Elsevier

Modern Pathology

Volume 22, Supplement 2, June 2009, Pages S70-S95
Modern Pathology

Article
Staging and reporting of urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder

https://doi.org/10.1038/modpathol.2009.1Get rights and content
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Abstract

Significant progress has been made in the standardization of bladder neoplasm classification and reporting. Accurate staging using the American Joint Committee on Cancer/International Union Against Cancer (AJCC/UICC) TNM system is essential for patient management, and has been reinforced by clinical evidence in recent years. It is now recognized that ‘superficial’ bladder carcinomas are a heterogenous group of tumors with diverse biological and clinical manifestations. The term ‘superficial,‘ therefore, is no longer used for bladder tumor nomenclature. Recognition of diagnostic pitfalls associated with lamina propria invasion is critical for the evaluation of bladder tumor specimens. Neither the 1973 nor the 2004 WHO grading system appears to be useful for predicting the clinical outcome of invasive urothelial carcinoma. This review will discuss recent progress and controversial issues on the staging and substaging of bladder carcinomas. Essential elements for handling and reporting of bladder tumor specimens will also be discussed.

urinary bladder
TNM staging
pT1 substaging
neoplasia classification
specimen handling and reporting

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Disclosure/conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.