Abstract
Abstract: Prior literature reviews addressing cardiovascular correlates of misconduct have focused on resting heart rate (HR) and skin conductance (SC). The present paper is a quantitative review of studies that tested the relationship between child/adolescent misconduct and cardiovascular regulation. An additional selection criterion for the present review was that the study examined physiological variables beyond resting HR and SC (e.g., cardiovascular reactivity). Misconduct was related to low HR reactivity, low resting parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) control, and less withdrawal of PNS control during mental challenge. These findings expand on prior reviews that indicated resting sympathetic nervous system underarousal is associated with antisocial behavior/misconduct. Cardiovascular reactivity to stress and PNS control may also be important correlates of misconduct.
References
Achenbach, T.M. (1988). Child behavior checklist for ages 2-3 . Burlington, VT: University Associates in Psychiatry .Achenbach, T.M. (1991). Manual for the child behavior checklist/4-18 and 1991 profile . Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry .1980). DSM-III: Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author .
(Brownley, K.A. , Hurwitz, B.E. , Schneiderman, N. (2000). Cardiovascular psychophysiology. In J.T. Cacioppo & L.G. Tassinary (Eds.), Handbook of psychophysiology (2nd ed., pp. 224-264). New York: Cambridge University Press .Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 155– 159 .*Davies, J.G. , Maliphant, R. (1971). Autonomic responses of male adolescents exhibiting refractory behavior in school. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 12, 115– 127 .*Dobkin, P.L. , Treiber, F.A. , Tremblay, R.E (2000). Cardiovascular reactivity in adolescent boys of low socioeconomic status previously characterized as anxious, disruptive, anxious-disruptive, or normal during childhood. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 69, 50– 56 .Farrington, D.P. (1997). The relationship between low resting heart rate and violence. In A. Raine, P.A. Brennan, D.P. Farrington, & S.A. Mednick (Eds.), Biosocial bases of violence. NATO ASI series: Series A: Life sciences (Vol. 292, pp. 89- 105). New York: Plenum .Farrington, D.P. , Ohlin, L. , Wilson, J.Q. (1986). Understanding and controlling crime: Toward a new research strategy . New York: Springer-Verlag .*Garralda, M.E. , Connell, J. , Taylor, D.C. (1991). Psychophysiological anomalies in children with emotional and conduct disorders. Psychological Medicine, 21, 947– 957 .Glass, G.V. , McGaw, B. , Smith, M.L. (1981). Meta-analysis in social research . Beverly Hills, CA: Sage .Hare, R.D. (1965). Temporal gradients of fear arousal in psychopaths. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 70, 442– 445 .Hare, R.D. (1968). Psychopathy, autonomic functioning, and the orienting response. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 73, 1– 24 .Hare, R.D. (1978). Electrodermal and cardiovascular correlates of psychopathy. In R.D. Hare & D. Schalling (Eds.), Psychopathic behavior: Approaches to research (pp. 107-144). New York: Wiley .Harpur, T.J. , Hare, R.D. (1994). Assessment of psychopathy as a function of age. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 604– 609 .Hedges, L.V. , Olkin, I. (1985). Statistical methods for meta-analysis . New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich .Hurwitz, B.E. , Nelesen, R.A. , Saab, P.G. , Nagel, J.H. , Spitzer, S.B. , Gellman, M.D. , McCabe, P.M. , Phillips, D.J. , Schneiderman, N. (1993). Differential patterns of dynamic cardiovascular regulation as a function of task. Biological Psychology, 36, 75– 95 .Kindlon, D. , Tremblay, R.E. , Mezzacappa, E. , Earls, F. , Larent, D. , Schaal, B. (1995). Longitudinal patterns of heart rate and fighting behavior in 9 to 12-year-old boys. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 371– 377 .*Laycock, A.L. (1968). Vascular change under stress in delinquents and controls. British Journal of Criminology, Delinquency, and Deviant Social Behavior, 8, 64– 69 .Lipman, E.L. , Bennett, K.J. , Racine, Y.A. , Mazumdar, R. , Offord, D.R. (1998). What does early antisocial behavior predict? A follow-up of 4- and 5-year-olds from the Ontario Child Health Study. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 43, 605– 613 .Loeb, J. , Mednick, S.A. (1977). A prospective study of predictors of criminality, III: Electrodermal response patterns. In S.A. Mednick & K.O. Christiansen (Eds.), Biosocial bases of criminal behavior. New York: Gardner Press .Lynam, D.R. (1996). Early identification of chronic offenders: Who is the fledgling psychopath?. Psychological Bulletin, 120, 209– 234 .Maguire, K. , Pastore, A.L. Eds. (2001). Sourcebook of criminal justice statistics ‘Online’. Available:www.albany.edu/sourcebook .*Mezzacappa, E. , Tremblay, R.E. , Kindlon, D. , Saul, J.P. , Arseneault, L. , Seguin, J. , Pihl, R.O. , Earls, F. (1997). Anxiety, antisocial behavior, and heart rate regulation in adolescent males. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 457– 469 .Mednick, S.A. , Volavka, J. , Gabrielli, W.F. , Itil, T.M. , Pollock, V. (1981). EEG as a predictor of antisocial behavior. Criminology, 19, 219– 229 .Moffitt, T.E. (1993). Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: A developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review, 100, 674– 701 .Orwin, R.G. (1983). A fail-safe N for effect size in meta-analysis. Journal of Educational Statistics, 8, 157– 159 .*Pine, D.S. , Wasserman, G. , Coplan, J. , Staghezza-Jaramillo, B. , Davies, M. , Fried, J.E. , Greenhill, L. , Shaffer, D. (1996). Cardiac profile and disruptive behavior in boys at risk for delinquency. Psychosomatic Medicine, 58, 342– 353 .*Pine, D.S. , Wasserman, L.M. , Coplan, J.D. , Bagiella, E. , Kovelenku, P. , Myers, M.M. , Sloan, R.P. (1998). Heart period variability and psychopathology in urban boys at risk for delinquency. Psychophysiology, 35, 521– 529 .*Porges, S.W. , Doussard-Roosevelt, J.A. , Portales, A.L. , Greenspan, S.I. (1996). Infant regulation of the vagal “brake” predicts child behavior problems: A psychobiological model of social behavior. Developmental Psychobiology, 29, 697– 712 .Raine, A. (1996). Autonomic nervous system factors underlying disinhibited, antisocial, and violent behavior. Biosocial perspectives and treatment implications. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 794, 46– 59 .Raine, A. , Jones, F. (1987). Attention, autonomic arousal, and personality in behaviorally disordered children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 15, 583– 599 .Raine, A. , Venables, P.H. (1984a). Tonic heart rate, social class, and antisocial behavior in adolescents. Biological Psychology, 18, 123– 132 .Raine, A. , Venables, P.H. (1984b). Electrodermal nonresponding, antisocial behavior, and schizoid tendencies in adolescents. Psychophysiology, 21, 424– 433 .Raine, A. , Venables, P.H. (1992). Antisocial behavior: Evolution, genetics, neuropsychology, and psychophysiology. In A. Gale & M.W. Eysenck (Eds.), Handbook of individual differences: Biological perspectives. Wiley psychophysiology handbooks (pp. 287-321). Chichester: Wiley .Raine, A. , Venables, P.H. , Williams, M. (1990a). Autonomic orienting responses in 15-year-old male subjects and criminal behavior at age 24 years. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 933– 937 .Raine, A. , Venables, P.H. , Williams, M. (1990b). Relationships between central and autonomic measures of arousal at age 15 years and criminality at age 24 years. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 1003– 1007 .Raine, A. , Venables, P.H. , Williams, M. (1995). High autonomic arousal and electrodermal orienting at age 15 years as protective factors against criminal behavior at age 29 years. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 1595– 1600 .*Rogeness, G.A. , Cepeda, C. , Macedo, C.A. , Fischer, C. , Harris, W.R. (1990). Differences in heart rate and blood pressure in children with conduct disorder, major depression, and separation anxiety. Psychiatry Research, 33, 199– 206 .Rosenthal, R. (1987). Meta-analytic procedures for social research (rev. ed.). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage .Tremblay, R.E. , Vitaro, F. , Gagnon, C. , Piche, C. , Royer, N. (1992). A prosocial scale for the preschool behavior questionnaire: Concurrent and predictive correlates. International Journal of Behavior Development, 15, 227– 245 .1978). Mental disorders: Glossary and guide to the classification in accordance with the 9th revision of the international classification of diseases . Geneva: WHO .
(