Täuschungshandlungen im Sport
Eine experimentelle Untersuchung zur Wirkung der Häufigkeitsverteilung auf die Blicktäuschung im Basketball
Abstract
Zusammenfassung: Im Sport nutzen viele Spieler/innen eine Blicktäuschung (z. B. beim Zuspielpass), um ihre wahren Handlungsabsichten zu verschleiern. Eine aktuelle Studie von Kunde et al. (2011) zeigt, dass die Blickrichtung eines Gegenspielers mehr oder weniger automatisch verarbeitet wird und die Reaktion auf die Passrichtung erschwert, wenn Pass- und Blickrichtung nicht übereinstimmen (sog. Blicktäuschung). Die vorliegende Untersuchung prüft, ob die Häufigkeit, mit der Blicktäuschungen auftreten, deren Wirksamkeit verändert. Dabei sollten die Versuchspersonen (Vpn) auf eine Blicktäuschung langsamer reagieren (d. h. großer Täuschungseffekt), wenn insgesamt weniger Täuschungen präsentiert werden, und schneller reagieren (d. h. geringer Täuschungseffekt), wenn die Blicktäuschung sehr häufig gezeigt wird. In Experiment 1 wurde den Vpn dafür ein statisches Bild von einem Spieler am Bewegungsende präsentiert, der einen Druckpass nach links oder rechts ausführt. Die Blickrichtung konnte dabei mit der Passrichtung übereinstimmen (kongruente Bedingung) oder nicht übereinstimmen (inkongruente Bedingung). Die Vpn sollten so schnell wie möglich entscheiden, wohin der Spieler den Ball spielt. In Experiment 2 wurden zwei statische Bilder (Ausgangs- und Endposition der Bewegung) in kurzer Abfolge hintereinander präsentiert, so dass beim Betrachter eine Scheinbewegung induziert wurde. Die Anzahl der Blicktäuschungen wurde in jeweils drei Blöcken (25 %, 50 %, 75 % Blicktäuschungen) variiert. Beide Experimente zeigen, dass der Täuschungseffekt abnimmt, wenn die Blicktäuschung insgesamt häufiger präsentiert wird. Ferner zeigt sich in Experiment 1 (und zumindest numerisch in Experiment 2) ein reduzierter Täuschungseffekt, wenn die Blicktäuschung zweimal hintereinander auftritt. Die Befunde bergen wichtige Implikationen für die Sportpraxis; insbesondere, wenn es darum geht, Spieler über den taktischen Einsatz von Täuschungshandlungen zu instruieren.
Abstract. In sports, many athletes use head fakes to hide their true intentions (e.g., when passing the ball to a team colleague). A recent study by Kunde et al. (2011) showed that the opponent’s gaze direction is processed more or less automatically, slowing down the identification of the pass direction, if pass direction and gaze direction are incongruent (i.e., head fake). The present study investigates whether the frequency with which head fakes are presented modulates their efficacy. Participants should take longer to respond to a head fake (i.e., larger fake effect) when the fakes are used less often and should respond more quickly (i.e., smaller fake effect), when fakes are used more often. In Experiment 1, participants were presented with a static picture of a basketball player performing a chest pass to the left or right. Gaze direction could be the same (congruent conditions) or different (incongruent conditions) to the pass direction. Participants were asked to respond to the pass direction as fast as possible. In Experiment 2, two static pictures were presented in close succession, inducing the perception of apparent motion in the observer. The number of head fakes was varied across three blocks of trials (25 %, 50 %, and 75 % head fakes). Both experiments showed that the fake effect decreases when the head fake is used more often. Furthermore, Experiment 1 indicated (and Experiment 2 at least in a numerical sense) a reduced fake effect when the head fake was repeated twice. These findings have important implications for sports practice, especially when it comes to instructing players about the tactical use of fake actions.
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