Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A New Measure of the Expanded Present Time Perspective

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Time Perspective

Abstract

Increased attention has been focused on the experience of an expanded present time perspective, but there has been no assessment tool to measure this particular time orientation. An established measure of time perspective, the ZTPI, assesses only two present-oriented perspectives: Present-Hedonistic and Present-Fatalistic. Two studies were conducted to develop and validate a third ZTPI subscale of Present-Expanded. This subscale is distinct from the two other present-oriented subscales, and also has clear relationships with measures of related constructs such as mindfulness, openness to experience, life satisfaction, and emotional intelligence. This new scale can be used in both research and personal practice.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adshead, G. (2013). The time of our lives: Psychological disorders, time perception and the practice of mindfulness. European Journal of Psychotherapy and Counseling, 15(2), 139–150. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642537.2013.795337

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berg, M., & Seeber, B. (2016). The slow professor: Challenging the cult of speed in the academy. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boniwell, L., & Zimbardo, P. (2003). Balancing time perspective in pursuit of optimal functioning. In P. A. Linley & S. Joseph (Eds.), Positive psychology in practice (pp. 165–179). Hoboken: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 822–848.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, K. W., Ryan, R. M., & Creswell, J. D. (2007). Mindfulness: Theoretical foundations and evidence for its salutary effects. Psychological Inquiry, 18(4), 211–237.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buckley, R. (2014). Slow time perception can be learned. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 209. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00209

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1998). Finding flow. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham, K. F., Zhang, J. W., & Howell, R. T. (2015). Time perspective and subjective well-being: A dual-pathway framework. In M. Stolarski, N. Fieulaine, & W. von Beek (Eds.), Time perspective theory; Review, research and application (pp. 403–415). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, R. J., Kabat-Zinn, J., Schumacher, J., Rosenkranz, M., Muller, D., Santorelli, S. F., & Sheridan, J. F. (2003). Alterations in brain and immune function produced by mindfulness meditation. Psychosomatic Medicine, 65(4), 564–570.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Graaf, J. (2003). Take back your time: Fighting overwork and time poverty in America. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diener, E. D., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gosling, S. D., Rentfrow, P. J., & Swann, W. B. (2003). A very brief measure of the Big-Five personality domains. Journal of Research in Personality, 37(6), 504–528.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hahn, T. N. (1987). Interbeing: Fourteen guidelines for engaged Buddhism. Berkeley: Parallax Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hahn, T. N. (2005). Being peace. Berkeley: Parallax Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, P. A., Fong, G. T., & Sansone, G. (2015). Time perspective as a predictor of healthy behaviors and disease-mediating states. In M. Stolarski, N. Fieulaine, & W. von Beek (Eds.), Time perspective theory; Review, research and application (pp. 339–352). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Honoré, C. (2004). In praise of slow: How a worldwide movement is challenging the cult of speed. Great Britain: Orion Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, D. H. (1995). Bone, breath and gesture: Practices of embodiment. Berkeley: North Atlantic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kabat-Zinn, J. (1994). Wherever you go, there you are: Mindfulness meditation in everyday life. New York: Hyperion.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kabat-Zinn, J. (2005). Coming to our senses: Healing ourselves and the world through mindfulness. New York: Hyperion.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kairys, K., & Liniauskaite, A. (2015). Time perspective and personality. In M. Stolarski, N. Fieulaine, & W. von Beek (Eds.), Time perspective theory; Review, research and application (pp. 99–113). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keltner, D., & Haidt, J. (2003). Approaching awe, a moral, spiritual, and aesthetic emotion. Cognition & Emotion, 17(2), 297–314.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klicperova-Baker, M., Kost’al, J., & Vinopal, J. (2015). Time perspective in consumer behavior. In M. Stolarski, N. Fieulaine, & W. von Beek (Eds.), Time perspective theory; Review, research and application (pp. 353–383). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornfield, J. (1993). A path with heart: A guide through the promises and perils of spiritual life. New York: Bantam Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kramer, R. S. S., Weger, U. W., & Sharma, D. (2013). The effect of mindfulness meditation on time perception. Consciousness and Cognition: An International Journal, 22(3), 846–852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2013.05.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Langer, E. J. (2014). Mindfulness (25th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Perseus Books and Da Capo Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levine, S. (1998). A year to live: How to live this year as if it were your last. New York: Bell Tower.

