation of recreational drugs. Addiction 2003;98:1713–1721.
Copyright / Drug Dosage / Disclaimer
Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.
You do not currently have access to this content.