Abstract
The genetic causes of malformations of cortical development (MCD) remain largely unknown. Here we report the discovery of multiple pathogenic missense mutations in TUBG1, DYNC1H1 and KIF2A, as well as a single germline mosaic mutation in KIF5C, in subjects with MCD. We found a frequent recurrence of mutations in DYNC1H1, implying that this gene is a major locus for unexplained MCD. We further show that the mutations in KIF5C, KIF2A and DYNC1H1 affect ATP hydrolysis, productive protein folding and microtubule binding, respectively. In addition, we show that suppression of mouse Tubg1 expression in vivo interferes with proper neuronal migration, whereas expression of altered γ-tubulin proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae disrupts normal microtubule behavior. Our data reinforce the importance of centrosomal and microtubule-related proteins in cortical development and strongly suggest that microtubule-dependent mitotic and postmitotic processes are major contributors to the pathogenesis of MCD.
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Change history
28 June 2013
In the version of this article initially published, the label "– Tub" in Figure 3d was placed incorrectly. The label should appear adjacent to the lower bracketed panels rather than adjacent to the bottom portion of the upper bracketed panels. The error has been corrected in the HTML and PDF versions of the article.
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Acknowledgements
We are grateful to the patients and their families for their participation. We thank F.J. Fourniol, N. Levy and members of the Chelly lab for their thoughtful comments and help. We thank I. Gibbons and A. Carter (Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology) for providing the seryl-tRNA synthetase dynein heavy chain fusion constructs used in the experiments described in this paper. A full-length cDNA encoding human KIF5C was generously provided by F.A. Stephenson (School of Pharmacy, University College London). A full-length cDNA encoding human γ-tubulin was generously provided by B.R. Oakley (Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas). We also thank members of the Cochin Hospital Cell Bank, the Centre National de Genotypage, Genoscope, the Paris Descartes Bioinformatics platforms and the Cochin Institute genomic platform for their technical and bioinformatic assistance. This work was supported by funding from INSERM, the Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (FRM funding within the frame of the programme Equipe FRM; J.C.), the Fondation JED, the Fondation Maladies Rares, the Agence National de Recherche (ANR Blanc 1103 01, project R11039KK; ANR E-Rare-012-01, project E10107KP) and the EU-FP7 project GENECODYS, grant number 241995. This work was also supported by a grant (GM097376 to N.J.C.) from the US National Institutes of Health.
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J.C. coordinated and instigated the study with N.J.C. K.P. and N.L. analyzed WES data and performed genetic and molecular studies. L.B. and Y.S. performed and analyzed in utero RNAi experiments. F.F. provided technical assistance for in utero RNAi experiments. N.B.-B. and R.G. coordinated collection of clinical and imaging data. D.G., E.F., F.D., C.C., M.B., D.B., B.D.B., S.N., C.G., P.P., V.d.P., J.M.P., D.L. and V.L. helped in selecting patients. S.V., B.S.P. and M.O. analyzed variations in candidate genes and screened subject DNA. G.T. and N.J.C. performed the biochemical studies. C.B. and A.A. performed the yeast studies. L.C.-P. and E.P. performed all DNA extractions from patient samples. P.N., T.H. and C.M. performed bioinformatics analysis of exome sequencing data. D.Z. coordinated the WES procedure (library generation, exome enrichment and WES). J.C. and N.J.C. drafted and finalized the manuscript with the help of K.P., N.L., L.B. and Y.S.
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Poirier, K., Lebrun, N., Broix, L. et al. Mutations in TUBG1, DYNC1H1, KIF5C and KIF2A cause malformations of cortical development and microcephaly. Nat Genet 45, 639–647 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.2613
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.2613
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