Skip to main content
Published Online:https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040.1.2.100

Self-regulated learning has emerged as a powerful new learning theory that is able to promote the transfer of knowledge and skills to real-life situations and make students more independent of their teachers in extending and updating their knowledge base. In recent years, many researchers have shown an interest in developing a theory of self-regulated learning. Considerable research has been generated, but the concept is still too broadly defined and its basic foundations remain poorly understood. The purpose of this paper is to examine the theoretical underpinnings of two strongly related aspects of self-regulated learning that have, until recently, been studied in a relatively isolated fashion. The conceptual framework that is presented in this paper highlights the parallel and reciprocal relationships between components of the cognitive and motivational repertoire and centers on three levels of these repertoires: domain-specific knowledge, strategy use, and goals.

References

References

  • Alexander, P.A. Judy, J.E. (1988). The interaction of domain-specific and strategic knowledge in academic performance. Review of Educational Research, 58, 375– 404 1989-38138-001 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Alexander, P.A. Schallert, D.L. Hare, V.C. (1991). Coming to terms: How researchers in learning and literacy talk about knowledge. Review of Educational Research, 61, 315– 343 1992-10706-001 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Bandura, A. (1993). Perceived self-efficacy in cognitive development and functioning. Educational Psychologist, 28, 2 117– 148 1993-47215-001 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Boekaerts, M. (1992). The adaptable learning process: Initiating and maintaining behavioural change. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 41, 4 377– 397 1993-15431-001 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Boekaerts, M. (1994). Action control: How relevant is it for classroom learning?. In J. Kuhl & J. Beckmann (Eds.), Volition and personality: Action versus state orientation (pp. 427-433). Göttingen/Seattle: Hogrefe & Huber First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Boekaerts, M. (1995a). The interface between intelligence and personality as determinants of classroom learning. In D.H. Saklofske & M. Zeidner (Eds.), Handbook of personality and intelligence (pp. 161-183). New York: Plenum First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Boekaerts, M. (1995b). Teaching students self-regulated learning: A major success in applied research . In J. Georgas, M. Manthouli, E. Besevegis, & A. Kokkevi (Eds.), Contemporary psychology in Europe (pp. 245-259). Göttingen/Seattle: Hogrefe & Huber First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Boekaerts, M. (1995c). Coping with stress in childhood and adolescence. In M. Zeidner & N.S. Endler (Eds.), Handbook of coping (pp. 452-484). New York: Wiley First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Boggiano, A.K. Main, D.S. Flink, C. Barrett, M. Silvern, L. Katz, P.A. (1989). A model of achievement in children: The role of controlling strategies in helplessness and affect. In R. Schwarzer, H.M. van der Ploeg & C.D. Spielberger (Eds.), Advances in test anxiety research (Vol. 6, pp. 13-26). Amsterdam: Swets & Zeitlinger First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Borkowski, J.G. Thorp, P.K. (1994). Self-regulation and motivation: A life-span perspective on underachievement. In D.H. Schunk & B.J. Zimmerman (Eds.), Self-regulation of learning and performance (pp. 45-74). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Brown, A.L. (1987). Metacognition, executive control, self-regulation, and other more mysterious mechanisms. In F.E. Weinert & R.H. Kluwe (Eds.), Metacognition, motivation and understanding. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Brown, A.L. Campione, J.C. (1984). Three faces of transfer: Implications for early competence, individual differences and instruction. In M.E. Lamb, A.L. Brown & B. Rogoff (Eds.), Advances in developmental psychology (pp. 143-192). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Brown, J.S. Collins, A. Duguid, P. (1989). Situated cognition and the culture of learning. Educational Researcher, 18, 1 32– 42 1987-29653-001 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Corno, L. (1995). Comments on Winne: Analytic and systematic research are both needed. Educational Psychologist, 30, 4 201– 206 1996-28644-001 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Deci, E.L. Ryan, R.M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self determination in human behavior . New York: Plenum First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • De Corte, E. (1995). Fostering cognitive growth: A perspective from research on mathematics learning and instruction. Educational Psychologist, 30, 1 37– 46 1996-90591-001 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Dochy, F.J.R&..& (1996). Assessment of domain-specific and domain-transcending prior knowledge. In M. Birenbaum & F.J.R.C. Dochy (Eds.), Alternatives in assessment of achievements, learning processes and prior knowledge (pp. 227-264). Boston: Kluwer First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Flavell, J.H. (1979). Metacognitive aspects of problem solving. In L. Resnick (Ed.), The nature of intelligence (pp. 231-235). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Glaser, R. Lesgold, A. Lajoie, S.P. (1987). Toward a cognitive theory for the measurement of achievement. In R. Ronning, J. Glover, J.C. Conoley & J.C. Witt (Eds)., The influence of cognitive psychology on testing, Buros/Nebraska symposium on measurement: Volume 3 (pp. 41-85). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Hatano, G. (1995, August). Conceptual change: A bridging notion between cognitive development and instructional research . Invited address at the 6th European Conference for Research on Learning and Instruction, Nijmegen, The Netherlands First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Heckhausen, H. (1980). Motivation und Handeln. Lehrbuch der Motivationspsychologie . Berlin: Springer-Verlag First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Kirby, J. (1988). Style, strategy and skill in reading. In R. Schmeck (Ed.), Learning, strategies and learning styles. New York: Plenum Press First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Kuhl, J. (1984). Volitional aspects of achievement motivation and learned helplessness: Toward a comprehensive theory of action control. In B.A. Maher & W.B. Maher (Eds.), Progress in experimental personality research (Vol. 13, pp.99-171). New York: Academic Press First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Kuhl, J. (1994). A theory of action and state orientations. In J. Kuhl & J. Beckmann (Eds.), Volition and personality: Action versus state orientation (pp.9-46). Göttingen/Seattle: Hogrefe & Huber First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Mischell, W. Shoda, Y. (1995). A cognitive-affective system theory and personality. Reconceptualizing situations, dispositions, dynamics and invariance in personality structure. Psychological Review, 102, 246– 268 1995-25136-001 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Nicholls, J. (1984). Achievement motivation: Conceptions of ability, subjective experience, task choice, and performance. Psychological Review, 91, 328– 348 1984-28719-001 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Patrick, B.C. Skinner, E.A. Connell, J.P. (1993). What motivates children's behavior and emotion? Joint effects of perceived control and autonomy in the academic domain. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 4 781– 791 1994-35299-001 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Pintrich, P. (1995). New directions in self-regulated learning (Special issue). Educational Psychologist, 30, 4 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Pintrich, P.R. Cross, D.R. Kozma, R.B. McKeachie, W.J. (1986). Instructional Psychology. Annual Review of Psychology, 37, 611– 651 1986-22871-001 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Pintrich, P.R. Marx, R.W. Boyle, R.A. (1993). Beyond cold conceptual change: The role of motivational beliefs and classroom contextual factors in the process of conceptual change. Review of Educational Research, 63, 167– 199 1994-11529-001 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Pintrich, P.R. Garcia, T. De Groot, E. (1994). The role of self-schemas in self-regulated learning . Paper presented at the 23rd International Congress of Applied Psychology, Madrid, Spain First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Pressley, M. (1995). More about the development of self-regulation: Complex, long-term, and thoroughly social. Educational Psychologist, 30, 4 207– 212 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Resnick, L.B. (1987). Learning in school and out. Educational Reseacher, 16, 9 13– 20 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Rollett, B.A. (1987). Effort avoidance and learning. In E. De Corte, H. Lodewijks, R. Parmentier & P. Span (Eds.), Learning and instruction. European research in an international context. (Vol. 1, pp. 147-157). Oxford: Leuven University Press and Pergamon Press First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Salomon, G. Perkins, D.N. Globerson, T. (1991). Partners in cognition: Extending human intelligence with intelligent technologies. Educational Researchers, 20, 3 2– 9 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Schneider, W. Körkel, J. Weinert, F.E. (1988). Expert knowledge, general abilities and text processing . Paper presented at the Workshop on Interactions Among Aptitudes, Strategies, and Knowledge in Cognitive Performance, Munich, Germany First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Schunk, D.H. Zimmerman, B.J. (1994). Self-regulation in education: Retrospect and prospect. In D.H. Schunk & B.J. Zimmerman (Eds.), Self-regulation of learning and performance. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Seegers, G. Boekaerts, M. (1993). Task motivation and mathematics achievement in actual task situations. Learning and Instruction, 3, 133– 150 1994-15525-001 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Shuell, T.J. (1986). Cognitive conceptions of learning. Review of Educational Research, 56, 411– 436 1987-33515-001 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Spiro, R.J. Feltovitch, P.J. Jacobson, M.J. Coulson, R.L. (1991). Cognitive flexibility, constructivism and hypertext: Random access instruction for advanced knowledge acquisition in ill-structured domains. Educational Technology, 31, 24– 33 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • The Cognition & Technology Group at Vanderbilt (1990). Anchored instruction and its relation to situated cognition. Educational Researcher, 19, 2– 10 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Volet, S.E. in press Cognitive and affective variables in academic learning: The significance of direction and effort in students' goals. Learning and Instruction, First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Vosniadou, S. (1992). Knowledge acquisition and conceptual change. Applied Psychology: An International Journal, 41, 347– 357 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Weiner, B. (1986). An attributional theory of motivation and emotion . New York: Springer-Verlag First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Weinert, F.E. Schrader, F.W. Helmke, A. (1989). Quality of instruction and achievement outcomes. International Journal of Educational Psychology, 13, 8 895– 912 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Weinstein, C.E. Mayer, R.E. (1986). The teaching of learning strategies. In M.C. Wittrock (Ed.), Handbook of research on teaching (pp. 315-327). New York: Macmillan First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Winne, P. (1995). Inherent details in self-regulated learning. Educational Psychologist, 30, 4 173– 187 1996-28676-001 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Wittrock, M.C. (1992). An empowering conception of educational psychology. Educational Psychologist, 27, 129– 141 1993-11349-001 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Zimmerman, B.J. Martinez-Pons, M. (1988). Construct validation of a strategy model of student self-regulated learning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 80, 284– 290 1989-03211-001 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar