Skip to main content

Socially Shared Regulation of Learning: A Review

Published Online:https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000226

Abstract. Socially shared regulation of learning (SSRL) has been recognized as a new and growing field in the framework of self-regulated learning theory in the past decade. In the present review, we examine the empirical evidence to support such a phenomenon. A total of 17 articles addressing SSRL were identified, 13 of which presented empirical evidence. Through a narrative review it could be concluded that there is enough data to maintain the existence of SSRL in comparison to other social regulation (e.g., co-regulation). It was found that most of the SSRL research has focused on characterizing phenomena through the use of mixed methods through qualitative data, mostly video-recorded observation data. Also, SSRL seems to contribute to students’ performance. Finally, the article discusses the need for the field to move forward, exploring the best conditions to promote SSRL, clarifying whether SSRL is always the optimal form of collaboration, and identifying more aspects of groups’ characteristics.

References marked with an * were included as part of the empirical review.

References

  • Artz, A. F. & Armour-Thomas, E. (1992). Development of a cognitive-metacognitive framework for protocol analysis of mathematical problem solving in small groups. Cognition and Instruction, 9, 137–175. doi: 10.1207/s1532690xci0902_3 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Azevedo, R., Cromley, J. G., Winters, F. I., Moos, D. C. & Greene, J. A. (2005). Adaptive human scaffolding facilitates adolescents’ self-regulated learning with hypermedia. Instructional Science, 33, 381–412. doi: 10.1007/s11251-005-1273-8 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Barron, B. (2000). Achieving coordination in collaborative problem-solving groups. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 9, 403–436. doi: 10.1207/S15327809JLS0904_2 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Boekaerts, M. & Corno, L. (2005). Self-regulation in the classroom: A perspective on assessment and intervention. Applied Psychology – An International Review/Psychologie Appliquee – Revue Internationale, 54, 199–231. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Boekaerts, M., Pintrich, P. R. & Zeidner, M. (2000). Handbook of self-regulation, San Diego, CA: Academic Press. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Brown, A. (1987). Metacognition, executive control, self-regulation, and other more mysterious mechanisms. In F. WeinertF. KluweEds.. Metacognition, motivation, and understanding (pp. 65–116) Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • *Castelló, M., Bañales, F. & Vega-López, N. A. (2010). Research approaches to regulation of academic writing: The state of the question. Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology, 8, 1253–1282. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • *DiDonato, N. C. (2013). Effective self- and co-regulation in collaborative learning groups: An analysis of how students regulate problem solving of authentic interdisciplinary tasks. Instructional Science, 41, 25–47. doi: 10.1007/s11251-012-9206-9 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Dillenbourg, P. (1999). What do you mean by “collaborative learning”?. In P. DillenbourgEd.. Collaborative-Learning: Cognitive and computational approaches. Oxford, UK: Elsevier. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Dinsmore, D. L., Alexander, P. A. & Loughlin, S. (2008). Focusing the conceptual lens on metacognition, self-regulation, and self-regulated Learning. Educational Psychology Review, 20, 391–409) doi: 10.1007/s10648-008-9083-6 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Dochy, F. (2006). A guide for writing scholarly articles or reviews for the Educational Research Review. Educational Research Review, Retrieved from http://www.journals.elsevier.com/educational-research-review/ First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Flavell, J. H. (1979). Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: New area of cognitive-developmental inquiry. The American Psychologist, 34, 906–911. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Fransen, J., Kirschner, P. A. & Erkens, G. (2011). Mediating team effectiveness in the context of collaborative learning: The importance of team and task awareness. Computers in Human Behavior, 27, 1103–1113. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2010.05.017 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Fransen, J., Weinberger, A. & Kirschner, P. (2013). Team effectiveness and team development in CSCL. Educational Psychologist, 48, 9–24. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Goos, M., Galbraith, P. & Renshaw, P. (2002). Socially mediated metacognition: Creating collaborative zones of proximal development in small group problem solving. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 49, 193–223. doi: 10.1023/A:1016209010120 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • *Grau, V. & Whitebread, D. (2012). Self and social regulation of learning during collaborative activities in the classroom: The interplay of individual and group cognition. Learning and Instruction, 22, 401–412. doi: 10.1016/j.learninstruc.2012.03.003 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Greeno, J. G. (2006). Learning in activity. In R. K. SawyerEd.. The Cambridge handbook of the learning sciences (pp. 79–96) New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • *Hadwin, A. F., Järvelä, S. & Miller, M. (2011). Self-regulated, co-regulated, and socially shared regulation of learning. In B. J. ZimmermanD. H. SchunkEds.. Handbook of self-regulation of learning and performance (pp. 65–84) New York, NY: Routledge. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Hadwin, A. F., Oshige, M., Gress, C. L. Z. & Winne, P. H. (2010). Innovative ways for using gStudy to orchestrate and research social aspects of self-regulated learning. Computers in Human Behavior, 26, 794–805. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2007.06.007 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Hmelo-Silver, C. E. & Barrows, H. S. (2008). Facilitating collaborative knowledge building. Cognition and Instruction, 26, 48–94. doi: 10.1080/07370000701798495 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • *Hurme, T. R., Merenluoto, K. & Järvelä, S. (2009). Socially shared metacognition of pre-service primary teachers in a computer-supported mathematics course and their feelings of task difficulty: A case study. Educational Research and Evaluation, 15, 503–524. doi: 10.1080/13803610903444659 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • *Hurme, T. R., Merenluoto, K., Salonen, P. & Järvelä, S. (2014). Regulation of group’s problem solving – a case for socially shared metacognition?, Manuscript submitted for publication First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Iiskala, T., Vauras, M. & Lehtinen, E. (2004). Socially-shared metacognition in peer learning? Hellenic Journal of Psychology, 1(2), 147–178. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • *Iiskala, T., Vauras, M., Lehtinen, E. & Salonen, P. (2011). Socially shared metacognition of dyads of pupils in collaborative mathematical problem-solving processes. Learning and Instruction, 21, 379–393. doi: 10.1016/j.learninstruc.2010.05.002 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • *Janssen, J., Erkens, G., Kirschner, P. A. & Kanselaar, G. (2012). Task-related and social regulation during online collaborative learning. Metacognition and Learning, 7, 25–43. doi: 10.1007/s11409-010-9061-5 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Järvelä, S. & Hadwin, A. F. (2013). New frontiers: Regulating learning in CSCL. Educational Psychologist, 48, 25–39. doi: 10.1080/00461520.2012.74800 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • *Järvelä, S. & Järvenoja, H. (2011). Socially constructed self-regulated learning and motivation regulation in collaborative learning groups. Teachers College Record, 113, 350–374. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • *Järvelä, S., Järvenoja, H., Malmberg, J. & Hadwin, A. F. (2013). Exploring socially-shared regulation in the context of collaboration. Journal of Cognitive Education and Psychology, 2, 267–286. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Järvelä, S., Kirschner, P., Panadero, E., Malmberg, J., Phielix, C., Jaspers, J., … Järvenoja, H. (2014). Enhancing socially shared regulation in collaborative learning groups: Designing for CSCL regulation tools. Educational Technology Research and Development, , 1–18. doi: 10.1007/s11423-014-9358-1 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Järvelä, S., Volet, S. & Järvenoja, H. (2010). Research on motivation in collaborative learning: Moving beyond the cognitive-situative divide and combining individual and social processes. Educational Psychologist, 45, 15–27. doi: 10.1080/00461520903433539 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Järvenoja, H., Volet, S. & Järvelä, S. (2012). Regulation of emotions in socially challenging learning situations: An instrument to measure the adaptive and social nature of the regulation process. Educational Psychology, 33, 31–58. doi: 10.1080/01443410.2012.742334 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Kirschner, P. A. & Erkens, G. (2013). Toward a framework for CSCL research. Educational Psychologist, 48, 1–8. doi: 10.1080/00461520.2012.750227 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • McCaslin, M. (2009). Co-regulation of student motivation and emergent identity. Educational Psychologist, 44, 137–146. doi: 10.1080/00461520902832384 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • McCaslin, M. & Hickey, D. T. (2001). Educational psychology, social constructivism, and educational practice: A case of emergent identity. Educational Psychologist, 36, 133–140. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Panadero, E. & Alonso-Tapia, J. (2014). How do students self-regulate? Review of Zimmerman’s cyclical model of self-regulated learning. Anales De Psicologia, 30(2), 450–462. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.30.2.167221 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Panadero, E., Alonso-Tapia, J. & Huertas, J. A. (2012). Rubrics and self-assessment scripts effects on self-regulation, learning and self-efficacy in secondary education. Learning and Individual Differences, 22, 806–813. doi: 10.1016/j.lindif.2012.04.007 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Panadero, E., Alonso-Tapia, J. & Reche, E. (2013). Rubrics vs. self-assessment scripts effect on self-regulation, performance and self-efficacy in pre-service teachers. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 39(3), 125–132. doi: 10.1016/j.stueduc.2013.04.001 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Paris, S. G. & Paris, A. H. (2001). Classroom applications of research on self-regulated learning. Educational Psychologist, 36, 89–101. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • *Rogat, T. K. & Linnenbrink-Garcia, L. (2011). Socially shared regulation in collaborative groups: An analysis of the interplay between quality of social regulation and group processes. Cognition and Instruction, 29, 375–415. doi: 10.1080/07370008.2011.607930 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Roschelle, J. & Teasley, S. D. (1995). The construction of shared knowledge in collaborative problem solving. In C. O’MalleyEd.. Computer supported collaborative learning (Vol. 128, pp. 69–97). Berlin, Germany: Springer. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Saab, N. (2012). Team regulation, regulation of social activities or co-regulation: Different labels for effective regulation of learning in CSCL. Metacognition and Learning, 7, 1–6. doi: 10.1007/s11409-011-9085-5 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Saab, N., van Joolingen, W. & van Hout-Wolters, B. (2012). Support of the collaborative inquiry learning process: Influence of support on task and team regulation. Metacognition and Learning, 7, 7–23. doi: 10.1007/s11409-011-9068-6 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Salomon, G. & Globerson, T. (1989). When teams do not function the way they ought to. International Journal of Educational Research, 13, 89–100. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • *Salonen, P., Vauras, M. & Efklides, A. (2005). Social interaction: What can it tell us about metacognition and coregulation in learning? European Psychologist, 10, 199–208. doi: 10.1027/1016-9040.10.3.199 First citation in articleLinkGoogle Scholar

