Roy A. Ruddle
Skip Abstract Section
Abstract
Navigation is the most common interactive task performed in three-dimensional virtual environments (VEs), but it is also a task that users often find difficult. We investigated how body-based information about the translational and rotational components of movement helped participants to perform a navigational search task (finding targets hidden inside boxes in a room-sized space). When participants physically walked around the VE while viewing it on a head-mounted display (HMD), they then performed 90% of trials perfectly, comparable to participants who had performed an equivalent task in the real world during a previous study. By contrast, participants performed less than 50% of trials perfectly if they used a tethered HMD (move by physically turning but pressing a button to translate) or a desktop display (no body-based information). This is the most complex navigational task in which a real-world level of performance has been achieved in a VE. Behavioral data indicates that both translational and rotational body-based information are required to accurately update one's position during navigation, and participants who walked tended to avoid obstacles, even though collision detection was not implemented and feedback not provided. A walking interface would bring immediate benefits to a number of VE applications.
- Alfano, P. L. and Michel, G. F. 1990. Restricting the field of view: Perceptual and performance effects. Perceptual Motor Skills 70, 35--45.Google Scholar
Cross Ref
- Bakker, N. H., Werkhoven, P. J., and Passenier, P. O. 1999. The effects of proprioceptive and visual feedback on geographical orientation in virtual environments. Presence: Teleoperat. Virt. Environ. 8, 36--53. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Bowman, D. A., Kruijff, E., Laviola, J. J., and Poupyrev, I. 2004. 3D User Interfaces: Theory and Practice. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Brooks, F. P., Airey, J., Alspaugh, J., Bell, A., Brown, R., Hill, C., Nimscheck, U., Rheingans, P., Rohlf, J., Smith, D., Turner, D., Varshney, A., Wang, Y., Weber, H., and Yuan, X. 1992. Six generations of building walkthrough: Final technical report to the National Science Foundation. Tech. rep.TR92-026, Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Brotons-Mas, J. R., O'mara, S., and Sanchez-Vives, M. V. 2006. Neural processing of spatial information: What we know about place cells and what they can tell us about presence. Presence: Teleoperat. Virt. Environ. 15, 485--499. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Chance, S. S., Gaunet, F., Beall, A. C., and Loomis, J. M. 1998. Locomotion mode affects the updating of objects encountered during travel: The contribution of vestibular and proprioceptive inputs to path integration. Presence: Teleoperat. Virt. Environ. 7, 168--178. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Cobb, S. V. G., Nichols, S., Ramsey, A., and Wilson, J. R. 1999. Virtual reality-induced symptoms and effects (VRISE). Presence: Teleoperat. Virt. Environ. 8, 169--186. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Czerwinski, M., Tan, D. S., and Robertson, G. G. 2002. Women take a wider view. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, New York, 195--202. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Darken, R. P., Cockayne, W. R., and Carmein, D. 1997. The omni-directional treadmill: A locomotion device for virtual worlds. In Proceedings of the 10th Annual ACM Symposium on User interface Software and Technology. ACM, New York, 213--221. Google ScholarDigital Library
- De Luca, A., Mattone, R., and Robuffo Giordano, P. 2007. Acceleration-level control of the CyberCarpet. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation. IEEE Press, Los Alamitos, CA, 2330--2335.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Foo, P., Warren, W. H., Duchon, A., and Tarr, M. J. 2005. Do humans integrate routes into a cognitive map? Map versus landmark-based navigation of novel shortcuts. J. Exper. Psych. Learn. Memory Cognition 31, 195--215.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Grant, S. C. and Magee, L. E. 1998. Contributions of proprioception to navigation in virtual environments. Human Factors 40, 489--497.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Gray, W. D. and Fu, W. 2001. Ignoring perfect knowledge in-the-world for imperfect knowledge in-the-head: Implications of rational analysis for interface design. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, New York, 112--119. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Hollerbach, J. M., Checcacci, D., Noma, H., Yanagida, Y., and Tetsutani, N. 2003. Simulating side slopes on locomotion interfaces using torso forces. In Proceedings of the 11th Symposium on Haptic Interfaces for Virtual Environments and Teleoperation. IEEE Press, 91--98. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Iwata, H., Yano, H., Fukushima, H., and Noma, H. 2005. CirculaFloor: A locomotion interface using circulation of movable tiles. In Proceedings of the IEEE Virtual Reality Conference. IEEE Press, 223--230. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Klatzky, R. L., Loomis, J. M., Beall, A. C., Chance, S. S., and Golledge, R. G. 1998. Spatial updating of self-position and orientation during real, imagined, and virtual locomotion. Psych. Science 9, 293--298.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Lathrop, W. B. and Kaiser, M. K. 2002. Perceived orientation in physical and virtual enfunction of idiothetic information available. Presence: Teleoperat. Virt. Environ. 11, 19--32. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Lessels, S. and Ruddle, R. A. 2005. Movement around real and virtual cluttered environments. Presence: Teleoperat. Virt. Environ. 14, 580--596. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Lessels, S. and Ruddle, R. A. 2004. Changes in navigational behaviour produced by a wide field of view and a high fidelity visual scene. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Virtual Environments. S. Coquillart et al. Eds., Eurographics Association, 71--78. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Levenshtein, V. I. 1966. Binary codes capable of correcting deletions, insertions and reversal. Soviet Physics Doklady 10, 707--710.Google Scholar
- Loomis, J. M., Klatzky, R. L., Golledge, R. G., and Philbeck, J. W. 1999. Human navigation by path integration. In Wayfinding: Cognitive Mapping and Other Spatial Processes, R. G. Golledge Ed., John Hopkins Press, Baltimore, MD, 125--151.Google Scholar
- Pausch, R., Proffitt, D., and Williams, G. 1997. Quantifying immersion in virtual reality. In Proceedings of the 24th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, ACM, New York, 13--18. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Pelah, A. and Koenderink, J. J. 2007. Editorial: Walking in real and virtual environments. ACM Trans. Appl. Percep. 4, 1--4. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Péruch, P., Borel, L., Magnan, J., and Lacour, M. 2005. Direction and distance deficits in path integration after unilateral vestibular loss depend on task complexity. Cognitive Brain Research 25, 862--872.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Presson, C. C. and Montello, D. R. 1994. Updating after rotational and translational body movements: Coordinate structure of perspective space. Perception 23, 1447--1455.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Razzaque, S., Swapp, D., Slater, M., Whitton, M. C., and Steed, A. 2002. Redirected walking in place. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Virtual Environments. W. Stürzlinger and S. Müller Eds., Eurographics Association, 123--130. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Riecke, B. E. and Bülthoff, H. H. 2004. Spatial updating in real and virtual environments: Contribution and interaction of visual and vestibular cues. In Proceedings of the 1st Symposium on Applied Perception in Graphics and Visualization. ACM, New York, 9--17. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Ruddle, R. A. and Péruch, P. 2004. Effects of proprioceptive feedback and environmental characteristics on spatial learning in virtual environments. Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud. 60, 299--326. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Riecke, B. E., Van Veen, H. A. H. C., and Bülthoff, H. H. 2002. Visual homing is possible without landmarks: A path integration study in virtual reality. Presence: Teleoperat. Virt. Environ. 11, 443--473. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Rieser, J. J. 1989. Access to knowledge of spatial structure at novel points of observation. J. Exper. Psych. Learn. Memory Cognition 15, 1157--1165.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Ruddle, R. A. and Lessels, S. 2006. For efficient navigational search humans require full physical movement but not a rich visual scene. Psych. Science 17, 460--465.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Ruddle, R. A. 2005. The effect of trails on first-time and subsequent navigation in a virtual environment. In Proceedings of the IEEE Virtual Reality Conference. IEEE Press, 115--122. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Ruddle, R. A. and Jones, D. M. 2001. Movement in cluttered virtual environments. Presence: Teleoperat. Virt. Environ. 10, 511--524. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Ruddle, R. A. 2001. Navigation: Am I really lost or virtually there? In Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics vol. 6, D. Harris Ed., Ashgate, Burlington, VT, 135--142.Google Scholar
