Issues in Pulmonary CareEffects of music therapy on anxiety in ventilator-dependent patients*
Section snippets
Methodology
This study used a pretest/post-test crossover experimental repeated measures design. A nonprobability convenience sampling was used to recruit subjects. Subjects were recruited in the intensive care unit (22 beds) of a hospital in Hong Kong. Patients were identified daily in the unit, and eligibility was decided in consultation with the staff nurses. Inclusion criteria were that the persons be Chinese and meet the following requirements: (a) understood Cantonese or English, (b) aged 18 to 85
Data analysis
Data were analyzed by using SPSS-PC software (version 9.0 for Windows). Descriptive analyses were used to summarize the data. Paired-samples t tests were used to detect any significant differences in the baseline data of each intervention (ie, state anxiety score, mean blood pressure value, respiratory rate). To examine the effects of the interventions on subjects' state anxiety immediately after interventions, paired t tests were also used to test for any significant differences between
Demographic characteristics
As shown in Table I, the sample consisted of 20 Chinese subjects—15 men and 5 women.Their ages ranged from 19 to 84 years (mean, 58.25 years; SD, 15.53). Of the 20 subjects who participated in this study, 18 were married and 2 were single. More than half of the subjects (n = 12) had no religious beliefs, 5 were Buddhists, and 3 were Christians. Most of them were primary school graduates (n = 12), 5 were secondary school graduates, and 3 were illiterate with no formal school education. Nearly
Discussion
Music therapy, a noninvasive nursing intervention, reduced state anxiety among mechanically ventilated subjects in this study. Although both music therapy and rest conditions indicated reduced post-test anxiety scores, subjects in the experimental condition (music therapy) experienced significantly greater reduction in state anxiety score compared with subjects who undertook the control condition (rest). These results are consistent with previous literature.18, 20, 23
On the other hand, the
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Reprint requests: Violeta Lopez-Nahas, RN, PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Nursing, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China.