  • Schunk, D. H. & Zimmerman, B. J. (2008). Motivation and self-regulated learning. Theory, research and applications, New York, NY: Erlbaum. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • *Vauras, M., Iiskala, T., Kajamies, A., Kinnunen, R. & Lehtinen, E. (2003). Shared-regulation and motivation of collaborating peers: A case analysis. Psychologia, 46, 19–37. doi: 10.2117/psysoc.2003.19 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Vauras, M. & Volet, S. (2013). The study of interpersonal regulation in learning and its challenge to the research methodology. In S. VoletM. VaurasEds.. Interpersonal regulation of learning and motivation London, UK: Routledge. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • *Volet, S. & Mansfield, C. (2006). Group work at university: Significance of personal goals in the regulation strategies of students with positive and negative appraisals. Higher Education Research & Development, 25, (pp. 341–356). doi: 10.1080/07294360600947301 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • *Volet, S., Summers, M. & Thurman, J. (2009). High-level co-regulation in collaborative learning: How does it emerge and how is it sustained? Learning and Instruction, 19, 128–143. doi: 10.1016/j.learninstruc.2008.03.001 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Volet, S. & Vauras, M. (2013). Interpersonal regulation of learning and motivation London, UK: Routledge. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • *Volet, S., Vauras, M. & Salonen, P. (2009). Self- and social regulation in learning contexts: An integrative perspective. Educational Psychologist, 44, 215–226. doi: 10.1080/00461520903213584 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Wertsch, J. V. & Stone, C. A. (1985). The concept of internalization in Vygotsky’s account of the genesis of higher mental functions. In J. V. WertschEd.. Culture, communication and cognition: Vygotskian perspective (pp. 162–179) New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Winne, P. H., Hadwin, A. F. & Gress, C. (2010). The learning kit project: Software tools for supporting and researching regulation of collaborative learning. Computers in Human Behavior, 26, 787–793. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2007.09.009 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Winne, P., Hadwin, A. F. & Perry, N. E. (2013). Metacognition and computer-supported collaborative learning. In C. E. Hmelo-SilverA. O’DonnellC. ChanC. ChinnEds.. International handbook of collaborative learning. New York, NY: Taylor & Francis. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Winne, P., Nesbit, J. C., Kumar, V. S., Hadwin, A. F., Lajoie, S., Azevedo, R. & Perry, N. E. (2006). Supporting self-regulated learning with gStudy software: The Learning Kit Project. Cognition and Learning, 3, 105–113). First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Zimmerman, B. J. (1989). A social cognitive view of self-regulated academic learning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 81, 329–339. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Zimmerman, B. J. (1990). Self-regulated learning and academic-achievement. An overview. Educational Psychologist, 25, 3–17. doi: 10.1207/s15326985ep2501_2 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Zimmerman, B. J. & Moylan, A. R. (2009). Self-regulation: Where metacognition and motivation intersect. In D. J. HackerJ. DunloskyA. C. GraesserEds.. Handbook of metacognition in education (pp. 299–315) New York, NY: Routledge. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Zimmerman, B. J. & Schunk, D. H. (2011). Handbook of self-regulation of learning and performance, New York, NY: Routledge. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar