Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Original Article
  • Published:

Quality of Life

Translation and validation of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–Bone Marrow Transplant (FACT-BMT) Version 4 quality of life instrument into traditional Chinese

Bone Marrow Transplantation volume 29, pages 41–49 (2002)Cite this article

Abstract

The need for a culturally sensitive instrument to assess quality of life (QOL) of patients in international oncology clinical trials has been well documented. This study was designed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the traditional Chinese translation (TCHI) of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–Bone Marrow Transplant (FACT-BMT) Version 4. The FACT-BMT consists of the FACT-General and treatment-specific concerns of bone marrow transplantation. The Chinese translation follows the standard Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT) translation methodology. Bilingual teams from the United States and Hong Kong reviewed the translation to develop a provisional TCHI FACT-BMT, which was then pre-tested by interviewing 20 native Chinese-speaking BMT patients in Hong Kong. The pre-test results indicated good content coverage and overall comprehensibility. A refined translation, taking into account patient comments, was validated by 134 BMT patients in Hong Kong. The results indicated the high internal consistency of the TCHI FACT-BMT scales, with Cronbach's alpha coefficients ranging from 0.71 (emotional well-being) to 0.92 (FACT-BMT total). The FACT-BMT also demonstrated good construct validity when correlated with SF-36 Health Survey scales. The QOL of Chinese BMT patients can now be evaluated using a well-validated international QOL instrument in their own language.

Bone Marrow Transplantation (2002) 29, 41–49. doi:10.1038/sj.bmt.1703313

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Buy this article

  • Purchase on Springer Link
  • Instant access to full article PDF
Buy now

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Cella DF, Cherin EA . Quality of life during and after cancer treatment Compr Ther 1988 4: 69 75

    Google Scholar 

  2. Cella DF . Measuring quality of life in palliative care Semin Oncol 1995 22 (Suppl. 3): 73 81

    Google Scholar 

  3. Cella DF, Tulsky DS, Gray G et al. The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACT) Scale: development and validation of the general measure J Clin Oncol 1993 11: 570 579

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Cella DF, Bonomi AE . Measuring quality of life today: 1995 update Oncology 1995 9: 47 60

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Fife BL, Huster GA, Cornetta KG et al. Longitudinal study of adaptation to the stress of bone marrow transplantation J Clin Oncol 2000 18: 1539 1549

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Zittoun R, Sucius S, Watson M et al. Quality of life in patients with acute myelogenous leukaemia in prolonged first complete remission after bone marrow transplantation (allogeneic or autologous) or chemotherapy: a cross-sectional study of the EORTIC-GIMEMA AML 8A trial Bone Marrow Transplant 1997 20: 307 315

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. McQuellon R, Russell GB, Cella DF et al. Quality of life measurement in bone marrow transplantation: development of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Bone Marrow Transplant (FACT-BMT) scale Bone Marrow Transplant 1997 19: 357 368

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Aaronson N, Ahemedzai S, Bergman B et al. The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QLO-C30: a quality-of-life instrument for use in international clinical trials in oncology J Natl Cancer Inst 1993 85: 365 376

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Fox-Rushby JA, Parker M . Accounting for culture in the measurement of health-related quality of life Qual Life Res 1994 3: 41 45

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Kopp M, Schweigkofler H, Holzner B et al. Time after bone marrow transplantation as an important variable for quality of life: results of a cross-sectional investigation using two different instruments for quality of life assessment Ann Hematol 1998 77: 27 32

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Kopp M, Schweigkofler H, Holzner B et al. EORTC QLO-C30 and FACT-BMT for the measurement of quality of life in bone marrow transplant recipients: a comparison Eur J Haematol 2000 65: 97 103

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. McQuellon RP, Russell GB, Rambo TD et al. Quality of life and psychological distress of bone marrow transplant recipients: the ‘time trajectory’ to recovery over the first year Bone Marrow Transplant 1998 21: 477 486

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Cella DF, Hernandez L, Bonomi AE et al. Spanish language translation and initial validation of the Functional Assessment of Cancer therapy (FACT) Quality of life instrument Med Care 1998 36: 1407 1418

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Bonomi AE, Cella DF, Hahn EA et al. Multilingual translation of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACT) quality of life measurement system Qual Life Res 1996 5: 1 12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Cella DF . Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT) Measurement System Manual Version 4 Center on Outcomes, Research and Education (CORE): Evanston Northwestern Healthcare and Northwestern University, IL 1997

    Google Scholar 

  16. Yu CL, Fielding R, Chan CL et al. Measuring quality of life of Chinese cancer patients: a validation of the Chinese version of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–General (FACT-G) Scale Cancer 2000 8: 1715 1727

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Rubin A, Babbie E . Research Methods for Social Work, 4th edn Wadsworth: Belmont, USA 2001 pp 254 and 590 591

  18. Lent L, Hahn E, Eremenco S et al. Using cross-cultural input to adapt the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT) scales Acta Oncol 1999 38: 695 702

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Lo AY, Hedley AJ, Pei GK et al. Doctor shopping in Hong Kong: implications for quality of care Int J Qual Health Care 1994 6: 371 381

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Bond MH . Beyond the Chinese Face: Insights from Psychology Oxford University Press: Hong Kong 1991

    Google Scholar 

  21. Vernon PE . The Abilities and Achievements of Orientals in North America Academic Press: New York 1982

    Google Scholar 

  22. Zheng LX . The Problems of Chinese Script Reform [in Chinese] Xin Jianshe Zazhishe: Beijing 1952

    Google Scholar 

  23. Wang K . How to Carry Out Writing Reform [in Chinese] Hubei Renmin Chubanshe: Wuhan 1956

    Google Scholar 

  24. Chen SH . Language and literature under communism. In: Wu YL (ed.). China: A Handbook Prager: New York 1973 pp 705 735

  25. Lehmann WP . Language and Linguistics in the People's Republic of China University of Texas Press: Austin 1975

    Google Scholar 

  26. Freeman NH, Habermann GM . Linguistic Socialization: a Chinese perspective. In: Bond MC (ed.). The Handbook of Chinese Psychology Oxford University Press: Hong Kong 1996 pp 79 92

  27. Brislin RW . Translation and content analysis of oral and written materials. In: Triandis HC, Berry JW (eds). Handbook of Cross-Cultural Psychology, Vol. 2 Allyn and Bacon: Boston 1980 pp 389 444

  28. Ware JE, Snow KK, Kosinski M et al. SF-36 Health Survey-Manual and Interpretation Guide The Health Institute: Boston, MA 1993

    Google Scholar 

  29. Lam CLK, Lauder IJ, Lam TP et al. Population based norming of the Chinese (HK) version of the SF-36 health survey Hong Kong Practitioner 1999 21: 460 470

    Google Scholar 

  30. Lam CLK, Gandek B, Ren XS et al. Tests of scaling assumptions and construct validity of the Chinese (HK) Version of the SF-36 health survey J Clin Epidemiol 1998 51: 1139 1147

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Sutherland HJ, Fyles GM, Adams G et al. Quality of life following bone marrow transplantation: a comparison of patients report with population norms Bone Marrow Transplant 1997 19: 1129 1136

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Osaba D . Guidelines for measuring health-related quality of life in clinical trials. In: Staquet, MJ, Hays RD, Fayers PM (eds). Quality of Life Assessment in Clinical Trials: Methods and Practice Oxford University Press: Oxford 1998 pp 19 35

  33. Chen P . Modern Chinese History and Sociolinguistics Cambridge University Press: Cambridge 1999 pp 3 and 159 60

    Book  Google Scholar 

  34. Diener E, Suh E . Measuring subjective well-being to compare the quality of life of cultures. In: Diener E, Suh E (eds). Culture and Subjective Well-being Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Boston, MA 2000 pp 3 12

  35. Suh E . Self, the hyphen between culture and subjective well-being. In: Diener E, Suh E (eds). Culture and Subjective Well-being Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Boston, MA 2000 pp 63 86

  36. Lee KT . The Mental Structure of Koreans [in Korean] Shinwon Culture Press: Seoul 1992

    Google Scholar 

  37. Yoon TR . The Koreans, their culture and personality. In: Yoon G, Chor SC (eds). Psychology of the Korean People: Collectivism and Individualism Dong-A: Seoul 1994 pp 15 26

  38. Beauregard KS, Dunning D . Turning up the contrast: self-enhancement motives prompt egocentric contrast effects in social judgment J Pers Soc Psychol 1998 74: 606 621

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Fernigstein A, Abrams D . Self attention and the egocentric assumption of shared perspectives J Exp Soc Psychol 1993 29: 287 303

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Wood JV, Taylor KL . Serving self-relevant goals through social comparison. In: Suls J, Wills TA (eds). Social Comparison: Contemporary Theory and Research Lawrence Erlbaum: Hillsdale, NJ 1991 pp 23 50

  41. Brown JD . Self-esteem and self evaluation: feeling is believing. In: Suls J (ed.). Psychological Perspectives on the Self, Vol. 4 Lawrence Erlbaum: Hillsdale, NJ 1993 pp 27 58

  42. Shedler J, Mayman M, Manis M . The illusion of mental health Am Psychologist 1993 48: 1117 1131

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Lucas RE, Gohm CL . Age and sex differences in subjective well-being across cultures. In: Diener E, Suh E (eds). Culture and Subjective Well-being Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Boston, MA 2000 pp 291 314

Download references

Acknowledgements

We wish to thank all of the patients at the Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Queen Mary Hospital, for their participation. We wish also to thank the two anonymous referees for their valuable comments and suggestions. This research was supported by a grant sponsored by the Department of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, and the Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, PRC.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Nursing Studies, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China

    AKL Lau

  2. Center on Outcomes, Research and Education, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare, Evanston, IL, USA

    CH Chang & S Eremenco

  3. Institute for Health Services Research and Policy Studies, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA

    CH Chang & S Eremenco

  4. Department of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China

    R Liang & AKW Lie

  5. Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China

    JWM Tai, R Liang & AKW Lie

  6. Clinical Trials Centre, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China

    DYT Fong

  7. Centre for Education and Research in Family Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China

    CM Lau

Authors
  1. AKL Lau
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. CH Chang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. JWM Tai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. S Eremenco
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. R Liang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. AKW Lie
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. DYT Fong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. CM Lau
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Lau, A., Chang, C., Tai, J. et al. Translation and validation of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–Bone Marrow Transplant (FACT-BMT) Version 4 quality of life instrument into traditional Chinese. Bone Marrow Transplant 29, 41–49 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bmt.1703313

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bmt.1703313

Keywords

This article is cited by

Search

Advanced search

Quick links