- Ruddle, R. A., Payne, S. J., and Jones, D. M. 1999. Navigating large-scale virtual environments: What differences occur between helmet-mounted and desk-top displays? Presence: Teleoperat. Virt. Environ. 8, 157--168. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Ruddle, R. A., Payne, S. J., and Jones, D. M. 1997. Navigating buildings in “desk-top” virtual environments: Experimental investigations using extended navigational experience. J. Exper. Psycho. Appl. 3, 143--159.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Slater, M., Usoh, M., and Steed, A. 1995. Taking steps: The influence of a walking technique on presence in virtual reality. ACM Trans. Comput. Hum. Interact. 2, 201--219. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Steck, S. D. and Mallot, H. A. 2000. The role of global and local landmarks in virtual environment navigation. Presence: Teleoperat. Virt. Environ. 9, 69--83. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Templeman, J. N., Denbrook, P. S., and Sibert, L. E. 1999. Virtual locomotion: Walking in place through virtual environments. Presence: Teleoperat. Virt. Environ. 8, 598--617. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Usoh, M., Arthur, K., Whitton, M. C., Bastos, R., Steed, A., Slater, M., And Brooks, F. P. 1999. Walking -> walking-in-place -> flying, in virtual environments. In Proceedings of the 26th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and interactive Techniques. ACM, New York, 359--364. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Vijayakar, A. and Hollerbach, J. 2002. Effect of turning strategy on maneuvering ability using the Treadport locomotion interface. Presence: Teleoperat. Virt. Environ. 11, 247--258. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Waller, D. 2000. Individual differences in spatial learning from computer-simulated environments. J. Exper. Psych. Appl. 6, 307--321.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Waller, D, Hunt, E., and Knapp, D. 1998. The transfer of spatial knowledge in virtual environment training. Presence: Teleoperat. Virt. Environ., 7, 129--143. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Waller, D., Loomis, J. M., and Haun, D. B. M. 2004. Body-based senses enhance knowledge of directions in large-scale environments. Psychonomic Bull. Rev. 11, 157--163.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Whitton, M. C., Cohn, J. V., Feasel, J., Zimmons, P., Razzaque, S., Poulton, S. J., Mcleod, B., and Brooks, F. P. 2005. Comparing VE locomotion interfaces. In Proceedings of the IEEE Virtual Reality Conference. IEEE Press, 123--130. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Winter, D. A. 1990. Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movement 2nd Ed. Wiley-Interscience, New York.Google Scholar
- Witmer, B. G., Bailey, J. H., Knerr, B. W., and Parsons, K. C. 1996. Virtual spaces and real-world places: Transfer of route knowledge. Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud. 45, 413--428. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Witmer, B. G. and Kline, P. B. 1998. Judging perceived and traversed distance in virtual environments. Presence: Teleoperat. Virt. Environ. 7, 144--167. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Witmer, B. G., Sadowski, W. J., and Finkelstein, N. M. 2002. VE-based training strategies for acquiring survey knowledge. Presence: Teleoperat. Virt. Environ. 11, 1--18. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Zanbaka, C. A., Lok, B. C., Babu, S. V., Ulinski, A. C., and Hodges, L. F. 2005. Comparison of path visualizations and cognitive measures relative to travel techniques in a virtual environment. IEEE Trans. Visual. Comput. Graph. 11, 694--705. Google ScholarDigital Library
Index Terms
- The benefits of using a walking interface to navigate virtual environments
Recommendations
Evaluation of Locomotion Techniques for Room-Scale VR: Joystick, Teleportation, and Redirected Walking
VRIC '18: Proceedings of the Virtual Reality International Conference - Laval VirtualDue to its multimodal nature virtual reality technology imposes new challenges, for example, when it comes to navigating through a virtual environment. Joystick-based controls and teleportation techniques support only limited self-motion experiences, ...
Walking improves your cognitive map in environments that are large-scale and large in extent
This study investigated the effect of body-based information (proprioception, etc.) when participants navigated large-scale virtual marketplaces that were either small (Experiment 1) or large in extent (Experiment 2). Extent refers to the size of an ...
Taking steps: the influence of a walking technique on presence in virtual reality
Special issue on virtual reality software and technologyThis article presents an interactive technique for moving through an immersive virtual environment (or “virtual reality”). The technique is suitable for applications where locomotion is restricted to ground level. The technique is derived from the idea ...
Comments