    Google Scholar 

  • Menzies, H. (2005). No time: Stress and the crisis of modern life. Vancouver, BC, Canada: Douglas & McIntyre.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mikulak, A. (2015). All about awe: Science explores how life’s small marvels elevate cognition and emotion. Association for Psychological Science Observer, 28(4), 16–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milfont, T. L., Bain, P. G., Souza, R. V. L., Gouveia, V. V., & Kashima, Y. (2014). Examining how projections about the future of society are related to present-day climate change action. PSICO, 45(3), 359–368.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Milfont, T. L., & Demarque, C. (2015). Understanding environmental issues with temporal lenses: Issues of temporality and individual differences. In M. Stolarski, N. Fieulaine, & W. von Beek (Eds.), Time perspective theory; Review, research and application (pp. 371–384). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petrides, K. V. (2009). Psychometric properties of the trait emotional intelligence questionnaire (TEIQue). In C. Stough, D. Staklofske, & J. Parker (Eds.), Assessing emotional intelligence: Theory, research and applications (pp. 85–101). Springer US.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petrides, K. V., & Furnham, A. (2006). The role of trait emotional intelligence in a gender-specific model of organizational variables. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36(2), 552–569.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rudd, M., Vohs, K. D., & Aaker, J. (2012). Awe enhances well-being, expands time perception, and alters decision making. Psychological Science, 23(10), 1130–1136.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sircova, A., van de Vijver, F. J., Osin, E., Milfont, T. L., Fieulaine, N., Kislali-Erginbilgic, A., & Davydova, I. (2014). A global look at time a 24-country study of the equivalence of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory. Sage Open, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244013515686

  • Sobol-Kwapinska, M., Jankowski, T., & Przepiorka, A. (2015). What do we gain by adding time perspective to mindfulness? Carpe Diem and mindfulness in a temporal framework. Personality and Individual Differences, 93, 112–117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stolarski, M., Fieulaine, N., & van Beek, W. (2015). Time perspective theory: Review, research and application. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stolarski, M., Wiberg, B., & Osin, E. (2015). Assessing balanced harmony: The issue of a balanced time perspective. In M. Stolarski, N. Fieulaine, & W. van Beek (Eds.), Time perspective theory; Review, research and application (pp. 57–72). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sucala, M., & David, D. (2013). Mindful about time in a fast forward world: The effects of mindfulness exercise on time perception. Erdélyi Pszichológiai Szemle, 14(2), 243–253.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vowinckel, J. C., Westerhof, G. J., Bohlmeijer, E. T., & Webster, J. D. (2015). Flourishing in the now: Initial validation of a present-eudaimonic time perspective scale. Time & Society. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X15577277

  • Walach, H., Buchheld, N., Buttenmüller, V., Kleinknecht, N., & Schmidt, S. (2006). Measuring mindfulness—The Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI). Personality and Individual Differences, 40(8), 1543–1555.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ware, B. (2012). The top five regrets of the dying: A life transformed by the dearly departing. London: Hay House, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, J. W., & Howell, R. T. (2011). Do time perspectives predict unique variance and life satisfaction beyond personality traits? Personality and Individual Differences, 50(8), 1261–1266.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (1999). Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individual-differences metric. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(6), 1271–1288.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (2008). The time paradox: The new psychology of time that will change your life. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. California Institute of Integral Studies, San Francisco, CA, USA

    Zara M. Zimbardo

  2. Brown University, Providence, RI, USA

    Rose McDermott

  3. Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA

    Philip G. Zimbardo

Authors
  1. Zara M. Zimbardo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Rose McDermott
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Philip G. Zimbardo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Philosophy, Department of Psychology, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia

    Aleksandra Kostić

  2. Department of Behavioural Sciences and ANSA McAL Psychological Research Centre, Faculty of Social Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago

    Derek Chadee

Copyright information

© 2017 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Zimbardo, Z.M., McDermott, R., Zimbardo, P.G. (2017). A New Measure of the Expanded Present Time Perspective. In: Kostić, A., Chadee, D. (eds) Time Perspective. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-60191-9_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation