Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
New ResearchPsychiatric Disorders and Intellectual Functioning Throughout Development in Velocardiofacial (22q11.2 Deletion) Syndrome
Section snippets
Subjects
One hundred seventy-two individuals with VCFS, 90 male and 82 female subjects aged 5 to 54 years (mean age 15.9 ± 9.1 years) were evaluated at two sites, Geneva and Tel Aviv (TA). Maternal education levels were as follows: completed elementary school (24.2%), completed high school (40.6%), and completed university education (35.2%). There were no significant differences in mother's education level between Geneva and TA.
The TA sample consisted of 86 individuals with VCFS, 53 male and 33 female
Comparison of Rates of Psychiatric Disorders Between Samples
The rate of DSM-IV-TR classified psychiatric disorders present in the entire sample (73.3%) and in the TA and Geneva samples are presented in Table 1. Significantly more subjects from the TA sample were diagnosed with any type of DSM-IV-TR disorder (81.4 % versus 65.1%, p < .05), OCD (24.4% versus 7.0%, p = .001), dysthymic disorder (16.3% versus 7.0%), and ADHD (43.0% versus 25.4%, p < .05) compared with the Geneva sample. There were no significant differences between TA and Geneva samples in
Discussion
The VCFS psychiatric phenotype has been the focus of numerous research studies in recent years. Yet, to our knowledge, this is the first report using a sample of this size that covers childhood to young adulthood and reports psychiatric phenotype from two cohorts with different cultural backgrounds. The rate of most psychiatric disorders was found to be relatively comparable in the two samples, although ADHD and OCD were more prevalent in the TA sample. The large sample size also allowed for
References (51)
- et al.
ADHD, major depressive disorder, and simple phobias are prevalent psychiatric conditions in youth with velocardiofacial syndrome
J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry
(2006) - et al.
Psychotic symptoms in children and adolescents with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: neuropsychological and behavioral implications
Schizophr Res
(2006) - et al.
Temporal perception in velo-cardio-facial syndrome
Neuropsychologia
(2005) - et al.
Psychiatric disorders and behavioral problems in children with velocardiofacial syndrome: useful-ness as phenotypic indicators of schizophrenia risk
Biol Psychiatry
(2002) - et al.
Neuropsychiatric disorders in the 22q11 deletion syndrome
Genet Med
(2001) - et al.
IQ stabilization in childhoodonset schizophrenia
Schizophr Res
(2005) - et al.
Developmental trajectories of brain structure in adolescents with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: a longitudinal study
Schizophr Res
(2007) - et al.
Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL): initial reliability and validity data
J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry
(1997) - et al.
Thought disorder in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry
(2001) - et al.
Residential independence of former special education high school students: a second look
Res Dev Disabil
(1998)
Language skills in children with velocardiofacial syndrome (deletion 22q11.2)
J Pediatr
Thought disorder in childhood schizophrenia: replication and update of concept
J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry
Formal thought disorder and psychopathology in pediatric primary generalized and complex partial epilepsy
J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry
Congenital absence of the thymus
Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med
A new syndrome involving cleft palate, cardiac anomalies, typical facies, and learning disabilities: velo-cardio-facial syndrome
Cleft Palate J
Molecular analysis of velo-cardio-facial syndrome patients with psychiatric disorders
Am J Hum Genet
A population-based study of the 22q11.2 deletion: phenotype, incidence, and contribution to major birth defects in the population
Pediatrics
Velocardiofacial manifestations and microdeletions in schizophrenic inpatients
Am J Med Genet
22q11 deletion syndrome in adults with schizophrenia
Am J Med Genet
Velo-cardio-facial syndrome: a distinctive behavioral phenotype
Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev
Velo-cardio-facial syndrome: Implications of microdeletion 22q11 for schizophrenia and mood disorders
Am J Med Genet
Adolescents and young adults with 22q11 deletion syndrome: psychopathology in an at-risk group
Br J Psychiatry
Autism spectrum disorders and symptoms in children with molecularly confirmed 22q11.2 deletion syndrome
J Autism Dev Disord
Obsessive-compulsive disorder in patients with velocardiofacial (22q11 deletion) syndrome
Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet
High rates of schizophrenia in adults with velo-cardio-facial syndrome
Arch Gen Psychiatry
Cited by (243)
The contribution of medical burden to 22q11.2 deletion syndrome quality of life and functioning
2023, Genetics in MedicineUpdated clinical practice recommendations for managing children with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome
2023, Genetics in MedicineNeurodevelopmental outcome, developmental trajectories, and management in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome
2022, The Chromosome 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Diagnosis and Treatment
This work was funded by the Basil O'Connor Starter Scholar Research Award of the March of Dimes (grant no. 5-FY06-590), National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression (NARSAD) Young Investigator Award, and the National Institute for Psychobiology in Israel, founded by the Charles E. Smith family (D.G.). Data collection in Geneva was supported by a Swiss National Fund for Research to SE (PP00B-102864), as well as grants from the Eagle Foundation, the NARSAD, and the Fondation Handicap Mental & Société.
The authors thank Lea Matasci and Catherine Pasca for the time and energy they put into organizing and sorting the Geneva data.
This article is the subject of an editorial by Dr. Carl Feinstein in this issue.
- *
Drs. Green and Gothelf contributed equally to this article.