Skip to main content
Log in

Effectiveness of MASTR EMDR Therapy for Traumatized Adolescents

  • Practice
  • Published:
Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study examined MASTR/EMDR, a trauma-focused treatment for traumatized youth taken in charge by youth protective services. Participants were 40 adolescents who were exhibiting conduct problems and internalizing and externalizing behaviors and who had been exposed to maltreatment. Participants were randomly assigned to MASTR/EMDR treatment or to a routine care condition. Self-report questionnaires and semistructured interviews were administered to participants and one of their parents/caregivers at three points in time: pretreatment, post treatment (12 weeks), and follow-up (12 weeks). Repeated measures analyses of covariance showed that participants in the experimental group had significant improvements in their trauma symptoms and behavioral problems compared with the control group at the posttreat-ment evaluation. These effects were maintained at a 3-month follow-up. Results support the effectiveness of MASTR/EMDR.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Achenbach, T. M. (1991a). Integrative guide for the 1991 CBCL/4-18, YSR, and TRF profiles. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.

    Google Scholar 

  • Achenbach, T. M. (1991b). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/4-18 and 1991 Profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont Department of Psychiatry.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text revision). Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Association des Centres Jeunesse du Québec. (2001). Signalements, interventions et services dans l'ensemble des centres jeunesse du Quebec [Reports, interventions and services in youth protective services in Quebec]. Québec, Canada: Gouvernement du Québec.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bilaver, L. A., Kienberger Jaudes, P., Koepke, D., & George, R. M. (1999). The health of children in foster care. Social Service Review, 73, 401–420.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bisson, J., & Andrew, M. (2007). Psychological treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 2. (Art. No. CD003388). doi: 10.100214651858.CD003388.pub3. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15846661

    Google Scholar 

  • Blome, W. (1997). What happens to foster kids: Educational experiences of a random sample of foster care youth a matched group of nonfoster care youth. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 14, 41–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boney-McCoy, S., & Finkelhor, D. (1995). Psychosocial sequelae of violent maltreatment in a national youth sample. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 726–736.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Briere, J. (1989). Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSC-C). Los Angeles, CA: University of Southern California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Briere, J. (1996). Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSC-C) professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Resources, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chemtob, C. M., Nakashima, J., & Carlson, J. G. (2002). Brief treatment for elementary school children with disaster-related posttraumatic stress disorder: A field study. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58, 99–112.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. L. (2005). Child maltreatment. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 409–438.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cocco, N., & Sharpe, L. (1993). An auditory variant of eye movement desensitization in a case of childhood post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 24, 373–377.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J. (1998). Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 4S–26S.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P., & Deblinger, E. (Eds.). (2006). Treating trauma and traumatic grief in children and adolescents (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Datta, P. C., & Wallace, J. (1996, November). Enhancement of victim empathy along with reduction in anxiety and increase of positive cognition of sex offenders after treatment with EMDR. Paper presented at the EMDR International Association, Denver, CO.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Roos, C., Greenwald, R., de Jongh, A., & Noorthoorn, E. (2008). A controlled comparison of CBT and EMDR for disaster-exposed children. Manuscript submitted for publication.

