Abstract
The measurement of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in children has witnessed significant international growth over the past decade in an effort to improve pediatric health and well-being, and to determine the value of health-care services. In order to compare international HRQOL research findings across language groups, it is important to demonstrate factorial invariance, i.e., that the items have an equivalent meaning across the language groups studied. This study examined the factorial invariance of child self-reported HRQOL across English- and Spanish-language groups in a Hispanic population of 2,899 children ages 8–18 utilizing the 23-item PedsQL™ 4.0 Generic Core Scales. Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed specifying a five-factor model across language groups. The findings support an equivalent 5-factor structure across English- and Spanish-language groups. Based on these data, it can be concluded that children across the two languages studied interpreted the instrument in a similar manner. The multigroup CFA statistical methods utilized in the present study have important implications for cross-cultural assessment research in children in which different language groups are compared.
References
2004). Linguistic validation manual for patient-reported outcomes (PRO) instruments. Lyon, France: Mapi Research Institute.
(2004). Measuring quality of life in children referred for psychiatric problems: Psychometric properties of the PedsQL™ 4.0 Generic Core Scales. Quality of Life Research, 13, 489–495.
(1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238–246.
(2008). U. S. Hispanic population surpasses 45 million now 15 percent of total. U. S. Census Bureau. Retrieved from www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/population/006808.html
(1992). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sociological Methods and Research, 21, 230–258.
(2005). Testing measurement invariance of second-order factor models. Structural Equation Modeling, 12, 471–492.
(2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9, 233–255.
(2006). Guidance for industry: Patient-reported outcome measures: Use in medical product development to support labeling claims. Rockville, MD: Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration.
. (2008). Health-related quality of life in Austrian elementary school children. Medical Care, 46, 432–439.
(2006). Confirmatory factor analytic procedures for the determination of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 13, 378–402.
(2008). Measuring health-related quality of life in Greek children: Psychometric properties of the Greek version of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory™ Generic Core Scales. Quality of Life Research, 17, 299–305.
(2005). Managerial experience and the measurement equivalence of performance ratings. Journal of Business and Psychology, 19, 383–397.
(1995). Evaluating model fit. In , Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues and applications. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
(1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indices in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55.
(1982). Causal analysis: Models, assumptions, and data. Beverly Hills: Sage.
(2003). LISREL 8.5. Lincolnwood, IL: Scientific Software International.
(2007). Pediatric health-related quality of life instrument for primary school children: Cross-cultural validation. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 59, 542–550.
(2004). Applying multigroup confirmatory factor models for continuous outcomes to Likert scale data complicates meaningful group comparisons. Structural Equations Modeling, 11, 514–534.
(1991). Research with Hispanic populations. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
(2004). Assessing factorial invariance in ordered-categorical measures. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39, 479–515.
(1989). Evaluation of goodness-of-fit indices for structural equation models. Psychological Bulletin, 105, 430–445.
(2002). Measurement equivalence: A comparison of methods based on confirmatory factor analysis and item response theory. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 517–529.
(2006). Measuring health-related quality of life in young adolescents: Reliability and validity in the Norwegian version of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory™ 4.0 (PedsQL™) Generic Core Scales. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 4(61), 1–9.
(2006). Detecting differential item functioning with confirmatory factor analysis and item response theory: Toward a unified strategy. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 1292–1306.
(1990). Structural model evaluation and modification: An interval estimation approach. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25, 173–180.
(2001). Statistical methods for examination of differential item functioning (DIF) with applications to cross-cultural measurement of functional, physical and mental health. Journal of Mental Health and Aging, 7, 31–40.
(2006). Overview of quantitative measurement methods: Equivalence, invariance, and differential item functioning in health applications. Medical Care, 44, S39–S49.
(1973). A reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 38, 1–10.
(2005). Measurement properties of the UK-English version of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory™ 4.0 (PedsQL™) Generic Core Scales. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 3(22), 1–7.
(2000). A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: Suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 3, 4–70.
(2003). The PedsQL™ 4.0 as a pediatric population health measure: Feasibility, reliability, and validity. Ambulatory Pediatrics, 3, 329–341.
(2001). PedsQL™ 4.0: Reliability and validity of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory™ Version 4.0 Generic Core Scales in healthy and patient populations. Medical Care, 39, 800–812.
(1999). The PedsQL™: Measurement model for the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory. Medical Care, 37, 126–139.
(1948). Constitution of the World Health Organization: Basic document. Geneva: World Health Organization.
. (2005). Factorial invariance of the WHOQOL-BREF among disease groups. Quality of Life Research, 14, 1881–1888.
(