Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
Parent-Reported Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptomatology and Sleep Problems in a Preschool-Age Pediatric Clinic Sample
Section snippets
Method
We examined the association between ADHD and sleep problems using a screen-stratified sample of preschool-age children who are representative of the larger population of children attending primary care pediatric services. This sample was initially derived to provide a 1-week test-retest reliability evaluation of the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment (PAPA), a structured parent-report psychiatric interview about preschool-age children. Results relevant to the reliability and validity of the
PAPA
The PAPA is a parent-report interviewer-based structured psychiatric assessment involving a range of mandatory questions and probes, supplemented by further detailed exploratory probing to ensure that the ratings appropriately represent the child's problems.16 When symptoms (e.g., restlessness) were reported, their frequency, duration, and onset dates were also collected for a 3-month primary period to determine whether they met the criteria for the symptoms of various DSM-IV diagnoses. Symptom
Results
Weighted descriptive statistics for all symptom count, as well as sleep outcome, variables for the entire sample are provided in Table 2. Although the mean number of symptoms and sleep problems was relatively low, the full range of behaviors was observed for each variable.
Discussion
Although there has been interest in the association between ADHD and sleep problems for nearly 4 decades, it has been only relatively recently that researchers have attended to the common methodological shortcomings of earlier studies, including improved measurement of both ADHD and sleep outcomes, as well as the incorporation of an appropriate range of covariates (especially psychiatric comorbidity and medication status). The results of this study demonstrated that although there were
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2016, Journal of Psychiatric ResearchCitation Excerpt :Second, neither study included a measure of daytime sleepiness. Daytime sleepiness specifically has been hypothesized to be redundant with SCT (Willoughby et al., 2008), and empirical research with adults indicates that SCT is more strongly associated with daytime sleepiness as compared to other domains of sleep (Becker et al., 2014b). There is a clear need for studies that examine the relation between SCT and daytime sleepiness in pediatric samples, particularly since separate lines of research have shown both SCT (Becker et al., 2016; Bernad et al., 2015; Langberg et al., 2014a; Lee et al., 2015; Willcutt et al., 2014) and daytime sleepiness (Bruni et al., 2006; Dewald et al., 2010; Langberg et al., 2013, 2014c; Meijer, 2008) to be associated with poorer academic functioning.
Sleep and neurocognitive functioning in children with eczema
2013, International Journal of PsychophysiologyCitation Excerpt :A frequently reported symptom in children with eczema is disturbed sleep typically characterised by poor sleep initiation and frequent and prolonged awakenings, which are thought to be related to nocturnal itching and the subsequent scratch response (Bartlet et al., 1997; Chamlin et al., 2005a, 2005b; Dahl et al., 1995; Daud et al., 1993; Emerson et al., 2000; Fennessy et al., 2000; Lawson et al., 1995; Long et al., 1993; Monti et al., 1989; Reid and Lewis-Jones, 1995; Reuveni et al., 1999; Stores et al., 1998). In otherwise healthy children, disturbed sleep has been associated with behavioural deficits (e.g., hyperactivity, aggression, anxiety, etc.) (Buckhalt et al., 2009; Hiscock et al., 2007; Huang et al., 2004; O'Brien et al., 2003; Owens et al., 2000; Sadeh et al., 2002; Willoughby et al., 2008) and reduced neurocognitive performance (e.g., lower IQ, impaired memory, reduced academic performance, reduced attentional capacity, etc.) (Buckhalt et al., 2009; Hiscock et al., 2007; Randazzo et al., 1998; Sadeh et al., 2002). In children with eczema, disturbed sleep has also been associated with behavioural deficits (e.g., irritability, oppositional behaviour and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) (Camfferman et al., 2010a; Dahl et al., 1995; Romanos et al., 2010) but to date, its impact on neurocognitive performance is unknown.
This research was supported by National Institute of Mental Health grant MH63670 (to A.A.).