    Google Scholar 

  • Desmond, K. R., & Gould, C. L. (1985). Foster care for child maltreatment: Impact on delinquent behavior. Pediatrics, 75, 562–568.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E., & Pettit, G. S. (1990). Mechanisms in the cycle of violence. Science, 250, 1678–1683.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dutra, L., Campbell, L., & Westen, D. (2004). Quantifying clinical judgment in the assessment of adolescent psychopathology: Reliability, validity, and factor structure of the Child Behavior Checklist for clinician report. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 65–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Flisher, A. J., Kramer, R., Hoven, C., Greenwald, S., Alegria, M., Bird, H., … Moore, R. (1997). Psychosocial characteristics of physically abused children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 123–131.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ford, J. D., Racusin, R., Daviss, W. B., Ellis, C. G., Thomas, J., Rogers, K., … Sengupta, A. (1999). Trauma exposure among children with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 786–789.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ford, J. D., Racusin, R., Ellis, C. G., Daviss, W. B., Reiser, J., Fleisher, A., & Thomas, J. (2000). Child maltreatment, other trauma exposure, and posttraumatic symptomatology among children with oppositional defiant and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders. Child Maltreatment, 5, 205–217.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Friedrich, W. N., Jaworski, T. M., Huxsahl, J. E., & Bengtson, B. S. (1997). Dissociative and sexual behaviors in children and adolescents with sexual abuse and psychiatric histories. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 12, 155–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenwald, R. (1994). Applying eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) to the treatment of traumatized children: Five case studies. Anxiety Disorders Practice Journal, 1, 83–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenwald, R. (1999). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in child and adolescent psychotherapy. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenwald, R. (2000). A trauma-focused individual therapy approach for adolescents with conduct disorder. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 44, 146–163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenwald, R. (2002a). Motivation-adaptive skills-trauma resolution (MASTR) therapy for adolescents with CPs: An open trial. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment, and Trauma, 6, 237–261.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenwald, R. (2002b). The role of trauma in conduct disorder. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment, and Trauma, 6, 5–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenwald, R. (2004, September). Child trauma measures for research and practice. Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenwald, R. (2009). Treating problem behaviors. New York, NY: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenwald, R., & Rubin, A. (1999). Brief assessment of children's post-traumatic symptoms: Development and preliminary validation of parent and child scales. Research on Social Work Practice, 9, 61–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenwald, R., Rubin, A., Russell, A. M., & O’Connor, M. B. (2002, November). Brief assessment of children’s and adolescents’ trauma/loss exposure. Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Baltimore, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenwald, R., Satin, M. S., Azubuike, A. A. A., Borgen, R., & Rubin, A. (2001, December). Trauma-informed multi-component treatment for juvenile delinquents: Preliminary findings. Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, New Orleans, LA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heide, K. M., & Solomon, E. P. (2006) Biology, childhood trauma, and murder: Rethinking justice. International Journal of Law & Psychiatry, 29, 220–233.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jaberghaderi, N., Greenwald, R., Rubin, A., Zand, S. O., & Dolatabadi, S. (2004). A comparison of CBT and EMDR for sexually-abused Iranian girls. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 11, 358–368.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jonson-Reid, M. (1998). Youth violence and exposure to violence in childhood: An ecological review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 3, 159–179.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jouvin, E. (2000). Validation française de l’échelle traumatique de Briere [French validation of Briere’s trauma scale]. Unpublished manuscript, Université de Montréal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman, J. G., & Widom, C. S. (1999). Childhood victimization, running away, and delinquency. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 36, 347–370.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kazdin, A. E. (1997). Practitioner review: Psychosocial treatments for conduct disorder in children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 161–178.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kazdin, A. E. (2005). Parent management training: Treatment for oppositional, aggressive, and antisocial behavior in children and adolescents. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kortenkamp, K., & Ehrle, J. (2002). The well-being of children involved with the child welfare system: A national overview (Policy Brief B-43). Washington, DC: The Urban Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lanktree, C. B., & Briere, J. (1995). Outcome of therapy for sexually abused children: A repeated measures study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 19, 1145–1155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leventhal, J. M. (2003). ‘The battered-child syndrome’ 40 years later. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 8, 543–545.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Margolin, G., & Gordis, E. B. (2000). The effects of family and community violence on children. Annual Review of Psychology/Annual Review, 51, 445–479.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell, J. P. (2003). The imprint of childhood physical and emotional abuse: A case study on the use of EMDR to address anxiety and a lack of self-esteem. Journal of Family Violence, 18, 281–293.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Merry, S., & Andrews. L. (1994). Psychiatric status of sexually abused children 12 months after disclosure of abuse. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33, 939–944.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, W. R. (1996). Motivational interviewing: Research, practice, and puzzles. Addictive Behaviors, 21, 835–842.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Newton, R., Litrownik, A., & Landsverk, J. (2000). Children and youth in foster care: Disentangling the relationship between problem behaviors and number of placements. Child Abuse & Neglect, 24, 1363–1374.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pellicer, X. (1993). Eye movement desensitization treatment of a child’s nightmares: A case report. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 24, 73–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Puffer, M. K., Greenwald, R., & Elrod, D. E. (1998). A single session EMDR study with twenty traumatized children and adolescents. Traumatology, 3, Article 6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reebye, P., Moretti, M. M., Wiebe, V. J., & Lessard, J. C. (2000). Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in adolescents with conduct disorder: Sex differences and onset patterns. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 45, 746–751.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, A., Bischofshausen, S., Conroy-Moore, K., Dennis, B., Hastie, M., Melnick, L., … Smith, T. (2001). The effectiveness of EMDR in a child guidance center. Research on Social Work Practice, 11, 435–457.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scheck, M. M., Schaeffer, J. A., & Gillette, C. S. (1998). Brief psychological intervention with traumatized young women: The efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 11, 25–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwab-Stone, M. E., Shaffer, D., Dulcan, M. K., Jensen, P. S., Fisher, P., Bird, H. R., & Rae, D. S. (1996). Criterion validity of the NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version 2.3 (DISC-2.3). Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 878–888.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seubert, A. (2005). EMDR with clients with mental disability: The heart with a door. In R. Shapiro (Ed.), EMDR solutions: Pathways to healing (pp. 293–311). New York, NY: Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaffer, D., Fisher, P., Lucas, C. P., Dulcan, M. K., & Schwab-Stone, M. E. (2000). NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version IV (NIMH DISC-IV): Description, differences from previous versions, and reliability of some common diagnoses. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 28–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, F. (2001). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Basic principles, protocols, and procedures (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, F., & Maxfield, L. (2003). EMDR and information processing in psychotherapy treatment: Personal development and global implications. In M. F. Solomon & D. J. Siegel (Eds.), Healing trauma: Attachment, mind, body, and brain (pp. 196–220). New York, NY: Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sirles, E. A., Smith, J. A., & Kusama, H. (1989). Psychiatric status of intrafamilial child sexual abuse victims. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 225–229.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Soberman, G. B., Greenwald, R., & Rule, D. L. (2002). A controlled study of eye movement desensi-tization and reprocessing (EMDR) for boys with CPs. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment, and Trauma, 6, 217–236.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sommers-Flanagan, J., & Sommers-Flanagan, R. (1995). Psychotherapeutic techniques with treatment-resistant adolescents. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 32, 131–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stauffer, L. B., & Deblinger, E. (1996). Cognitive behavioral groups for nonoffending mothers and their young sexually abused children: A preliminary treatment outcome study. Child Maltreatment, 1, 65–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taussig, H., Clyman, R. B., & Landsverk, J. (2001). Children who return home from foster care: A 6-year prospective study of behavioral health outcomes in adolescence. Pediatrics, 108, 62–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, S. E., Pham, L. B., Rivkin, I. D., & Armor, D. A. (1998). Harnessing the imagination: Mental stimulation, self-regulation, and coping. American Psychologist, 53, 429–439.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tourigny, M., Mayer, M., Wright, J., Lavergne, C., Trocme, N., Hélie, S., Larrivée, M. C. (2003). Quebec incidence study of reported child abuse, neglect, abandonment and serious behaviour problems (QIS), highlights and final report. Montreal, Canada: Centre de liaison sur l’intervention et la prévention psychosociale (CLIPP).

    Google Scholar 

  • Trocmé, N., & Wolfe, D. (2001). Canadian incidence study of reported child abuse and neglect: Selected results. Ottawa, Canada: Health Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tufnell, G. (2005). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the treatment of pre-adolescent children with post-traumatic symptoms. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 10, 587–900.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Veltman, M. W., & Browne, K. D., (2001). Three decades of child maltreatment research. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 2, 215–239.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wanders, F., Serra, M., & de Jongh, A. (2008). EMDR versus CBT for children with self-esteem and behavioral problems: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2, 180–189.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weine, S., Becker, D., Levy, K., Edell, W., & McGlashan, T. (1997). Childhood trauma histories in adolescent inpatients. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 10, 291–298.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wherry, J. N., Dawes, M., Rost, K., Smith, G., Jolly, J., Vaught, L., & Hudson, R. (1992). Concurrent validity of the Child Behavior Checklist as completed by staff in residential treatment settings. Residential Treatment for Children & Youth, 10, 35–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Widom, C. S., Schuck, A. M., & White, H. R. (2006). An examination of pathways from childhood victimization to violence: The role of early aggression and problematic alcohol use. Violence and Victims, 21, 675–690.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mireille Cyr.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Farkas, L., Cyr, M., Lebeau, T.M. et al. Effectiveness of MASTR EMDR Therapy for Traumatized Adolescents. Journ Child Adol Trauma 3, 125–142 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1080/19361521003761325

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19361521003761325

Keywords

Navigation