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Abstract
This study examines protective factors for young adult alcohol use disorders, depression, and comorbid alcohol use disorders and depression. Participants were recruited from all fifth-grade students attending 18 Seattle elementary schools. Of the 1,053 students eligible, 808 (77%) agreed to participate. Youths were surveyed when they were 10 years old in 1985 and followed to age 21 years in 1996 (95% retention). Protective factors were measured at age 14 years. Young adult disorders were assessed with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Alcohol refusal skills, academic skills, school and family bonding, parental rewards, school rewards, and family cohesion at age 14 years were associated with decreased risk for comorbidity at age 21 years.
This research was supported by grants #R24MH56587-06 from the National Institute of Mental Health, #1R01DA09679-11 and #9R01DA021426-08 from the National Institute on Drug Abuse, and #21548 from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily reflect the official views of the funding agencies.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Prevention Research (June 2004) in Quebec City. We thank Heather S. Lonczak and Jie Guo for their valuable contributions to a previous version of the manuscript. A portion of this manuscript was completed while the first author was at the University of Washington.
Notes
Note: 95% confidence intervals are provided in parentheses. Separate regression equations were conducted for each SDM protective factor, controlling for gender and baseline measures of anxious/depressive symptoms, alcohol and other drug problems, and gender.
*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.