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Abstract
Objective To determine whether spa therapy, plus home exercises and usual medical treatment provides any benefit over exercises and usual treatment, in the management of knee osteoarthritis.
Methods Large multicentre randomised prospective clinical trial of patients with knee osteoarthritis according to the American College of Rheumatology criteria, attending French spa resorts as outpatients between June 2006 and April 2007. Zelen randomisation was used so patients were ignorant of the other group and spa personnel were not told which patients were participating. The main endpoint criteria were patient self-assessed. All patients continued usual treatments and performed daily standardised home exercises. The spa therapy group also received 18 days of spa therapy (massages, showers, mud and pool sessions).
Main Endpoint The number of patients achieving minimal clinically important improvement (MCII) at 6 months, defined as ≥19.9 mm on the visual analogue pain scale and/or ≥9.1 points in a normalised Western Ontario and McMaster Universities osteoarthritis index function score and no knee surgery.
Results The intention to treat analysis included 187 controls and 195 spa therapy patients. At 6 months, 99/195 (50.8%) spa group patients had MCII and 68/187 (36.4%) controls (χ2=8.05; df=1; p=0.005). However, no improvement in quality of life (Short Form 36) or patient acceptable symptom state was observed at 6 months.
Conclusion For patients with knee osteoarthritis a 3-week course of spa therapy together with home exercises and usual pharmacological treatments offers benefit after 6 months compared with exercises and usual treatment alone, and is well tolerated.
Trial registration number NCT00348777.
This paper is freely available online under the BMJ Journals unlocked scheme, see http://ard.bmj.com/info/unlocked.dtl
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In Europe spa therapy is frequently prescribed for knee osteoarthritis. Of the 403 381 patients receiving spa therapy for rheumatism in 2007 in France, nearly half presented with knee osteoarthritis. Spa therapy is reimbursed by the social security in France and in many other continental European countries.
Despite numerous small scale studies, high quality scientific evidence for the efficacy of spa therapy for knee osteoarthritis is lacking. In a recent Cochrane systematic review, even those studies that met the selection criteria were found to be flawed.1 Therefore, spa therapy does not figure in the recommended treatments of the European League Against Rheumatism2 or recent reviews.3
In this multicentre randomised controlled trial (RCT) we aimed to include enough patients to obtain sufficient statistical power to fill the gap in evidence-based data of high quality evaluating the use of spa therapy for knee osteoarthritis. Our primary objective was the therapeutic efficacy of spa therapy for knee osteoarthritis at 6 months in patients following usual treatments and a home exercise programme compared with a control group receiving usual treatments and a home exercise programme alone.
Patients and methods
This study was carried out in the three largest spa therapy resorts in France, Aix-les-Bains, Balaruc and Dax. In 2007, 29 000, 36 000 and 50 000 people, respectively, attended these three resorts for spa therapy. Patients were recruited locally, so that they could attend the centre on a daily basis, by advertisements in the regional press and posters in pharmacies and surgery waiting rooms.4 Recruitment notices referred to treatment for knee osteoarthritis but did not specify spa therapy.
Patients were enrolled by a trained examining physician in private practice outside and independent of the spa setting and with no vested interest in the spa. Osteoarthritis was confirmed by physical examination and the presence of osteophytes on the x-rays.
Inclusion criteria followed the definitions of the American College of Rheumatology: painful knee osteoarthritis plus either age greater than 50 years and/or morning stiffness lasting more than 30 minutes and/or articular crepitation.5 The evidence required was a knee x-ray examination in the past 3 years, including anteroposterior, schuss, lateral and skyline views to grade the severity of osteoarthritis, and pain intensity of 30 mm or greater on the visual analogue pain scale (VAS pain).6
Exclusion criteria were: osteoarthritis limited to the patellofemoral joint; severe depression or psychosis; a contraindication (immune deficiency, evolving cardiovascular conditions, cancer, infection) or intolerance to any aspect of spa treatment; professional involvement with a spa resort; spa treatment within the previous 6 months; knee intrajoint corticosteroid injection within the past 3 months; massages, physiotherapy or acupuncture in the past month; a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) within the past 5 days or other analgesic drug in the previous 12 h, or a change in symptomatic slow-acting drugs in osteoarthritis (SYSADOA) in the past 3 months.
Intervention
At inclusion the examining physician explained the home exercise programme to all patients and the importance of performing all four exercises, each six times, three times a day.7 8 All patients were given a booklet about knee osteoarthritis with details of the home exercise programme (see supplementary file 1, available online only) and continued their usual treatments (analgesics, NSAID, SYSADOA, physiotherapy). The self-assessment forms were completed without assistance in the waiting room.
In addition, the spa therapy group received 18 days of therapy over 3 weeks. The standardised knee osteoarthritis therapy programme was designed by experienced spa therapy physicians. Spa mineral water and treatments are approved and controlled by the French authorities. Treatment included: mineral hydrojet sessions at 37°C for 15 minutes, manual massages of the knee and thigh under mineral water at 38°C by a physiotherapist for 10 minutes, applications of mineral matured mud at 45°C to the knees for 15 minutes and supervised general mobilisation in a collective mineral water pool at 32°C in groups of six patients for 25 minutes.
Attendance, tolerance and proper performance of the various treatments were checked by an independent physician (general practitioner, rheumatologist or physiatrist) during consultations at the start, middle and end of the 3-week therapy period. Study patients were mixed with the general public and the centre personnel were not informed which patients were taking part in the clinical trial.
Patients in the control group were offered a 3-day wellness package at their local spa resort following the 6-month follow-up visit.
Follow-up and data collection
Follow-up was at 1, 3 and 6 months, by a visit to the examining physician who completed the electronic case report form, enquired whether the patient was doing the exercises and insisted on their importance. At each visit, but not in the presence of the physician, the patients filled in self-assessment of: their average level of pain over the previous 7 days on the VAS pain scale,6 the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities osteoarthritis index (WOMAC)9 and the quality of life questionnaire, Short Form 36 (SF36),10 without assistance. At 9 months these forms were completed at home and returned to the coordination centre by post.
The primary endpoint was achievement of a minimal clinically important improvement (MCII)11 defined as 19.9 mm or greater on the VAS pain6 scale and/or 9.1 points or greater on the WOMAC function subscale normalised to a 0–100 score,9 and no knee surgery, at 6 months. For WOMAC we used a five-point Likert scale for each item and higher scores indicated greater severity.11
Secondary endpoints were: patient acceptable symptom state,12 VAS pain 32 mm or less, normalised WOMAC function subscale 31 points or less; knee flexion, effusion and swelling; associated treatments; the overall opinions of the patient and the examining physician and quality of life.
All items collected by the examining physician at baseline and during follow-up visits are listed in table 1 and online tables (supplementary file 2, available online only), respectively. All adverse events were recorded.
Baseline characteristics of participants
Design
The sample size was determined using an open preliminary study with 13 consecutive patients, from which we calculated that 50% would be improved in the spa group and estimated that 25% would be improved in the control group. The agreed α risk was 5%, and the β risk was 20%. The number of patients was thus 58 per group per centre, or 67 allowing for 15% loss to follow-up.
The randomisation technique of Zelen was used.13 14 Eligible patients were randomly assigned to spa therapy or to the control group using a centralised computer programme. Randomisation was stratified by centre and in blocks of eight with random order. Concealment was assumed by a protected computer file.
The Zelen randomisation method14 implied that patients were not informed of the existence of two groups. If the patient refused to participate as randomised, they were offered the other treatment, but remained in their assigned group for intention to treat analysis.
In order to conceal the existence of the other group,14 randomisation was performed before written informed consent was obtained. Patients were told only about the group to which they had been assigned and were given one of the two possible patient information documents with the consent form. In addition, delocalisation of the consultation away from the spa setting was done with the intention of keeping patients ignorant of the other group.
Statistics
Analysis was performed by intention to treat. Categorical variables were expressed as frequency and percentage, continuous variables as mean and SD. The main endpoint was tested using an uncorrected χ2 test. Risk ratios with 95% CI, odds ratios and 95% CI, number needed to treat and effect size with 95% CI were calculated.
Secondary qualitative endpoints were analysed using the same principles. For continuous variables, an analysis of variance was performed for repeated data, assuming sphericity, (comparison M0–M6 and M0–-M3–M6–M9) with a treatment factor and an interaction analysis (repetitions × treatment). Between-group comparisons at 6 months used Student's t test. For WOMAC and VAS pain, the effect size was equal to the mean change in score from baseline to 6 months, divided by the SD of the baseline score.
For subgroup analyses a Mantel–Haenszel test of homogeneity was used. For the WOMAC and SF36 scores, missing data for each subscale were replaced by the mean of all the patients who had replied to at least half the questions in that subscale, according to the recommendations for SF36.10
Two-sided p values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Analyses were performed using STATA software (version 10.0).
The trial protocol was passed favourably by the regional ethics committee (Lyon A) in April 2006 and registered on http://www.clinicaltrials.gov with number NCT00348777. Study coordination, monitoring visits to each centre, data management, data entry from patient questionnaires and data analysis were performed by the Grenoble Clinical Research Centre.
Results
The overall flow of patients included between June 2006 and April 2007 is shown in figure 1. In total, 7.2% (16/223) patients changed from the control to the spa group, and 10.5% (24/228) changed from the spa group to the control group. Thirteen patients in the spa group withdrew consent to participate before starting the sessions. Of 12 who dropped out, mainly for health or family reasons, only two had started spa sessions. In the control group, 17 patients withdrew consent and another 10 failed to attend study visits.
Study flow chart. ITT, intention to treat.
Main endpoint
The difference in MCII at 6 months is statistically significant (χ2=8.05; df=1; p=0.005) in favour of spa therapy (table 2). Three patients in the spa group and one in the control group achieved MCII but underwent knee prosthesis surgery during the study. They were considered to be treatment failures. The risk ratio of MCII is 1.4 (95% CI 1.1 to 1.8) for the spa group versus control, the odds ratio 1.8 (95% CI 1.2 to 2.8), and the number needed to treat is 6.9 patients.
Number (%) of patients achieving MCII at 3, 6 and 9 months
Secondary endpoints
The secondary endpoint results are internally coherent with the effect size found for the components of the main endpoint (tables 3 and 4 and further details online in supplementary file 2, available online only).
Change in VAS pain and WOMAC scores (completed by the patient)
Opinions of the patient and the physician at 6 months
Planned subgroup analyses, sensitivity analysis and unplanned post-hoc analyses
See online supplementary file 2 (available online only).
Adverse events
One patient in the spa group was hospitalised for urinary lithiasis, no other unexpected serious adverse event was reported. For adverse events see supplementary file 2, available online only.
Discussion
This study demonstrates that an intensive course of spa therapy with a home exercise programme and usual treatment provides medium-term benefit over a home exercise programme and usual treatment alone in the management of knee osteoarthritis
To our knowledge this is the first multicentre RCT of spa therapy for knee osteoarthritis. The study size attains the number of patients (498) combined from seven smaller heterogeneous studies in a recent systematic Cochrane review.1
We used the Zelen randomisation method to blind patients in one group to the existence of the other group and to limit the level of dropout. It allowed patients assigned to spa therapy who did not want the constraint of having to attend a spa for 3 weeks, to change to the control group. The possibility to change could potentially reduce the difference between the two treatments as the intention to treat analysis was performed according to randomisation status.
We did not attempt to assess the efficacy of spa therapy alone, but only in combination with a home exercise programme and usual medical treatment. Both groups thus adhered to the current recommendations for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis.3 15 16 We minimised a ‘placebo’ effect in the control group, who were followed up in the same way as the spa group.17 The use of a qualitative endpoint measure, the MCII, may also reduce the influence of a potential ‘placebo effect’.18
Our main endpoint, MCII, is clinically relevant to the patient, comprising change in the WOMAC function subscale and VAS pain measurement, both recognised validated endpoint measures.
According to the recommendations for non-pharmacological trials,19 we used Zelen randomisation, employed examining physicians independent of the spa setting and patient self-assessed primary endpoint measures.
The amplitude of our result is in line with our hypothesis when we calculated the sample size needed for this study. Our effect sizes are similar to those for other treatments of knee osteoarthritis including hyaluronic acid, paracetamol and NSAID.20,–,22
Although only three patients were completely lost to follow-up, 52 patients withdrew consent or dropped out early on and 14 patients failed to return the questionnaires at 6 months, leading to a reduced number of patients or data in the main endpoint analysis at 6 months.
Our three centres receive approximately 30% of patients attending a spa in France. The standardised therapy delivered to osteoarthritis patients is similar to treatments delivered in other European spa settings.
The effect of spa therapy might be explained by that of a holiday. This was not the case here, patients had to drive daily to the spa, unlike those in a recent study by Karagülle et al.23 In France 26% of patients attend spa therapy on an outpatient basis, the rest staying on site for the duration of the course.
In general, our results confirm those already observed in other studies of a smaller size undertaken in a spa setting with natural hot mineral waters. Comparisons between the various studies are difficult as the baseline profiles of the patients are heterogeneous, the interventions differ in type, intensity and in length,24,–,33 the methods used for the assessment of efficacy vary and patients have been assessed at different time points after therapy.
At inclusion the severity of osteoarthritis in our patients was comparable to patients in the study advocating the use of MCII as an endpoint measure.11
This study attempts to assess the medium-term effect of spa therapy rather than simply short-term relief. Significant relief from pain at shorter time points after therapy compared with control is reported in other studies.27 28 32 34 Our encouraging results obtained at 6 months appear to persist at least until 9 months.
What is the place of thermal spa therapy in the management of knee osteoarthritis? A recent high quality RCT demonstrated that arthroscopy of the knee has no lasting effect on knee osteoarthritis.35 Likewise, acupuncture plus a course of advice and a home exercise programme showed no significant effect of real acupuncture at 6 months follow-up.36 Spa therapy appears to provide some benefit.
A physical exercise regimen has been shown to be effective for knee osteoarthritis. Nevertheless, it is well known that unsupervised home exercise programmes often have limited efficacy over time as a result of progressive lack of compliance, even in the context of therapeutic trials with consecutive visits and that are motivating for the patients.4 37 A course of spa therapy may thus enhance patient compliance to the home exercise programme.
In conclusion, this RCT argues in favour of a clinical effect of spa therapy, as practised in France, for patients with knee osteoarthritis who continue their usual medical treatment and are encouraged to do regular exercises at home. In addition spa therapy is well tolerated.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Sandrine Massicot for data monitoring and Wainer Tabone, Eric Vignon and Claudine Rouffet for their suggestions. The authors also thank the examining physicians Drs Y Attal, JC Perronnard and L Mendiharrat; the spa physicians and the secretaries in each centre, and the osteoarthritis group of the French Society for Rheumatology for their support (in particular Dr Michel Lequesne and Prs Serge Poiraudeau, Jean-François Maillefert and Xavier Chevalier).
References
Supplementary materials
Web Only Data ard.2009.113209
Files in this Data Supplement:
Footnotes
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Funding This study was funded by the French Society for Spa Research (Association Française pour la Recherche Thermale, AFRETH) a non-profit organisation, the Rhone-Alpes Regional Council and the County Council of Savoie.
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Competing interests None.
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Ethics approval This study was conducted with the approval of the Ethics Committee Lyon A, Lyon, France.
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Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.